List of high courts in India

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There are 24 high courts at the state and union territory level of India, which together with the Supreme Court of India at the national level, comprise the country's judicial system. Each high court has jurisdiction over a state, a union territory or a group of states and union territories. Below the high courts is a hierarchy of subordinate courts such as the civil courts, family courts, criminal courts and various other district courts. High courts are instituted as constitutional courts under Part VI, Chapter V, Article 214 of the Indian constitution.^[1]

The high courts are the principal civil courts of original jurisdiction in each state and union territory. However, a high court exercises its original civil and criminal jurisdiction only if the subordinate courts are not authorized by law to try such matters for lack of pecuniary, territorial jurisdiction. High courts may also enjoy original jurisdiction in certain matters, if so designated specifically in a state or federal law.

However, the work of most high courts primarily consists of appeals from lower courts and writ petitions in terms of Article 226 of the constitution. Writ jurisdiction is also an original jurisdiction of a high court. The precise territorial jurisdiction of each high court varies. The appeal order is the following: tehsil-kotwali-criminal/civil courts → district court → high court → supreme court.

Each state is divided into judicial districts presided over by a district and sessions judge. He is known as district judge when he presides over a civil case, and sessions judge when he presides over a criminal case. He is the highest judicial authority below a high court judge. Below him, there are courts of civil jurisdiction, known by different names in different states. Under Article 141 of the constitution, all courts in India — including high courts — are bound by the judgments and orders of the Supreme Court of India by precedence.

Judges in a high court are appointed by the President of India in consultation with the Chief Justice of India and the governor of the state. High courts are headed by a chief justice. The chief justices rank fourteenth (within their respective states) and seventeenth (outside their respective states) on the Indian order of precedence. The number of judges in a court is decided by dividing the average institution of main cases during the last five years by the national average, or the average rate of disposal of main cases per judge per year in that High Court, whichever is higher.

The Calcutta High Court is the oldest high court in the country, established on 2 July 1862. High courts that handle a large number of cases of a particular region have permanent benches established there. Benches are also present in states which come under the jurisdiction of a court outside its territorial limits. Smaller states with few cases may have circuit benches established. Circuit benches (known as circuit courts in some parts of the world) are temporary courts which hold proceedings for a few selected months in a year. Thus cases built up during this interim period are judged when the circuit court is in session. According to a study conducted by Bengaluru-based NGO, Daksh, on 21 high courts in collaboration with the Ministry of Law and Justice in March 2015, it was found that average pendency of a case in high courts in India is 3 years.^[2]

High courts

The Madras High Court in Chennai, Bombay High Court in Mumbai, Calcutta High Court in Kolkata and Allahabad High Court in Allahabad are the oldest four high courts in India.

The following are the 24 high courts in India sorted by name, year established, Act by which it was established, jurisdiction, principal seat (headquarters), permanent benches (subordinate to the principal seat), circuit benches (functional a few days in a month/year), the maximum number of judges sanctioned and the presiding chief justice of the high court.

High courts by states/union territories

The High Court of Judicature at Hyderabad in Hyderabad

The Bombay High Court in Mumbai, one of the first four high courts of India

The Calcutta High Court in Kolkata, one of the first four high courts of India

The Allahabad High Court in Allahabad, one of the first four high courts of India

The Karnataka High Court in Bangalore

A working day view of The Kerala High Court in Kochi

The Gujarat High Court in Ahmedabad

Courts under a high court

• District courts
• District munsiff courts
• Courts of judicial magistrates of first class
• Courts of judicial magistrates of second class
• E-courts

Notes and citations

See also

• List of current Indian chief justices

References

• "Jurisdiction and Seats of Indian High Courts". Eastern Book Company. Retrieved 2 September 2005.
• "Judge Strength in High Courts Increased". Press Information Bureau–Govt. of India. Retrieved 2 September 2005.
• "Judiciary". Supreme Court of India. Archived from the original on 29 August 2005. Retrieved 2 September 2005.
• "Constitution of India". Wikisource. Retrieved 31 December 2005.
• "Madras High Court". Hcmadras.tn.nic.in. Retrieved 24 December 2015.
• "Soon, High Courts in 3 Northeastern States". Retrieved 11 May 2012.
• "New Chief Justice of Delhi High Court to Assume Charge on Wednesday". Retrieved 6 November 2012.

External links

Media related to High Courts in India at Wikimedia Commons