Glossary of names for the Tirukkural

Tirukkural, or the Kural, an ancient Indian treatise on common moralities, has been given by various names ever since its writing around the first century BCE. Originally referred to as Muppaal, perhaps as presented by its author Valluvar at the ruler's court, the work remains unique among ancient works in the sense that it was not given any title by its author himself. All the names that the work is referred by today are given by later days' scholars over the millennia. The work is known by an estimated 44 names,^[1] although some scholars list as many as 48 names.^[2] Monsieur Ariel, a French scholar of the 19th century who translated the work into French, famously said of the Kural thus: Ce livre sans nom, par un autre sans nom ("The book without a name by an author without a name.")^[3]

Etymology

Tirukkural was originally known as 'Muppaal',^[4] meaning three-sectioned book, as presented by its author himself at the king's court, since it contained three sections, viz., 'Aram', 'Porul' and 'Inbam'. Tolkappiyam divides various types of Tamil poetic forms into two, namely, kuruvenpattu and neduvenpattu. Kuruvenpattu came to be called kural pattu and, eventually, kural.^[5] The word kural applies in general to something that is short or abridged. More specifically, it is a very short Tamil poetic form consisting of two lines, the first line consisting of four words (known as cirs) and the second line consisting of three, which should also conform to the grammar of Venpa. It is one of the most important forms of classical Tamil language poetry. Thiru is a term denoting divine respect, literally meaning 'holy' or 'sacred'. Since the work was written in this poetic form, it came to be known as 'Tirukkural', meaning 'sacred couplets'.^[6]

List of names the work is known by

The following table lists the various names the Kural text has been known by over the millennia.^[4][7][8][9]

See also

• Tirukkural

References