German Air Force

German Air Force
Luftwaffe
Logo of the German Air Force
Founded 1956 (1956)
Country Germany
Type Air force
Role Aerial warfare
Size 27,704 personnel (30 June 2018)[1]
467 aircraft[2]
Nickname(s) Team Luftwaffe[3]
Motto(s) Immer im Einsatz (Always in action)[3]
Colors Blue, Grey and White
Anniversaries 9 January 1956
Engagements Operation Deliberate Force
Kosovo War
War in Afghanistan
Military intervention against ISIL
Northern Mali conflict
Website www.luftwaffe.de
Commanders
Inspector of the Air Force Generalleutnant Ingo Gerhartz
Ceremonial chief Generalleutnant Dieter Naskrent
Colonel of
the Regiment		 Generalmajor Günter-Erhard Giesa
Notable
commanders
Insignia
Roundel
Aircraft flown
Attack Tornado IDS
Electronic
warfare		 Tornado ECR
Fighter Eurofighter Typhoon
Helicopter AS532, H145M, CH-53
Trainer Grob G-120, T-6 Texan II, T-38 Talon
Transport Global Express 5000, A310, A400M, A319, A340, C-160, C-130J

The German Air Force (German: Luftwaffe (German pronunciation: [ˈlʊftvafə] ( listen)), the German-language generic term for air force) is the aerial warfare branch of the Bundeswehr, the armed forces of Germany. With a strength of 27,704 personnel (30 June 2018),[1] it is the fourth largest air force within the European Union, after the air forces of the United Kingdom, France and Italy. Although its budget has been significantly reduced since the end of the Cold War in 1989–1990, the Luftwaffe is still among the best-equipped air forces in the world.

The German Air Force (as part of the Bundeswehr) was founded in 1956 during the era of the Cold War as the aerial warfare branch of the armed forces of then West Germany. After the reunification of West and East Germany in 1990, it integrated parts of the air force of the former German Democratic Republic, which itself had been founded in 1956 as part of the National People's Army. There is no organizational continuity between the current German Air Force and the former Luftwaffe of the Wehrmacht combined forces founded in 1935, which was completely disbanded in 1945/46 after World War II. The term Luftwaffe that is used for both the historic and the current German air force is the German-language generic designation of any air force.

The commander of the German Air Force is Lieutenant General Karl Müllner. In 2015 the Air Force uses eleven air bases, two of which host no flying units. Furthermore, the Air Force has a presence at three civil airports. In 2012, the Air Force had an authorized strength of 28,475 active soldiers and 4,914 reservists.[4]

History

This Canadair CL-13 is preserved at the Military History Museum in Berlin.

After World War II, German aviation was severely curtailed, and military aviation was completely forbidden after the Luftwaffe of the Third Reich had been disbanded by August 1946 by the Allied Control Commission. This changed in 1955 when West Germany joined NATO, as the Western Allies believed that Germany was needed to counter the increasing military threat posed by the Soviet Union and its Warsaw Pact allies. Therefore, on 9 January 1956, a new German Air Force called Luftwaffe was founded as a branch of the new Bundeswehr.

Many well-known fighter pilots of the Luftwaffe of the Wehrmacht in World War II joined the new post-war air force and underwent refresher training in the USA before returning to West Germany to upgrade on the latest U.S.-supplied hardware. These included Erich Hartmann, Gerhard Barkhorn, Günther Rall and Johannes Steinhoff. Steinhoff became commander-in-chief of the Luftwaffe, with Rall as his immediate successor. Another pilot of World War II, Josef Kammhuber, also made a significant career in the post-war Luftwaffe, retiring in 1962 as Inspekteur der Luftwaffe (Chief Inspector of the Air Force).

Despite the partial reliance of the new air force on soldiers who had served in the Wehrmacht's air arm, there was no organizational continuity between the old and the new Luftwaffe. This is in line with the policy of the Bundeswehr on the whole, which does not consider itself a successor of the Wehrmacht and does not follow the traditions of any other previous German military organization.

First years

The first volunteers of the Luftwaffe arrived at the Nörvenich Air Base in January 1956. In the same year, the Luftwaffe was provided with its first aircraft, the US-made Republic F-84 Thunderstreak. At first, the Luftwaffe was divided into two operational commands, one in Northern Germany, aligned with the British-led Second Allied Tactical Air Force, and the other in Southern Germany, aligned with the American-led Fourth Allied Tactical Air Force.

In 1957, the Luftwaffe took command of the Army Air Defence Troops located in Rendsburg and began the expansion of its own air defence missile capabilities. The first squadron to be declared operational was the 61st Air Transport Squadron at Erding Air Base, followed by the 31st Fighter-Bomber Squadron at Büchel Air Base. In 1958, the Luftwaffe received its first conscripts. In 1959 the Luftwaffe declared the 11th Missile Group in Kaufbeuren armed with MGM-1 Matador surface-to-surface tactical nuclear cruise missiles operational. The same year Jagdgeschwader 71 (Fighter Wing 71) equipped with North American F-86 fighters became operational at Ahlhorner Heide Air Base. All aircraft sported—and continue to sport—the Iron Cross on the fuselage, harking back to the pre-March 1918 days of World War I, while the national flag of West Germany is displayed on the tail.

Cold War

In 1963, the Luftwaffe saw its first major reorganization. The two operational Air Force Group Commands – Command North and Command South were both split into two mixed Air Force divisions containing flying and air defence units and one Support division. Additionally a 7th Air Force division was raised in Schleswig-Holstein containing flying units, missile units, support units and the German Navy's naval aviation and placed under command of Allied Forces Baltic Approaches.

In 1960, the Luftwaffe received it first Lockheed F-104 Starfighter jets. The Starfighter remained in service for the entire duration of the Cold War, with the last being taken out of service in 1991. The Luftwaffe received a total of 916 Starfighters, 292 of which crashed resulting in the deaths of 116 pilots. The disastrous service record of the Starfighter led to the Starfighter crisis in 1966 as a reaction to 27 Starfighter crashes with 17 casualties in 1965 alone. The West German public referred to the Starfighter as the Witwenmacher (widow-maker), fliegender Sarg (flying coffin), Fallfighter (falling fighter) and Erdnagel (tent peg, literally "ground nail").

On 25 August 1966 the German Defence Minister Kai-Uwe von Hassel relieved the Inspekteur der Luftwaffe Generalleutnant Werner Panitzki, and transferred the Colonel Erich Hartmann, commanding officer of the 71st Fighter Squadron, as both had publicly criticized the acquisition of the Starfighter as a "purely political decision". On 2 September 1966 Johannes Steinhoff, with Günther Rall as deputy, became the new Inspekteur der Luftwaffe. Steinhoff and his deputy Günther Rall noted that the non-German F-104s proved much safer. The Americans blamed the high loss rate of the Luftwaffe F-104s on the extreme low-level and aggressive flying of German pilots rather than any faults in the aircraft.[5] Steinhoff and Rall went to America to learn to fly the Starfighter under Lockheed instruction and noted some specifics in the training (a lack of mountain and foggy-weather training), combined with handling capabilities (rapidly initiated, high G turns) of the aircraft that could cause accidents. Steinhoff and Rall therefore changed the training regimen for the F-104 pilots, and the accident rates fell to those comparable or better than other air forces. They also brought about the high level of training and professionalism seen today throughout the Luftwaffe, and the start of a strategic direction for Luftwaffe pilots to engage in tactical and combat training outside of Germany. However, the F-104 never lived down its reputation as a "widow-maker", and was replaced by the Luftwaffe with the McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II fighter and the Panavia Tornado fighter-bomber in many units much earlier than in other national air forces.

An Alpha Jet A in 1996
One of 212 Panavia Tornado IDSs delivered to the Luftwaffe

On Steinhoff's initiative the Luftwaffe opened the German Air Force Command USA/Canada (Deutsches Luftwaffenkommando USA/Kanada) in Fort Bliss, where the Luftwaffe trained its missile and air defence troops, as well as pilots received their basic training. At the same time the Luftwaffe opened a Tactical Training Command in Beja, Portugal, where pilots trained Close Air Support missions.

Between 1967 and 1970, the Luftwaffe undertook a major reorganization of its forces. The two operational commands were disbanded and the four mixed Air Force divisions were divided into two flying divisions and two air defence divisions. The remainder of the units were divided into functional commands:

  • Air Force Operation Command (Luftwaffenführungsdienstkommando), with the signal regiments, the radar, and the signals intelligence units
  • Air Force Training Command (Luftwaffenausbildungskommando), with the schools and training regiments
  • Air Force Support Command (Luftwaffenunterstützungskommando), with all logistical, maintenance and repair units, and the Material Office of the Air Force
  • Air Force Transport Command (Lufttransportkommando), with the air transport squadrons.

Over the next decade, the Luftwaffe received large amounts of new equipment including in 1968 the first C-160 Transall transport planes, in 1974 the F-4 Phantom II fighter-bombers, in 1978 the first Alpha Jet Version A light attack jets and in 1979 the first of 212 Panavia Tornado fighters.

The air defense forces began to replace their Nike Hercules missile systems in 1986 with state of the art surface-to-air missile systems: first to arrive was the MIM-104 Patriot system, followed one year later by Roland short range missile system.

Nuclear sharing

Germany is participating in NATO's nuclear sharing concept. Nuclear sharing is a concept, which involves member countries without nuclear weapons of their own in the planning for the use of nuclear weapons by NATO, and in particular provides for the armed forces of these countries to be involved in delivering these weapons in the event of their use.

Soon after its founding the German Air Force began to train with the US Seventeenth Air Force in handling, arming and delivering nuclear weapons. At first the F-104 Starfighter was intended to be used solely as a nuclear delivery platform, armed with nuclear air-to-air and air-to-surface missiles, as well as nuclear bombs. The Tornado was the second plane the air force fielded capable of delivering nuclear ammunition, although it was limited to deliver B61 nuclear bombs.

From 1965 through 1970, the Missile Wing 1 and Missile Wing 2 fielded 16 Pershing 1 missile systems with nuclear warheads under U.S. Army custody. In 1970, the system was upgraded to Pershing 1a with 72 missiles. Although not directly affected by the 1988 Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty, the Luftwaffe unilaterally removed the Pershing 1a missiles from its inventory in 1991, and the missiles were destroyed. At the end of the Cold War more than 100,000 soldiers served in the Luftwaffe.

The United States still lends nuclear weapons for hypothetical use by the Luftwaffe under the nuclear sharing agreement. In 2007, 22 B61 nuclear bombs were still kept in Germany, stored at the Büchel Air Base for use with Tornado IDS fighter-bombers of Jagdbombergeschwader 33. The American nuclear weapons formerly stored at Nörvenich Air Base, Ramstein Air Base and Memmingen Air Base were all withdrawn from Germany during the mid-and-late-1990s.

By international treaties between Germany and the "Big Four" powers in Europe (that formerly occupied Germany), East Germany is a nuclear-free zone. The Big Four powers are the United States, Russia, the United Kingdom, and France, and with the latter three having no nuclear weapons in Germany anymore.

Reunification

Luftwaffe MiG-29UB

After German reunification in October 1990, the aircraft and personnel of the former GDR air force, the Luftstreitkräfte der NVA were taken. The remnants of the East German Air Force were placed under the newly formed 5. Luftwaffendivision (5th Air Force Division) in Strausberg. In 1993 the division was renamed 3. Luftwaffendivision, moved to Gatow in Berlin and in 1995 assigned to NATO. Already in 1990 the East German plane markings were replaced by the Air Force Iron Cross, the first time Soviet-built aircraft had served in a NATO air force. However, as the Luftstreitkräfte der NVA were supplied exclusively with Eastern Bloc-produced aircraft such as the Sukhoi Su-17, MiG-21, MiG-23 and MiG-29 fighters, most of the equipment was not compatible with the West German NATO equipment and therefore taken out of service and sold or given to new members of NATO in Eastern Europe, such as Poland and the Baltic states.

An exception to this was the Jagdfliegergeschwader 3 "Vladimir Komarov" (Fighter Wing 3 "Vladimir Komarov") in Preschen Air Base. The Jagdfliegergeschwader 3 flew brand new MiG-29 fighters. On 1 June 1993 the wing was renamed Jagdgeschwader 73 (Fighter Wing 73) and on 1 October 1994 completed its move to its new home at Laage Air Base. The pilots of JG 73 were some of the most experienced MiG-29 pilots in the world. One of their primary duties was to serve as aggressor pilots, training other pilots in dissimilar combat tactics. The United States sent a group of fighter pilots to Germany during the Red October exercise to practice tactics against the aircraft they were most likely to meet in real combat. The MiG-29s of JG 73 were fully integrated into the Luftwaffe's air defence structure and the first Soviet Bloc aircraft to be declared operational within NATO.[6] With the introduction of the Eurofighter Typhoon imminent, the decision was taken to withdraw the MiG-29. All German MiG-29, save one, were sold to Poland for the symbolic price of €1 apiece. On 9 August 2004 the last MiG-29s landed in Poland where they continue to serve in the 41st Tactical Squadron of the Polish Air Force.

The Balkans

A Luftwaffe Tornado ECR during the air campaign over Kosovo (1999)

The Luftwaffe experienced combat action for first time since World War II during September 1995[7] in the course of Operation Deliberate Force, when six IDS Tornado fighter-bombers, equipped with forward looking infrared devices, and escorted by eight ECR Tornados, supported NATO's artillery missions on positions of the Bosnian Serbs around Sarajevo, Bosnia & Herzegovina.[8][9]

In March 1999, the Luftwaffe became involved in direct combat role as part of the Kosovo War along with the other NATO powers. This event was noted as significant in the British press with The Sun running the headline "Luftwaffe and the RAF into battle side by side".[10] The Luftwaffe sent in the Fighter Bomber Wing 32, equipped with ECR Tornadoes, and this unit flew missions to suppress enemy air defences in and around Kosovo.

These fighter-bombers were equipped with an electronic countermeasures pod, one AIM-9 Sidewinder air-to-air missile for self-defence, and an AGM-88 HARM air-to-ground missile (anti-radar). The bomber wing flew 2108 hours and 446 sorties, firing 236 HARM missiles at hostile targets. No manned Luftwaffe planes were lost in combat during this campaign.[11]

2000s

In 2005 and 2008, Luftwaffe F-4F Phantom II fighter planes took part in the Baltic Air Policing operation (of NATO), and these fighters were supplemented in 2009 by units flying the Typhoon.[12][13]

In 2006, to support military operations in Afghanistan, the Luftwaffe sent over several Panavia Tornado reconnaissance planes from Aufklärungsgeschwader 51 "Immelmann" (the 51st Reconnaissance Wing "Immelmann"), stationed in Mazar-i-Sharif, Northern Afghanistan.[14] There have also been assorted German Army helicopters flying from the Luftwaffe Air Base in Mazar-i-Sharif. Also, Luftwaffe C-160 Transall have flown transport plane missions in and around Afghanistan.

A Luftwaffe Eurofighter Typhoon (single-seater version)

Since the 1970s, the Luftwaffe of West Germany and later the reunited Germany (as well as many other European air forces) has actively pursued the construction of European internationally made warplanes such as the Panavia Tornado and the Eurofighter Typhoon introduced into the Luftwaffe in 2006.

On 13 January 2004, the Minister of Defence, Peter Struck, announced major changes in the future of the German armed forces. A major part of this announcement was a plan to cut the number of fighter planes from 426 in early 2004, to 265 by 2015. Assuming that the plans to order 180 Typhoons is carried out in full, and all of the F-4 Phantoms are removed from service, this would cut the number of Tornado fighter-bombers down to just 85.[15]

In the past, the Bundesmarine's naval air wing (the Marineflieger) received 112 Tornado IDS planes. However, during late 2004, the last unit of Bundesmarine Tornadoes was disbanded. All of the maritime combat role was assigned to the Luftwaffe, and one unit of this has had its Tornadoes fighters equipped to carry Kormoran II missiles and American HARM missiles.

2010s

Luftwaffe Eurofighter Typhoon 30+68 with painting "60 years of Luftwaffe" (2016)

As of 2014, a significant proportion of Germany's military aircraft were reported to be unserviceable. It has been reported that the Sea Lynx helicopters have experienced cracking in their tails, that around half of the Eurofighters and Tornadoes are not currently airworthy, and that the aging C-160 fleet remains in limited service while waiting for the introduction of the Airbus A400M, the first of which was delivered in December 2014.[16] Ursula von der Leyen admitted that due to the poor state of the Bundeswehr's equipment, Germany was no longer able to fulfill its NATO commitments.[17]

The German Air Force was one of the founding members of the European Air Transport Command headquartered in Eindhoven - The Netherlands and most of the Transport & Tanker assets have been transferred under EATC management. Replacement of the current 4 Airbus A310 MRTT by the Airbus A330 MRTT was approved in 2018 by joining the acquisition of 4 by the Royal Netherlands Air Force.

Future plans are the replacement of the ageing Sikorsky CH-53 Sea Stallion acquired since the 1970s by 40-70 Boeing CH-47 Chinook or Sikorsky CH-53K King Stallion from 2022 onwards.

The German Air Force is working with Airbus to define requirements for a replacement of the Tornado, called FCAS (Future Combat Air System) in the 2035 timeframe, under the Next-Generation Weapon System (NGWS) future fighter programme. It is envisioned as a networked system of systems, working with UAVs, complementing the Eurofighter and could be optionally manned.[18][19][20][21] A possible alternative under evaluation is the procurement of Lockheed Martin F-35 fighters.[22][23][24]

The German Luftwaffe participated in the Israeli Air Force exercise “Blue Flag”, the country's largest international air combat exercise, designed to simulate extreme combat scenarios. The German Air Force six Eurofighter Typhoon fighter jets of the tactical air force squadron 73 Steinhoff from Rostock. It is the first German participation in the Blue Flag exercise.[25]

The German military needs a “fifth-generation” replacement for its Tornado fighter jets that is hard to detect on enemy radars and can strike targets from a great distance, the chief of staff of the air force said on November 8, 2017. Lieutenant General Karl Muellner’s comments are his clearest public statements to date on the Tornado replacement program. They indicate a preference for Lockheed Martin Corp’s F-35 fighter jet, the only Western aircraft that meets those requirements.[26][27] In 2018, the Air Force issued a request for information from manufacturers about four potential aircraft to replace the Tornado - the Eurofighter Typhoon, F-15 Advanced Eagle, F/A-18E/F Super Hornet and F-35 Lightning.[28]

Due to the problems with the A400M and in service limitations, the German Air Force will acquire 3 * C130J Super Hercules Transport and 3 * KC-130J Tanker Aircraft (delivery planned 2020-2021) which will be jointly operated with the French Air Force the 2 * C-130J and 2 * KC-130J Aircraft (delivery planned 2018-2019).

Structure

German Air Force MIM-104 Patriot system
Büchel Air Base

The current commander of the German Air Force is Lieutenant General Karl Müllner. Upon the retirement of Lieutenant General Aarne Kreuzinger-Janik on 30 April 2012, Müllner became the 15th Inspector of the Air Force (Inspekteur der Luftwaffe).[29] The Inspector of the Air Force is the commander of Air Force Command (Kommando Luftwaffe), a body created in 2013 by the merger of the Air Force Office (Luftwaffenamt), German Air Staff (Führungsstab der Luftwaffe), and Air Force Forces Command (Luftwaffenführungskommando). Similar to the Air Staff of the United States Air Force, the German Air Force Command is a force providing command, not an operational command. The Air Force Command is tasked with ensuring the combat readiness of the German Air Force combat units, which during operations would either be commanded by a NATO command or the Joint Operations Command of the Bundeswehr. The Air Force command directly controls three higher commands.[30]

The creation of the Air Force Command was part of a reorganization of the Bundeswehr as a whole, announced by Thomas de Maizière in 2011, which also involved the Air Force shrinking to 23,000 soldiers and thus undergoing major restructuring at all levels. In addition to the higher command authorities, the three air divisions, the Air Force Training Command, and Air Force Weapon Systems Command, were disbanded. The three surface-to-air missile units will merge into a single wing in Husum in Northern Germany. The wing fields 14 MIM-104 Patriot and 4 MANTIS systems. The three air transport wings will be merged into a single wing based at Wunstorf Air Base, which will field 40 A400M Atlas transport planes. The Luftwaffe will field three Multirole Eurofighter Wings, each with two squadrons for a total of 143 Eurofighter Typhoon.[31] A fighter-bomber wing fielding Panavia Tornado IDS planes remains in service at Büchel Air Base. The Reconnaissance Wing 51 will remain in service at Schleswig Air Base and add one drone squadron to its Panavia Tornado ECR squadron.[32]

The Kommando Luftwaffe has two main elements subordinate to it:

  • Air Operations Center (Zentrum Luftoperationen der Luftwaffe), responsible for providing command and control to air operations
  • Air Force Forces Command (Luftwaffentruppenkommando)

Individual units of the Air Force are either part of the Air Force Operational Forces Command or the Support Forces Command. They only fall under the command of the Air Operations Center when on deployments or attached to EU or NATO organizations.

Air Operations Center

German Air Force radar stations, and control and reporting centers
HR-3000 (HADR) radar station
GM 406F radar station
RRP-117 radar station
Control and Reporting Center

The main subordinate elements of the Air Operations Center are:

  • Air Operations Center (NATO CAOC Uedem), in Uedem, responsible for NATO's Integrated Air Defense System North of the Alps
    • Air Force Support Group (Luftwaffenunterstützungsgruppe), in Kalkar
    • Control and Reporting Center 2 (Einsatzführungsbereich 2), in Erndtebrück[33]
      • Operations Squadron 21, in Erndtebrück
      • Operations Support Squadron 22, in Erndtebrück
        • Sensor Platoon I, in Lauda
          • Remote Radar Post 240 "Loneship", in Erndtebrück with GM 406F
          • Remote Radar Post 246 "Hardwheel", on Erbeskopf with HADR
          • Remote Radar Post 247 "Batman", in Lauda with GM 406F
          • Remote Radar Post 248 "Coldtrack", in Freising with GM 406F
          • Remote Radar Post 249 "Sweet Apple", in Meßstetten with HADR
        • Sensor Platoon II, in Auenhausen
          • Remote Radar Post 241 "Crabtree", in Marienbaum with Hughes HR-3000
          • Remote Radar Post 242 "Backwash", in Auenhausen with GM 406F
          • Remote Radar Post 243 "Silver Cork", in Visselhövede with GM 406F
          • Remote Radar Post 244 "Round up", in Brockzetel with HADR
          • Remote Radar Post 245 "Bugle", in Brekendorf with GM 406F
      • Control and Reporting Training Inspection 23, in Erndtebrück
        • Education and Training Center, in Erndtebrück
        • Education, Test and Training Group, in Erndtebrück
    • Control and Reporting Center 3 (Einsatzführungsbereich 3), in Schönewalde[34]
      • Operations Squadron 31, in Schönewalde
      • Operations Support Squadron 32, in Schönewalde
        • Sensor Platoon III, in Cölpin
          • Remote Radar Post 351 "Matchpoint", in Putgarten with RRP-117
          • Remote Radar Post 352 "Mindreader", in Cölpin with RRP-117
          • Remote Radar Post 353 "Teddy Bear", in Tempelhof with RRP-117
          • Remote Radar Post 356 "", in Elmenhorst with RRP-117
        • Sensor Platoon IV, in Regen
          • Remote Radar Post 354 "Blackmoor", in Döbern with RRP-117
          • Remote Radar Post 355 "Royal Flash", in Gleina with RRP-117
          • Remote Radar Post 357 "", on Döbraberg with RRP-117
          • Remote Radar Post 358 "Snow Cap", on Großer Arber with RRP-117
      • Deployable Control and Reporting Centre, in Schönewalde
    • Air Force Command Support Center (Führungsunterstützungszentrum der Luftwaffe), in Köln-Wahn
    • German Representation at NATO's Allied Air Command, at Ramstein Air Base
    • German Representation at Joint Air Power Competence Centre, in Kalkar
    • German Representation at European Air Transport Command, in Eindhoven Air Base
    • German Representation at NATO Airborne Early Warning & Control Force Command, at NATO Air Base Geilenkirchen
    • German Representation at Alliance Ground Surveillance, in Sigonella Air Base

Air Force Forces Command

The main subordinate elements of the Air Force Operational Forces Command are:

Directly subordinated institutions:

Subordinated flying units:

Subordinated ground based units:

Subordinated support units:

North American training centers

Luftwaffe Panavia Tornados at CFB Goose Bay

In light of the destroyed infrastructure of West Germany post–World War II, the restrictions on aircraft production placed on Germany and the later restrictive flying zones available for training pilots, the reconstructed Luftwaffe trained most of its pilots tactically away from Germany, mainly in the United States and Canada where most of its aircraft were sourced.

During the 1960s and 1970s, a very large number of Luftwaffe jet crashes—the Luftwaffe suffered a 36 percent crash rate for F-84F Thunderstreaks and an almost 30 percent loss of F-104 Starfighters—created considerable public demand for moving Luftwaffe combat training centers away from Germany.

As a result, the Luftwaffe set up two tactical training centres: one, like those of many of the NATO forces, at the Royal Canadian Air Force base at Goose Bay; and the second in a unique partnership with the United States Air Force at Holloman Air Force Base in New Mexico (F-104 pilots had already been trained at Luke Air Force Base, Arizona, since 1964). Both facilities provide access to large unpopulated areas, where tactical and combat training can take place without danger to large populations.

F-4Es of the 1st GAFTS.

On 1 May 1996, the Luftwaffe established the German Air Force Tactical Training Center (TTC) in concert with the United States Air Force 20th Fighter Squadron at Holloman Air Force Base in New Mexico, which provides aircrew training in the F-4F Phantom II. The TTC serves as the parent command for two German air crew training squadrons. The F-4 Training Squadron oversees all German F-4 student personnel affairs and provides German instructor pilots to cooperate in the contracted F-4 training program provided by the U.S. Air Force (20th Fighter Squadron). A second TTC unit, the Tornado Training Squadron, provides academic and tactical flying training, by German air force instructors, for German Tornado aircrews.

The first contingent of Tornado aircraft arrived at Holloman in March 1996. More than 300 German air force personnel are permanently assigned at Holloman to the TTC, the only unit of its kind in the United States. The German Air Force Flying Training Center activated on 31 March 1996, with German Air Force Chief of Staff Gen. Portz and U.S. Air Force Chief of Staff Gen. Michael Ryan present. The Luftwaffe has since stationed up to 800 personnel at Holloman for training exercises, due to limited training space in Europe.

In September 2004, the Luftwaffe announced a reduction in its training program by about 20%. By the end of 2006, 650 Luftwaffe personnel and 25 Tornado aircraft were assigned to Holloman.

Air bases

In 2018 the Air Force uses 16 air bases, six of which host no flying units. Furthermore, the Air Force has a presence at two civil airports:

Name[37][38] Major Tenants ICAO-Code[37][38] IATA-Code[39] Runways Code[37][38] Year Nearest City[37] State
Direction[37][38] Cover[37][38] Size[37][38]
Berlin Tegel Airport MOD Transport Wing EDDT TXL 08L/26R Asphalt 3022x45 1948 Berlin Berlin
08R/26L Asphalt 2427x45
Büchel Air Base Tactical Wing 33 ETSB – 03/21 Asphalt 2507x45 1955 Büchel Rhineland-Palatinate
Cologne Bonn Airport MOD Transport Wing EDDK CGN 14L/32R Asphalt 3815x60 1938 Cologne North Rhine-Westphalia
06/24 Concrete 2459x45
14R/32L Asphalt 1863x45
Erding Air Base Maintenance Regiment 1 ETSE – 08/26 Concrete 2521x30 1935 Erding Bavaria
Hohn Air Base Air Transport Wing 63 ETNH – 08/26 Concrete 2440x30 Hohn Schleswig-Holstein
Holzdorf Air Base Helicopter Wing 64 ETSH – 09/27 Asphalt 2419x30 1974 Holzdorf Saxony-Anhalt
Landsberg-Lech Air Base ETSA – 07/25 Concrete 2066x30 1935 Landsberg Bavaria
Lechfeld Air Base [40] ETSL – 03/21 Concrete 2678x30 1912 Klosterlechfeld Bavaria
Neuburg Air Base Tactical Wing 74 ETSN – 09/27 Asphalt 2440x30 1960 Neuburg Bavaria
Nörvenich Air Base Tactical Wing 31 ETNN QOE 07/25 Asphalt 2439x45 1954 Nörvenich North Rhine-Westphalia
Rostock-Laage Airport Tactical Wing 73 ETNL RLG 10/28 Concrete 2500x45 1984 Laage Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
Schleswig Air Base Tactical Wing 51 ETNS WBG 05/23 Asphalt 2439x30 Schleswig Schleswig-Holstein
Wittmundhafen Air Base Tactical Wing 71 ETNT – 08/26 Asphalt 2440x30 1951 Wittmund Lower Saxony
Wunstorf Air Base Air Transport Wing 62 ETNW – 08/26 Asphalt 1877x46,5 1936 Wunstorf Lower Saxony
03/21 Asphalt 1699x47,5
08/26 Grass 1088x40

Personnel

In 2012, the Air Force had an authorized strength of 44,565 active soldiers and 4,914 reservists.[4] The civil personnel within the Air Force is being reduced to 5,950 officials and employees. Most of the civilian employees work in maintenance and the Air Force Fire Department. On 20 September 2011 defense minister Thomas de Maizière announced that the Air Force would shrink to 23,000 soldiers. [41]

Training

The Luftwaffe has set up a total of 5 training institutions, namely the Offizierschule der Luftwaffe, Unteroffizierschule der Luftwaffe, Luftwaffenausbildungsbataillon, Fachschule der Luftwaffe and Technische Ausbildungszentrum der Luftwaffe, for training catering both personnel in active service and civilians willing to enter the Luftwaffe.[42]

Symbols, emblems and uniform

Roundel and serial number

A preserved Fokker D.VII with original-style Balkenkreuz of 1918
Air Force dress uniform

Originally German Air Force aircraft carried an Iron Cross — appearing to be closely modeled on that used by the 1916-17 era Imperial German Luftstreitkräfte through the spring of 1918, but no longer having the white border around the crosses' "ends" (thusly resembling the straight white "flanks" of the earlier, 1918-1945 era Balkenkreuz national marking) — as an identifying feature on all four wing positions and on both sides on the rear of the fuselage and a small German flag painted on the vertical stabilizer. Each aircraft also carried a serial number consisting of 2 letters, which identified the service and combat wing, followed by three numbers identifying the squadron and the number of the plane within the squadron, almost graphically resembling the USAF's own buzz numbers of the same period.

This system was changed in 1968. The large Iron Cross and serial numbers have since been replaced on all aircraft by a four number registration code, appearing somewhat in the manner of the earlier alphanumeric Geschwaderkennung code characters used by their World War II predecessor — separated by an Iron Cross in the middle: the first two numbers identify the type of aircraft and the second two numbers are a sequential for each type. When writing the registration number the Iron Cross is written as a "+". I.e. the Tornado IDS of the Air Force are numbered from 43+01 to 46+22, while the Tornado ECR of the Air Force are numbered from 46+23 to 46+57. The numbers from 30+01 to 33+99 are being used for the Eurofighter.

Uniform

The ranks of the Air Force are identical to the ranks of the German Army. The Air Force field dress is the same as the army field dress. The dress uniform of the Air Force is dark blue with gold-yellow wings as collar patches. As headdress a dark blue side cap or dark blue peaked cap can be worn. Members of the German Air Force Regiment wear a dark blue beret.

Aircraft

Current inventory

A Eurofighter Typhoon during exercise Frisian Flag
A CH-53G in flight over ILA Berlin 2016
A Luftwaffe A400M on its maiden flight
Aircraft Origin Type Variant In service Notes
Combat Aircraft
Panavia Tornado Multi-national[43] multirole IDS 87[44] employs variable-sweep wing design
Eurofighter Typhoon Multi-national[45] multirole 133[44][46]
Electronic Warfare
Panavia Tornado Multi-national[43] SEAD ECR 28[44]
Tanker
Airbus A310 MRTT Multi-national[47] aerial refueling / transport 4[44]
Transport
Airbus A310 Multi-national[47] VIP A310-304 1[44]
Airbus A319 Multi-national[48] VIP A319CJ 2[49]
Airbus A321 Multi-national[50] VIP A321-200 1[51]
Airbus A340 Multi-national[47] VIP A340-300 2[52]
Airbus A400M Multi-national[53] tactical airlift 21[54] 32 on order[44]
Global Express Canada VIP Global 5000 4[55]
Transall C-160 Multi-national[56] transport C-160D 29[57]
Helicopter
Sikorsky CH-53 United States[58] heavy lift CH-53G[59] 72[57]
Eurocopter EC145 Multi-national[60] light utility H145M 15[61] use for Special Operations Forces
Eurocopter AS532 Multi-national[62] VIP AS532 U2 3[63]
Trainer aircraft
Eurofighter Typhoon Multi-national[45] conversion trainer 24 2 on order[44]
Panavia Tornado Multi-national[43] conversion trainer IDS 7[44]
UAVs
MQ-4C Triton United States SIGINT / surveillance 4 on order[64][65]
IAI Heron TP Israel surveillance 3[66]

Four Airbus A330 MRTT’s are on order to support NATO’s Multinational Multi-Role Tanker Transport Fleet, which includes Germanys contribution to the program.[67]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 "Die Stärke der Streitkräfte [Personnel strength of German Armed Forces]". 15 December 2017. Retrieved 16 December 2017.
  2. ↑ "World Air Forces 2016". Flightglobal: 19. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
  3. 1 2 Heiner Möllers (2012). Tradition und Traditionsverständnis in der Deutschen Luftwaffe: Geschichte - Gegenwart - Perspektiven. BoD – Books on Demand. pp. 57–. ISBN 978-3-941571-17-4.
  4. 1 2 The Military Balance 2012, p.118
  5. ↑ "German F-104 losses (Ed Rasimus; LT Scott A. Norton, USN; Mike Schmitt; anon)". Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  6. ↑ MiG-29s leave Luftwaffe Archived 2010-06-24 at the Wayback Machine. – Flug Revue, April 2004
  7. ↑ "The Victoria Advocate - Google News Archive Search". Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  8. ↑ Owen, Robert (2000). Deliberate Force: a case study in effective air campaigning. DIANE Publishing, p. 246. ISBN 1-58566-076-0
  9. ↑ Trevor, Findlay (1996). Challenges for the new peacekeepers. Oxford University Press, p. 41. ISBN 0-19-829199-X
  10. ↑ "Historic day for Germany". BBC News. 25 March 1999. Retrieved 1 November 2006.
  11. ↑ "The History of Fighter Bomber Wing 32".
  12. ↑ "Germans takes over Baltic NATO mission". The Baltic Times. Baltic News Ltd. 29 June 2005. Retrieved 1 November 2006.
  13. ↑ "Germany hails Eurofighter's Baltic debut as 'mission accomplished'". Flight International. Dan Thisdell. 12 November 2009. Retrieved 29 November 2009.
  14. ↑ "Recce-Tornados in Afghanistan" (in German). Luftwaffe.de. 2018-02-17. Retrieved 2018-05-04.
  15. ↑ "Germany Announces Major Armed Forces Cuts". Air Forces Monthly. Key Publishing. March 2004. p. 8.
  16. ↑ Jordans, Frank (26 September 2014). "Breakdowns highlight Germany's struggles to project military might". www.stripes.com. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 28 September 2014. Retrieved 27 September 2014.
  17. ↑ "Germany's von der Leyen admits major Bundeswehr shortfalls". www.dw.de. Deutsche Welle. 27 September 2014. Retrieved 28 September 2014.
  18. ↑ "Airbus DS defining FCAS aircraft requirements with Bundeswehr - Jane's 360". www.janes.com. Retrieved 18 May 2017.
  19. ↑ "Brexit could impact future European fighter development, Airbus warns - Jane's 360". www.janes.com. Retrieved 18 May 2017.
  20. ↑ "Airbus studying manned successor for German Tornados". flightglobal.com. 23 June 2016. Retrieved 18 May 2017.
  21. ↑ "Air Power Development Strategy" (PDF). bmvg.de. Federal Ministry of Defence, Office of Strategic Armaments Management. December 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 July 2017. Retrieved 29 July 2017.
  22. ↑ Andrea Shalal (11 July 2017). "Pentagon officials brief Germany on F-35 fighter jet". reuters.com. Reuters. Retrieved 29 July 2017.
  23. ↑ Sprenger, Sebastian (9 November 2017). "German Air Force hints at preference for F-35".
  24. ↑ "Germany declares preference for F-35 to replace Tornado - Jane's 360". www.janes.com.
  25. ↑ "German Eurofighter Typhoons demonstrate interoperability and aerial diplomacy over the Negev desert". Airbus.
  26. ↑ Editorial, Reuters. "Tornado replacement must be fifth generation: German air force chief".
  27. ↑ "Dogfight over Berlin: Germany's Tornado replacement aspirations". www.iiss.org.
  28. ↑ Allison, George (25 April 2018). "Eurofighter outline why they believe Typhoon is 'the Perfect Choice for Germany'". UK Defence Journal. Retrieved 26 April 2018.
  29. ↑ "BMVg.de: Personalveränderungen in militärischen Spitzenstellen". Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  30. ↑ Orbats - Scramble. Scramblemagazine.nl. Retrieved on 2013-08-16.
  31. ↑ "Eurofighter Typhoon Marks Delivery of 400th Aircraft" December 04, 2013
  32. ↑ Die Neuausrichtung der Bundeswehr (PDF). Germany: German Ministry of Defence. June 2012. pp. 47–55.
  33. ↑ "Einsatzführungsbereich 2". German Air Force. Retrieved 21 May 2018.
  34. ↑ "Einsatzführungsbereich 3". German Air Force. Retrieved 21 May 2018.
  35. ↑ Melanie Hanz (2015-03-05). "Weniger in Upjever – mehr in Wittmund". NWZ online (in German). Retrieved 2016-04-20.
  36. ↑ Luftwaffe (2016-07-26). "Mission accomplished – well done!" (in German). Homepage der Luftwaffe. Retrieved 2016-07-28.
  37. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Amt für Flugsicherung der Bundeswehr. "News - Portal Aeronautical Publications". Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  38. 1 2 3 4 5 6 DoD Information Publication (Enroute) Supplement Europe, North Africa and Middle East
  39. ↑ "Great Circle Search". Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  40. ↑ "Ein emotionales Ende nach mehr als 55 Jahren". Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  41. ↑ "The Military Balance 2013"., March 14, 2013.
  42. ↑ "Ausbildungseinrichtungen". Luftwaffe (in German). Retrieved 2018-06-21.
  43. 1 2 3 Assembled in Germany from parts built across Tornado partner factories
  44. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "World Air Forces 2018". Flightglobal Insight. 2018. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
  45. 1 2 Assembled in Germany from parts built across Eurofighter partner factories
  46. ↑ "Only 4 of Germany's 128 Eurofighter Jets Combat Ready — Report". www.defense-aerospace.com.
  47. 1 2 3 Assembled in France from parts built across Airbus partner factories
  48. ↑ Assembled in Germany from parts built across Airbus partner factories
  49. ↑ "Airbus A319 CJ (Corporate Jetliner)". Luftwaffe. Retrieved 20 May 2018.
  50. ↑ Assembled in Germany from parts built across Airbus partner factories
  51. ↑ https://www.flugrevue.de/militaerluftfahrt/kampfflugzeuge-helikopter/flugbereitschaft-erhaelt-airbus-a321/760136
  52. ↑ "Airbus A340-300". Luftwaffe. Retrieved 20 May 2018.
  53. ↑ Assembled in Spain from parts built across Airbus partner factories
  54. ↑ http://www.airbus.com/content/dam/corporate-topics/publications/o&d/2018-07_MRS_GEN_Ord-Deliv-by-country.pdf%5Bpermanent+dead+link%5D
  55. ↑ "Bombardier Global 5000". Luftwaffe. Retrieved 20 May 2018.
  56. ↑ Assembled in Germany from parts built across Transall partner factories
  57. 1 2 http://augengeradeaus.net/2018/02/materiallage-der-bundeswehr-mehr-uebungen-mehr-beanspruchung-weniger-einsatzbereit/
  58. ↑ licence built by VFW-Fokker
  59. ↑ Sikorsky H-53 Sea Stallion, Retrieved 28 April 2012.
  60. ↑ Assembled in Germany from parts built across Eurocopter partner factories
  61. ↑ "H145M LUH SOF". Luftwaffe. Retrieved 19 May 2018.
  62. ↑ Assembled in France from parts built across Eurocopter partner factories
  63. ↑ "Cougar AS532". Luftwaffe. Retrieved 20 May 2018.
  64. ↑ "Germany to buy Triton". Reuters. Retrieved 9 December 2017.
  65. ↑ http://www.dsca.mil/major-arms-sales/germany-mq-4c-triton-unmanned-aircraft-systems-uas
  66. ↑ Rheinmetall and IAI Offering Heron TP for Bundeswehr SAATEG Program. Deagel.com (2008-06-02). Retrieved on 2013-08-16.
  67. ↑ "Sieben Tankflugzeuge Airbus A330 MRTT für die NATO". Bundeswehr Journal. Retrieved 20 May 2018.

Selected bibliography

Hundreds of books, magazines and articles have been written about the Luftwaffe. A select few are listed here.

  • Amadio, Jill (2002), Günther Rall: A Memoir, Seven Locks Press. ISBN 0-9715533-0-0.
  • Philpott, Bryan (1986), History of the German Air Force, Hamlyn. ISBN 0-600-50293-7.


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