Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam

Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
Dravidian Progressive Federation
Abbreviation DMK
thi.mu.ka
President M.K. Stalin
Chairperson Durai Murugan
Subulaxmi Jagadesan
T. R. Baalu
Secretary-General K. Anbazhagan
Rajya Sabha leader Kanimozhi Karunanidhi
Founder Arignar C.N.Annadurai
Founded 17 September 1949 (1949-09-17)
Headquarters Anna Arivalayam, Anna Salai, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India– 600018
Newspaper Murasoli
The Rising Sun
Student wing Manavarani
Youth wing Ilaignarani
Women's wing Magalirani
Labour wing Labour Progressive Federation
Membership 20 million
Ideology Social democracy
Populism
Regionalism
Political position Centre-left
Colours Red  
ECI Status State Party[1]
Alliance Indian National Congress(1984)
National Democratic Alliance (1999–2004)
United Progressive Alliance (2006-2013, 2016-present)
Seats in Rajya Sabha
4 / 245
Seats in Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly
88 / 234
Seats in Puducherry Legislative Assembly
2 / 33
Election symbol
Website
www.dmk.in

Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) (English: Dravidian Progress Federation)[2] is an Indian state political party in the state of Tamil Nadu and Union Territory of Puducherry. It is a Dravidian party founded by C. N. Annadurai in 1949 as a breakaway faction from the Dravidar Kazhagam (known as Justice Party until 1944) headed by Periyar E. V. Ramasamy. DMK was headed by M. Karunanidhi from 1969 until his death on 7 August 2018.[3] He served as Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu five times. DMK was the first party other than the Indian National Congress to win state-level elections with a clear majority on its own in any state in India. The head office of the party is called Anna Arivalayam, which is located at Anna Salai, Teynampet, Chennai, Tamil Nadu.

List of Chief Ministers

Chief Minister from DMK (Tamil Nadu):

  1. C. N. Annadurai (6 March 1967–3 February 1969)
  2. V. R. Nedunchezhiyan (acting CM only; 3 February 1969- 10 February 1969)
  3. M. Karunanidhi ( 10 February 1969 - 4 January 1971), (15 March 1971 - 31 January 1976), (27 January 1989 - 30 January 1991), (13 May 1996 - 13 May 2001), (13 May 2006 - 15 May 2011)

Chief Minister from DMK (Puducherry):

  1. M. O. H. Farook (17 March 1969 - 3 January 1974)
  2. M. D. R. Ramachandran (16 January 1980 - 24 June 1983), (8 March 1990 - 3 March 1991)
  3. R. V. Janakiraman (26 May 1996-21 March 2000)

List of Deputy Chief Ministers

Deputy Chief Minister from DMK:

  1. M.K. Stalin (29 May 2009 – 15 May 2011)

List of Leaders of Opposition

Leaders of Opposition from DMK:

  1. V. R. Nedunchezhiyan (1962 - 1969)
  2. M. Karunanidhi (1977-1980) (1980-1987)
  3. K. Anbazhagan (2001-2005)
  4. M. K. Stalin (2016- )

Pondychery

  1. A.M.H.Nazeem (2006-11)

Justice Party

DMK traces its roots to the South Indian Liberal Federation (Justice Party) formed in 1916, by P. Thyagaraya Chetty, Dr. P.T. Rajan, Dr. C. Natesa Mudaliar and a few others. The Justice Party, whose objectives included social equality and justice, came to power in the first General Elections to the Madras Presidency in 1920.[4] E. V. Ramasami ("Periyar"), a popular Tamil reformist leader of the time, had joined Indian National Congress in 1919, to oppose what he considered the Brahminic leadership of the party.[5] Periyar's experience at the Vaikom Satyagraha made him to start the Self-Respect Movement in 1926 which was rationalistic and "anti-Brahministic".[6] He quit Congress and in 1935, he joined the Justice Party. In the 1937 elections, the Justice Party lost and the Indian National Congress under C. Rajagopalachari ("Rajaji") came to power in Madras Presidency. Rajaji's introduction of Hindi as a compulsory subject in schools led to the anti-Hindi agitations, led by Periyar and his associates.

Dravidar Kazhagam

In August 1944, Periyar created the 'Dravidar Kazhagham' out of the Justice Party and the Self-Respect Movement at the Salem Provincial Conference.[7] Dravidar Kazhagam, conceived as a movement and not a political party, insisted on an independent nation for Dravidians called Dravida Nadu consisting of areas that were covered under Madras Presidency.

Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam

Over the years, many disagreements arose between Periyar and his followers. In 1949, several of his followers led by C. N. Annadurai, decided to split from Dravidar Kazhagham, after an aged Periyar married a young woman Maniammai and appointed his young wife to act as his successor to lead the party, superseding senior party leaders. Until then E. V. K. Sampath, the nephew of Periyar, was considered his political heir.[8]

Annadurai, on 17 September 1949 along with Kudanthai K.K.Neelamegam, V. R. Nedunchezhiyan, K. A. Mathiazhagan, N. V. Natarajan called "Aimberum Thalaivargal" (Great Five Leaders) along with M. Karunanidhi then an emerging screenwriter and thousands of others in Robinson park in Royapuram in Chennai announced the formation of the DMK. The name of the party (DMK) was announced by Kudanthai Perunthagai. K. K. Neelamegam.

MGR's entry

In 1953, actor M. G. Ramachandran ("MGR") joined the DMK, popularized the party flag and symbol which at that time stood for secession from India by showing it in his movies. MGR was a member of the DMK, and he was seen as an icon of the DMK and spread its message through films like Adimaippenn and Dheiva Thai produced and scripted by R.M.Veerappan, another strong DMK ideology propagator from C.N.Annadurai school .[9]

First Election

DMK entered the electoral fray for 1957 State Assembly elections with M Karunanidhi winning the Kulithalai constituency while other seniors members like V. R. Nedunchezhiyan losing from Salem. In 1962 another prominent actor S.S.Rajendran ("SSR") contested in Theni, legislative assembly election, against the then popular congress leader N. R. Theagarajan and won the seat.

1960s

Formation of State Government

DMK leaders K. A. Mathialagan, V. P. Raman, C. N. Annadurai and M. Karunanidhi with Rajaji

In 1967, DMK came to power in Madras province 18 years after its formation and 10 years after it had first entered electoral politics. This began the Dravidian era in Madras province which later became Tamil Nadu.

In 1969, party general secretary and founder, CN Annadurai died. After his death, there came the power tussle between M Karunanidhi and V. R. Nedunchezhiyan. Most of the elected MLAs of DMK, including leaders like Mathialagan, Nanjil Manoharan and the celluloid hero MGR favoured Karunanidhi as CM in preference to Nedunchezhiyan, the Senior leader after Anna. To pacify V. R. Nedunchezhiyan a new post called party president was created for M Karunanidhi and V. R. Nedunchezhiyan was the post of general secretary . MGR was appointed as the Treasurer of the Party.

During the Indian President election, there was divided opinion between the leaders of Indian National Congress. Though the party nominated Dr.Sanjiva Reddy as the Official Candidate, the then Prime Minister, Mrs. Indira Gandhi had suddenly switched her allegiance to Dr.V.V.Giri, the Opposition-sponsored Candidate. She had also advised all party elected members to vote according to their conscience. Dr.V.V.Giri was elected as the President of India with the support of Mrs. Indira Gandhi. This has resulted in the split of Congress Party and in October 1969. Senior Leaders like Morarji Desai, Athulya Ghosh, Kamarajar, S K Patil and Nijalingappa on the one side as Congress (Organisation) and Indira Gandhi, Shankar Dayal Sharma, Jagjivan Ram, C Subramaniam on the Other Side as Congress (Indira). The DMK, led by Mr.Karunanidhi took a stance to support Mrs. Indira Gandhi in certain reforms like abolition of privy purse, nationalisation of Banks.

In 1971 election, the DMK fought in alliance with Congress (Indira)and the Opposition alliance which consisted of the two Senior National Leaders, Rajaji and Kamarajar was termed as a strong alliance and was widely supported by Media to re-capture power in Tamil Nadu. However, the DMK emerged victorious with a vast majority of 184 seats out of 234 and Dr. Kalaignar M. Karunanidhi becoming the chief minister for second time. The Opposition Grand alliance could capture only 25 seats.

Karunanidhi's presidency

MGR's exit

M. G. Ramachandran (MGR) who was a popular actor and the then party treasurer had played a vital part in popularising the party's ideologies. The political feud between MGR and the party president Karunanidhi emerged as an aftermath of the latter calling himself "Mujib of Tamil Nadu". In 1972, MGR called for a boycott of the party's General Council. With the crisis falling into call for corruption probe by MGR, he was eventually suspended from the General Council. Thus emerged a new party All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK). The new party ADMK had drubbed the parent party DMK in the by-election to the Loksabha seat at Dindigul in 1974.[10]

Post-MGR

In 1977, DMK lost the Assembly elections to MGR's AIADMK, and stayed out of power in the state till 1989.[11] After MGR's death in December 1987, AIADMK split into two factions between Janaki (MGR's wife) and Jayalalithaa. DMK returned to power in 1989 State assembly elections and Karunanidhi took over as chief minister in January 1989.

1991 election was held on the backdrop of DMK government dissolved within 2 years of formation due to pressure from Rajiv gandhi, in the same year Rajiv was killed by Human bomb during election campaign. Due to DMK's pro Tamil stance and the dismissal of the state government mid way by Rajiv, people persumption was against DMK and the sympathy wave in favour of AIADMK–Congress alliance and the DMK was deprived of any seats in the Parliament.

In the 1996 state elections, DMK came to power on strength of corruption charges against J.Jayalalithaa and the alliance with Tamil Maanila Congress (TMC), headed by G.K. Moopanar and supported by cine actor Rajinikanth. However, in 2001, the AIADMK, on strength of a strong alliance and the incumbency factor against DMK, came back to power in the state assembly elections.

In the 2004 parliamentary elections, DMK formed an alliance with Congress, the Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (MDMK) and the Pattali Makkal Katchi (PMK) and swept a grand Victory, the alliance winning all 40 seats including Puducherry. This enabled 7 ministerial posts in the Central government and influential power to DMK.

Two years later in 2006, the same alliance won in the state assembly elections and the DMK for the first time formed a minority government in the state with help from Congress. M Karunanidhi became the Chief Minister of the state for the fifth time. The DMK-Congress alliance was also successful in the 2009 parliamentary elections.

In the 2011 Assembly elections, held in the wake of the 2G case and allegations of nepotism, the DMK won only 23 seats, 127 seats less than earlier.

In the 2014 Lok Sabha election DMK failed to win any seats; however, by vote percentage it was second only to AIADMK.

Party ideology

DMK, from its inception, wanted to have a separate independent state for the Dravidians. C. N. Annadurai wanted a separate Dravida Nadu but the DMK changed its stance with the Chinese invasion in 1962 and suspended its demand for the length of the war and supported India for raising funds for the war. When the war ended, nationalistic feelings were so strong that DMK gave up the separate Dravida nation idea.[12]

The Anti-Hindi agitations of 1965 forced the central government to abandon its efforts to impose Hindi as the only official language of the country; still Hindi imposition continued as Indian government employees are asked to write as much as 65% of the letters and memoranda in Hindi.[12]

In April 1974, the DMK government brought in a resolution in the House urging the Centre to accept the Rajamannar Committee recommendations on state autonomy and amend the Constitution of India to pave the way for a true federal system.[12]

Manifesto

The DMK and its prime opposition party, the ADMK have posted an array of populist schemes targeting the human development index of the state. Most of the schemes are accused to be targeting garner larger electoral support. Both the parties have schemes listed in the election manifestos covering various segments of the population involving fishermen, farmers and school children. Till the 2000s, the parties had welfare schemes like maternity assistance, subsidised public transport and educational grants. After the 2000s, the parties started competing at an increasing level over the distribution of consumer goods. The ADMK government distributed free cycles to class 11 and class 12 students during its tenure of 2001–06. The DMK, in competition, promised free colour televisions in its manifesto in 2006 elections. The competition continued during the 2011 elections when both parties announced free laptops for schools students and grinder, mixer and fans for public.[13]

Party symbol

The party's election symbol is the sun arising from between two mountains, called the Rising Sun. It has a black and red flag.

Election history

Tamil Nadu

YearElectionVotes Polled% of Votes polledSeats Won/Seats contestedAlliance(s)
1957Second Assembly (Madras state)-13.0815/100[14][15]
1962Third Assembly (Madras state)3,435,63327.1350/143[16]
1967Fourth Assembly (Madras state)6,230,55240.06138/233[17]
1971Fifth Assembly7,654,93546.04182/203[18]INC(I)/CPI/AIFB/PSP/IUML
1977Sixth Assembly4,258,77124.8948/230[19][20]None
1980Seventh Assembly4,164,38922.6537/112[11][21]INC(I)[11]
1984Eighth Assembly6,362,77029.3424/167[11][22]CPI/CPM/JP
1989Ninth Assembly8,001,22233.44150/202[23][24]None
1991Tenth Assembly5,535,66822.462/176[25]TMK/CPI/CPM/JD
1996Eleventh Assembly11,423,38054.04173/182[26][27]TMC-Sister Party of Congress
2001Twelfth Assembly8,669,86430.9231/183[28]NDA-BJP
2006Thirteenth Assembly8,728,71626.4696/132[29][30]DPA-India National Congress (UPA, LF)
2011Fourteenth Assembly8,249,99122.3923/124[31]INC/PMK/VCK/IUML/KMK
2016 Fifteenth Assembly 13,670,511 31.06 89/174 INC/PTP/IUML
YearElectionVotes PolledSeats WonAlliance(s)
19623rd Lok Sabha07[32]
19674th Lok Sabha25[32]
19715th Lok Sabha5,622,75823[32]INC(I)
19776th Lok Sabha3,323,3202[32]JP
19807th Lok Sabha4,236,53716[32]INC(I)
19848th Lok Sabha5,597,5072CPI/CPM/JP/TNC
19899th Lok Sabha7,038,8490CPI/CPM/JD
199110th Lok Sabha5,601,5970NF
199611th Lok Sabha6,967,67917[32]UF-Janata Dal
199812th Lok Sabha5,140,2665[33]UF-Janata Dal
199913th Lok Sabha6,298,83212[32]NDA_BJP
200414th Lok Sabha7,064,39316[32]DPA-Congress (UPA, LF)
200915th Lok Sabha7,625,39718UPA-Congress
201416th Lok Sabha9,636,4300

Puducherry

YearElectionVotes PolledSeats Won
19743rd Assembly47,8232
19774th Assembly30,4413
19805th Assembly68,03014
19856th Assembly87,7545
19907th Assembly101,1279
19918th Assembly96,6074
19969th Assembly105,3927
200110th Assembly83,6797
200611th Assembly7
201112th Assembly3
201613th Assembly2
YearElectionVotes PolledSeats Won
19848th Lok Sabha97,6720
19899th Lok Sabha157,2500
199110th Lok Sabha140,3130
199611th Lok Sabha183,7020
199812th Lok Sabha168,1221

Sources:

Media

The DMK party runs two newspapers, one each in English and Tamil, namely "The Rising Sun" (weekly journal) and "Murasoli" (daily) respectively.[35] Kalaignar TV is a channel started on 15 September 2007 and managed by Kanimozhi and Dayalu Ammal, the daughter and wife of Karunanidhi. The sister channels of Kalaignar TV are Isaiaruvi (music channel), Seithigal (news channel), Sirippoli (comedy channel), Kalaignar Asia and Chithiram (Tamil cartoon channel).[36]

Controversies

Indira Gandhi dismissed the Karunanidhi government in 1976 based on charges of possible secession and corruption. The DMK government has been indicted by the Sarkaria commission for corruption in allotting tenders for the Veeranam drainage project.[37] In 2001, the former chief secretary, K.A. Nambiar, and a host of others were arrested on charges of corruption in the construction of flyovers in Chennai. Karunanidhi and DMK party members were also charged under Sections 120(b) (criminal conspiracy), 167 (public servant framing an incorrect document with intent to cause injury), 420 (cheating) and 409 (criminal breach of trust) of the IPC, and Section 13 (2) read with 13 (1)(d) of the Prevention of Corruption Act, but no prima facie evidence was found against him and his son M K Stalin.

Connections with LTTE

The interim report of Justice Jain Commission, which oversaw the investigation into Rajiv Gandhi's assassination, indicted Karunanidhi for abetting the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE).[38] The interim report recommended that Tamil Nadu Chief Minister M. Karunanidhi and the DMK party be held responsible for abetting Rajiv Gandhi's murderers. The final report contained no such allegations.[39]

Allegations of nepotism

M. K. Stalin, son of Karunanidhi

DMK has been accused by opponents, by some members of the party, and by other political observers of trying to promote nepotism and start a political dynasty along the lines of the Nehru-Gandhi family. Vaiko, who quit the DMK, has been the most vocal. Political observers say that Vaiko was sidelined as he was seen as a threat to M.K. Stalin and other family members.

Karunanidhi's nephew, Murasoli Maran, was a Union Minister; however, it has been pointed out that he was in politics long before Karunanidhi became the Chief Minister in 1969.[40]

Many political opponents and DMK party senior leaders have been critical of the rise of M. K. Stalin in the party. But some of the party men have pointed out that Stalin has come up on his own.[41] Stalin was an MLA in 1989 and 1996 when his father Karunanidhi was the Chief Minister, and became Chennai's 44th mayor in 1996. In 2009, he was made the Deputy Chief Minister.

Karunanidhi has been accused of helping Murasoli Maran's son Kalanidhi Maran, who runs Sun Network, India's second largest television network. According to Forbes, Kalanidhi is among India's richest 20, with $2.9 billion.[42]

Another son of Maran's, Dayanidhi Maran, served as Union Minister for Communications and IT portfolio. Dayanidhi was withdrawn from the because Dinakaran (a newspaper run by the Maran brothers) had shown the result of a public poll which read Dayanidhi Maran as the successor to Karunanidhi. This created a bloody violence in the Madurai branch of Dinakaran office, causing the death of three employees.

It has been pointed out that Karunanidhi has hesitated to take action against his erring family members.[43]

Karunanidhi is also accused of allowing Azhagiri to function as an extraconstitutional authority in Madurai.[44] The Dinakaran newspaper case was handed over to the CBI. But the District and Sessions court acquitted all the 17 accused in that case.[45] So far, the case has not been appealed in a higher court to identify and punish the perpetrators of the crime. His daughter Kanimozhi is a member of Rajya Sabha.

Involvement in 2G case

DMK has been facing allegations regarding 2G spectrum case.[46] The case was brought into limelight in 2010 when case filed against Minister for Communications and Information Technology A. Raja had been reported. 2G licenses were issued to private telecom players at throwaway prices in 2008. The CAG estimated on the basis of 3G auction that the 2G Spectrum case had cost the government ₹1.76 lakh crore (equivalent to ₹2.8 trillion or US$39 billion in 2017) (short scale). Rules and procedures were flouted while issuing licenses.[47] The CBI in the Supreme Court has since indicated that the factual loss is around ₹30,000 crore (equivalent to ₹480 billion or US$6.7 billion in 2017). One of the party's TV channel stations, Kalaignar TV was raided by Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) officers in connection with the 2G Spectrum case on 19 February 2011.[48] Karunanidhi's daughter MK Kanimozhi arrested and sent to Tihar jail on 20 May 2011 for alleged kickbacks in 2G case. She has been arrested for the illegal transfer of money to the DMK's official channel Kalaignar TV. DMK MP A Raja is the prime accused in 2G case and sent to Tihar Jail. Kanimozhi was subsequently released on bail on 29 November 2011[49]On 21 December 2017 IN THE COURT OF O. P. SAINI: SPL. JUDGE, CBI (04) (2G SPECTRUM CASES), NEW DELHI acquitted all the members, including former telecom minister A. Raja and DMK Rajya Sabha member Kanimozhi in the 2G spectrum allocation case.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ "List of Political Parties and Election Symbols main Notification Dated 18.01.2013" (PDF). India: Election Commission of India. 2013. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
  2. ↑ Rao, MSA (1979). Urban Sociology in India. Orient Longman Publishers. ISBN 9780861252961.
  3. ↑ https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/m-karunanidhi-dmk-chief-and-former-tamil-nadu-chief-minister-dies-aged-94/articleshow/65309709.cms. |first1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  4. ↑ Radhan, O.P. (2002). "A Time-Bound Plan for Muslim India". Encyclopaedia of Political Parties. Anmol Publications. p. 187. ISBN 81-7488-865-9.
  5. ↑ Omvedt, Gail (2006). Dalit Visions: The Anti-caste Movement and the Construction on an Indian Identity. Orient Longman. pp. 54–55. ISBN 81-250-2895-1.
  6. ↑ "Ethnic balance". India Today. 20 December 2007. Retrieved 24 May 2009.
  7. ↑ Dirks, Nicholas B. (2001). Castes of Mind: Colonialism and the Making of Modern India. Princeton University Press. p. 263. ISBN 978-0-691-08895-2.
  8. ↑ "Priest-less weddings in TN VIP families". Sify News. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
  9. ↑ Velayutham, Selvaraj (2008). Tamil Cinema: The Cultural Politics of India's other Film Industry. Psychology Press. p. 69. ISBN 9780203930373.
  10. ↑ Hardgrave, Jr., Robert L. (1973). Politics and the Film in Tamilnadu: The Stars and the DMK. Asian Survey. University of California Press.
  11. 1 2 3 4 Murali 1994, p. 82
  12. 1 2 3 Palanithurai, Ganapathy (1997). Polyethnicity in India and Canada: Possibilities for Exploration. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. pp. 21–22. ISBN 9788175330399.
  13. ↑ Kohli, Atul; Singh, Prerna (2013). Routledge Handbook of Indian Politics. Routledge. p. 285. ISBN 9781135122744.
  14. ↑ Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Quadrennial Review 1952–57 1957, p. 2
  15. ↑ Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Quadrennial Review 1952–57 1957, p. 119
  16. ↑ Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Quadrennial Review 1962–70 1967, pp. 6–7
  17. ↑ Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Quadrennial Review 1967–70 1971, p. 7
  18. ↑ Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Quadrennial Review 1971–76 1976, p. 157
  19. ↑ Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Quadrennial Review 1977–80 1980, p. 9
  20. ↑ Murali 2007, p. 81
  21. ↑ Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly general elections 1980, p. 10
  22. ↑ Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly general elections 1984, p. 10
  23. ↑ Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly general elections 1989, p. 10
  24. ↑ Murali 2007, p. 83
  25. ↑ Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly general elections 1991, p. 10
  26. ↑ Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly general elections 1996, p. 11
  27. ↑ Murali 2007, p. 84
  28. ↑ Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly general elections 2001, p. 11
  29. ↑ Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly general elections 2006, p. 11
  30. ↑ Murali 2007, p. 86
  31. ↑ Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly general elections 2011, p. 12
  32. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Rana 2006, p. 398
  33. ↑ Ahuja 1998, p. 358
  34. ↑ V., Annamalai (1996). Formation and Transformation of Power in Rural India. Discovery Publishing House. p. 48. ISBN 9788171413232.
  35. ↑ "DMK homepage". Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
  36. ↑ "Kalaignar Channel". Kalaignar Channel. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
  37. ↑ "What the Sarkaria Commission said". The Hindu. 10 June 2001. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
  38. ↑ Chawla, Prabhu (17 November 1997). "Jain Commission Revelations: Damning the DMK". India Today. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
  39. ↑ "No adverse comments on DMK leaders in Jain report". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 14 February 2004. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
  40. ↑ "Maran – the eyes and ears of DMK in Delhi". Indiainfo.com. Archived from the original on 17 June 2011. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
  41. ↑ "Politics: Special Series; M K Stalin". India Today. 1 November 1999. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
  42. ↑ "The World's Billionaires Page 11 of 41". Forbes. 10 March 2010. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
  43. ↑ "DMK's sonny-come-lately". Tehelka. 13 May 2006. Archived from the original on 11 September 2012. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
  44. ↑ "Charge sheet filed against Azhagiri in Kiruttinan case". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 19 August 2003. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
  45. ↑ "All acquitted in Dinakaran case". The Hindu. 5 December 2009. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
  46. ↑ "It's a Bit too Transparent". Outlook. 31 January 2011. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
  47. ↑ 2G Spectrum Scam
  48. ↑ "CBI raids Karunanidhi family's Kalaignar TV office". The Times of India. 18 February 2011. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
  49. ↑ "Kanimozhi walks out of Tihar jail". The Hindu. 29 November 2011. Retrieved 11 November 2013.

References

  • Ahuja, M. L. (1998). Electoral politics and general elections in India, 1952–1998. New Delhi: Mittal Publication. ISBN 81-7099-711-9.
  • Murali, Geetha Kamalakshi; University of California, Berkeley (2007). Tracing the signs: Voter mobilization and the functionality of ideas in . MI: ProQuest LLC. ISBN 9780549737612.
  • Mahendra Singh, Geetha Kamalakshi (2006). India votes: Lok Sabha & Vidhan Sabha elections 2001–2005. New Delhi: Sarup & Sons. ISBN 81-7625-647-1.
  • "Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Quadrennial Review 1957–62" (PDF). Fort St. George, Madras: Legislative Assembly Department. June 1962.
  • "Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Quadrennial Review 1962–67" (PDF). Fort St. George, Madras: Legislative Assembly Department. June 1967.
  • "Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Quadrennial Review 1967–70" (PDF). Fort St. George, Madras: Legislative Assembly Department. June 1971. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 December 2013.
  • "Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Quadrennial Review 1971–76" (PDF). Fort St. George, Madras: Legislative Assembly Department. June 1976.
  • "Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Quadrennial Review 1977–80" (PDF). Fort St. George, Madras: Legislative Assembly Department. 1980.
  • "Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly elections 1984" (PDF). New Delhi: Election Commission of India. 1984.
  • "Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly elections 2001" (PDF). New Delhi: Election Commission of India. 2001.
  • "Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly elections 2011" (PDF). New Delhi: Election Commission of India. 2011.
  • "Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly general elections 1980" (PDF). New Delhi: Election Commission of India. 1980.
  • "Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly general elections 1989" (PDF). New Delhi: Election Commission of India. 1989.
  • "Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly general elections 1991" (PDF). New Delhi: Election Commission of India. 1991.
  • "Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly general elections 1996" (PDF). New Delhi: Election Commission of India. 1996. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 October 2010.
  • "Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly general elections 2006" (PDF). New Delhi: Election Commission of India. 2006.

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.