M. Karunanidhi

Tamizhina Thalaivar/ Kalaignar
M. Karunanidhi
First President of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
In office
27 July 1969 – 7 August 2018
Secretary General V. R. Nedunchezhiyan
K. Anbazhagan
Succeeded by M.K. Stalin
3rd Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu
In office
13 May 2006 – 15 May 2011
Deputy M. K. Stalin (2009–2011)
Preceded by J. Jayalalithaa
Succeeded by J. Jayalalithaa
Constituency Chepauk
In office
13 May 1996 – 13 May 2001
Preceded by J. Jayalalithaa
Succeeded by O. Panneerselvam
Constituency Chepauk
In office
27 January 1989 – 30 January 1991
Preceded by Janaki Ramachandran
Succeeded by J. Jayalalithaa
Constituency Harbour
In office
15 March 1971 – 31 January 1976
Preceded by President's rule
Succeeded by President's rule
Constituency Saidapet
In office
10 February 1969 – 4 January 1971
Preceded by V. R. Nedunchezhiyan (acting)
Succeeded by President's rule
Constituency Saidapet
Member of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly
for Thiruvarur
In office
15 May 2011 – 7 August 2018
Preceded by U. Mathivanan
Personal details
Born (1924-06-03)3 June 1924
Thirukuvalai, Madras Presidency, British India (now in Nagapattinam District, Tamil Nadu, India)
Died 7 August 2018(2018-08-07) (aged 94)[1]
Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Political party Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
Other political
affiliations		 Justice Party, Dravidar Kazhagam (before 1949)
Spouse(s) Padmavathi Ammal
Dayalu Ammal
Rajathi Ammal
Relations See Karunanidhi family
Children 6, including Muthu, Azhagiri, Stalin and Kanimozhi
Residence Gopalapuram, Chennai
Signature

Muthuvel Karunanidhi (3 June 1924 – 7 August 2018) was an Indian writer and politician who served as Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu for almost two decades over five terms between 1969 and 2011. He was a long-standing leader of the Dravidian movement and ten-time president of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam political party. Before entering politics he worked in the Tamil film industry as a screenwriter. He has also made contributions to Tamil literature, having written stories, plays, novels, and a multiple-volume memoir. He was popularly referred to as Kalaignar, meaning artist in Tamil.[2][3]

Karunanidhi died on 7 August 2018 at Kauvery Hospital in Chennai after prolonged, age-related illness.[1]

Early life and family

Karunanidhi was born of 3 June 1924, in the village of Thirukkuvalai in Nagapattinam district, Madras Presidency, to Ayyathurai Muthuvelu and Anjugam. He had two elder sisters, Periyanayagam and Shanmugasundarathammal.[4] At birth he was named Dakshinamurthy after a form of Shiva as a teacher,[5] but he later changed it to Karunanidhi influenced by Dravidian and rationalist movements that were against use of Brahmanical and gods' names.[6][7] In his own writings Karunanidhi said that his family were of Isai Velalar caste, a small Tamil community that traditionally played musical instruments at ceremonial occasions;[4][5] however his political rival M. G. Ramachandran and some observers contested that and said that he was of Telugu ancestry.[8]

As recalled in the first volume of his biography Nenjukku Needhi, during his childhood Karunanidhi was more interested in music, writing and activism than schoolwork. He also recollects experiencing and revolting against caste-based discrimination during this period. His initial schooling was in Thirukkuvalai and then in 1936 he shifted to a high school in Tiruvarur. As a teenager he was captivated by the political writings of Tamil leaders including Panagal Arasar, Periyar and Pattukottai Azhagirisamy (after whom Karunanidhi later named one of his sons). Karunanidhi joined the anti-Hindi protests sparked by the provincial government's legislation making Hindi-education mandatory in schools, and in 1938 organised a group of boys to hold demonstrations traveling around Tiruvarur on a cycle rickshaw. The law was rescinded in 1939. The taste for activism however stuck and in the ensuing years, after a brief flirtation with Communism, Karunanidhi started following the work and speeches of leaders of Justice Party, Self-Respect Movement and Dravidar Kazhagam. He ignored schooling and dropped-out after failing three-times in the final year.[4]

Karunanidhi started his first magazine, at age 15, called Manava Nesan (Friends of Students), which was hand-written and distributed. It was soon followed by the establishment of Murasoli (Drum Roll). He expanded into writing plays propagating Dravidian ideology, and at age 20 starting writing and performing in plays for the Dravid Nadigar Kazhagam (Dravidian Actor's Group) professionally.[4]

Karunanidhi married three times. His first marriage was to Padmavathi in September 1944, and they had a son M. K. Muthu, who was briefly active in Tamil films and politics. Padmavathi died in 1948 soon after childbirth. In September of that year, Karunanidhi's marriage was arranged with Dayalu Ammal, with whom he had three sons, M. K. Alagiri, M. K. Stalin and M. K. Tamilarasu, and a daughter, M. K. Selvi. Alagiri and Stalin are active in state politics and competed to be their father's political successors, before Stalin prevailed. Tamilarasu is a businessman and film-producer and campaigner for his father and his party; Selvi campaigned for Karunanidhi elections too. With his third wife, Rajathi Ammal, Karunanidhi had a daughter, Kanimozhi, who is seen as his literary heir.[9][4]

Screenwriting

Karunanidhi awarding Kalaimamani

Karunanidhi began his career as a screenwriter in the Tamil film industry.[10] His first movie as screen writer was Rajakumari produced by Coimbatore based Jupiter Pictures directed by A. S. A. Sami starring M. G. Ramachandran. During this period he and M. G. Ramachandran, then an upcoming actor and later day founder of AIADMK party started a long friendship eventually turning into rivals in later years politics. His stint with Jupiters Pictures then housed at Central Studios continued for another MGR starrer Abhimanyu (1948 film), Marudhanaattu Ilavarasi (1950) starring M. G. Ramachandran and V. N. Janaki.

Around late 1949, T. R. Sundaram of Modern Theatres Studio in Salem engaged Karunanidhi as scriptwriter for the film Manthiri Kumari starring M. G. Ramachandran which would become be a blockbuster hit. Later T. R. Sundaram had Karunanidhi on permanent rolls at Modern Studio.

Parasakthi

His most notable movie was Parasakthi,[11] a turning point in Tamil cinema, as it espoused the ideologies of the Dravidian movement and also introduced two prominent actors of Tamil filmdom, Sivaji Ganesan and S. S. Rajendran.[12] The movie was initially marred with controversies and faced censorship troubles, but was eventually released in 1952.[12] becoming a huge box office hit. The movie was opposed by orthodox Hindus since it contained elements that criticised Brahmanism.[13]

Two other movies written by Karunanidhi that contained such messages were Panam (1952) directed by famous comedian and political activist N. S. Krishnan and Thangarathnam (1960) produced and acted by S. S. Rajendran another popular actor and DMK activist..[11] These movies contained themes such as widow remarriage, abolition of untouchability, self-respect marriages, abolition of zamindari and abolition of religious hypocrisy.[12] Another memorable hit movie was Manohara (1954) starring Sivaji Ganesan, S. S. Rajendran and P. Kannamba known for its crisp dialogues.

Writing and narration style

Through his wit and oratorical skills he rapidly rose as a popular politician. As his movies and plays with strong social messages became popular, they suffered from increased censorship; two of his plays in the 1950s were banned.[12] He was famous for writing historical and social (reformist) stories which propagated the socialist and rationalist ideals of the Dravidian movement to which he belonged. Alongside C. N. Annadurai he began using Tamil cinema to propagate his political ideals through his movies.

Filmography

At the age of 20, Karunanidhi went to work for Jupiter Pictures as a scriptwriter. His first film, Rajakumaari, gained him much popularity. It was here that his skills as a scriptwriter were honed, which extended to several films. He was active in screenwriting even during his later political career till 2011 when he last wrote for historic movie Ponnar Shankar.

Literature

Karunanidhi (middle) with actor Sivaji Ganesan (left)

Karunanidhi is known for his contributions to Tamil literature. His contributions cover a wide range: poems, letters, screenplays, novels, biographies, historical novels, stage-plays, dialogues and movie songs. He has written Kuraloviam for Thirukural, Tholkaappiya Poonga, Poombukar, as well as many poems, essays and books. Apart from literature, Karunanidhi has also contributed to the Tamil language through art and architecture. Like the Kuraloviyam, in which Kalaignar wrote about Thirukkural, through the construction of Valluvar Kottam he gave an architectural presence to Thiruvalluvar, in Chennai. At Kanyakumari, Karunanidhi constructed a 133-foot-high statue of Thiruvalluvar in honour of the scholar.

Books

The books written by Karunanidhi include Sanga Thamizh, Thirukkural Urai, Ponnar Sankar, Romapuri Pandian, Thenpandi Singam, Vellikizhamai, Nenjukku Needhi, Iniyavai Irubathu and Kuraloviam. His books of prose and poetry number more than 100.

Stage plays

Karunanidhi's stage plays include: Manimagudam, Ore Ratham, Palaniappan, Thooku Medai, Kagithapoo, Naane Arivali, Vellikizhamai, Udhayasooriyan and Silappathikaram.

Politics

Entry into politics

Karunanidhi entered politics at the age of 14, inspired by a speech by Alagiriswamii of the Justice Party, and participated in Anti-Hindi agitations. He founded an organisation for the local youth of his locality. He circulated a handwritten newspaper called Manavar Nesan to its members. Later he founded a student organisation called Tamil Nadu Tamil Manavar Mandram, which was the first student wing of the Dravidan Movement. Karunanidhi involved himself and the student community in social work with other members. Here he started a newspaper for its members, which grew into Murasoli, the DMK party's official newspaper.

The first major protest that aided Karunanidhi in gaining ground in Tamil politics was his involvement in the Kallakudi agitation in Kallakudi. Original name of this industrial town was Kallakudi and it was changed to Dalmiapuram after a cement mogul who built a cement plant there. DMK wanted to change the name back to Kallakudi. In the protest Karunanidhi and his companions erased the name Dalmiapuram from the railway station and lay down on the tracks blocking the course of trains. Two people died in the protest and Karunanidhi was arrested.[14]

Rise to power

At the age of 33, Karunanidhi entered the Tamil Nadu assembly by winning the Kulithalai seat in the 1957 election. He became the DMK treasurer in 1961 and deputy leader of opposition in the state assembly in the year 1962 and when the DMK came to power in 1967, he became the Minister for Public Works.[15]

Chief Minister

When Annadurai died in 1969, Karunanidhi became the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu and the first leader of DMK, since the leader post was customarily left vacant for Periyar during Annadurai time as Annadurai was party general secretary only. He has held various positions in the party and government during his long career in Tamil Nadu political arena.

70's and Emergency

During the Emergency, the DMK was the only ruling party across India that opposed the Emergency, for which his government was summarily dismissed by Indira Gandhi's government and many of his party leaders were arrested and jailed till the Emergency was lifted. Later, the D.M.K teamed up with the Janata Party post-Emergency, but suffered defeat at the assembly elections under accusations of corruption .

His one time friend M. G. Ramachandran, who floated his AIADMK party after being sacked by Karunanidhi from DMK a few years earlier, would come to power in Tamil Nadu. The DMK then suffered multiple electoral defeats against his primary opponent M.G.Ramachandran's AIADMK, until the latter's death in 1987.

Karunanidhi meeting the then Prime Minister, Manmohan Singh, in Chennai, 2011
The Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, Karunanidhi meeting the Deputy Chairman of Planning Commission, Montek Singh Ahluwalia to finalise plan for the financial year, in New Delhi on June 6, 2006

80's & 90's

Karunanidhi had a brief stint as Chief Minister in the late 1980s, during which his government was dismissed by the Central government on accusations of degrading the law and order situation in the state after Rajiv Gandhi's assassination. He later again became the CM of Tamil Nadu in 1996 following a sweeping electoral win in the preceding elections. Following a five-year rule, his party again lost at the elections to J. Jayalalithaa's AIADMK in 2001.

2000's

He was however back in power when he took over as chief Minister of Tamil Nadu on 13 May 2006 after his coalition defeated his main opponent J. Jayalalithaa in the May 2006 elections.[16] At the end of the 5-year administration, the DMK lost the majority of seats in the legislative assembly of Tamil Nadu when elections were held in 2011, thereby ceding power again to the AIADMK under J. Jayalalithaa. During the 2016 closely fought elections DMK narrowly lost seats against J. Jayalalithaa's AIADMK.

He currently represents the constituency of Tiruvarur in the Tamil Nadu state Legislative Assembly. He has been elected to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly 13 times (from 1957 to 2016 elections) and once to the now abolished Tamil Nadu Legislative Council.

World Tamil Conference

He delivered the special address on the inaugural day of 3rd World Tamil Conference held in Paris in 1970, and also on the inaugural day of 6th World Tamil Conference held in Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia) in 1987. He penned the song "Semmozhiyaana Tamizh Mozhiyaam", the official theme song for the World Classical Tamil Conference 2010, that was set to tune by A. R. Rahman.[17]

'Ulaga Tamizh Manadu' [ World Tamil Conference ], was the first coined word for the conference in 2010, however the IATR organisation that had right to conduct the conference was not happy hence change in name.[18]

Illness, death and reactions

Karunanidhi was in poor health from October 2016 and minimised his political activities and public appearances, with the last one being on his 94th birthday on 3 June 2018.

On 28 July 2018, Karunanidhi's health deteriorated and became "extremely critical and unstable", and he was admitted at Kauvery Hospital in Chennai for treatment.[19] He died there at 6:10 p.m. on 7 August 2018 due to age-related illness, which led to multiple organ failure.[1][20]

The government of Tamil Nadu declared a public holiday on 8 August 2018 and a seven-day mourning after Karunanidhi's death.[21]

A national mourning on 8 August 2018 was announced by the government of India.[22] The national flag flew half-mast in Delhi, all state capitals and across Tamil Nadu on 8 August 2018.[23]

The governments of Karnataka and Bihar announced one-day and two-days state mourning respectively.[24]

Awards and titles

Karunanidhi in Paavendhar Tamil Literature & Research library
  • Annamalai University awarded him an honorary doctorate in 1971.[25]
  • He was awarded "Raja Rajan Award" by Tamil University, Thanjavur for his book Thenpandi Singam.[25]
  • On 15 December 2006, the Governor of Tamil Nadu and the Chancellor of Madurai Kamaraj University, Surjit Singh Barnala conferred an honorary doctorate on the Chief Minister on the occasion of the 40th annual convocation.
  • In June 2007,[26][27][28] the Tamil Nadu Muslim Makkal Katchi announced that it would confer the title "Friend of the Muslim Community" (Yaaran-E-Millath) upon M. Karunanidhi.

Controversies

He has been indicted by the Sarkaria commission for corruption in allotting tenders for the Veeranam project.[29] Indira Gandhi dismissed the Karunanidhi government based on charges of possible secession and corruption. In 2001, he was arrested on the charges of corruption in the construction of flyovers in Chennai.[30] He and his party members were also charged under four Sections like IPC 120(b), IPC 167, IPC 420 and IPC 409.[31]

Ram Setu remarks

In response to the Sethusamudram controversy, Karunanidhi questioned the existence of the Hindu God Rama. He said 'It is said that there was a God thousands of years ago called Ram. Do not touch the bridge built by him. I ask who is this Ram? Which engineering college did he graduate from?" His remarks caused a firestorm of controversy. BJP leader Ravi Shankar Prasad accused Karunanidhi of religious discrimination when noting "We would like to know from Karunanidhi if he would make a similar statement against religious head of any other religion; chance are he may not."[32]

Connections with LTTE

In April 2009, in an interview to NDTV, Karunanidhi made a controversial remark stating that "Prabhakaran is my good friend" and also said, "India could not forgive the LTTE for assassinating Rajiv Gandhi".[33][34][35]An interim report of Justice Jain Commission, which oversaw the investigation into Rajiv Gandhi's assassination, had indicted Karunanidhi for abetting Rajiv Gandhi's murderers, who belonged to the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE).[36] but the final report contained no such allegations.[37]

Allegations of nepotism

Karunanidhi has been accused by opponents, by some members of his party, and by other political observers of trying to promote nepotism.[38] Many political opponents and DMK party senior leaders have been critical of the rise of M. K. Stalin in the party. But some of the party men have pointed out that Stalin has come up on his own. He has faced a lot of hardship since 1975, when he was jailed under the Maintenance of Internal Security Act (MISA) and was beaten up in jail so brutally during the Emergency that a fellow DMK party prisoner died trying to save him.[39] Stalin was an MLA in 1989 and 1996 when his father Karunanidhi was the Chief Minister, but he was not inducted into the Cabinet. He became Chennai's 44th mayor and its first directly elected mayor in 1996. It was only in his fourth term as MLA that he was made a Minister in the Karunanidhi cabinet and then in 2009 was made the Deputy Chief Minister. Karunanidhi's daughter Kanimozhi is a Rajya Sabha MP now.

Elections contested and positions held

Karunanidhi contested and won in all Tamil Nadu Assembly general elections (then Madras) since 1957 except 1984 when he didn't contest the election.

Year Constituency Result Vote percentage Opposition Candidate Opposition Party Opposition vote percentage
1957KulithalaiWonK.A. DharmalingamINC
1962ThanjavurWonA.Y.S. Parisutha NadarINC
1967SaidapetWonS.G. VinayagamurthyINC
1971SaidapetWonKudanthai RamalingamCongress (O)
1977Anna NagarWon50.1G. KrishnamurthyADMK31.0[40]
1980Anna NagarWon49.0H.V. HandeADMK48.3[40]
1984 Not Contested Not Contested Not Contested Not Contested Not Contested Not Contested
1989HarbourWon59.8K.A. WahabMuslim League13.8[41]
1991HarbourWon48.7K. SuppuADMK47.3[41]
1996ChepaukWon77.1N.S. Nellai KannanINC17.2[42]
2001ChepaukWon51.9R. DamodharanINC43.5[42]
2006ChepaukWon51.0Dawood Miah KhanIndependent38.3[42]
2011ThiruvarurWon62.9M. RajendranADMK33.9[43]
2016ThiruvarurWonR. PannerselvamADMK

Posts in legislature

AssemblyFromToPositionParty – Number of seats
/Seats contested
Third Assembly19621967Deputy Leader of the Opposition50/143[44]
Fourth Assembly19671969State Minister for Public Works138/233[45]
Fourth Assembly10 February 19695 January 1971Chief Minister (1)[46]136/233[47]
Fifth Assembly15 March 197131 January 1976Chief Minister (2)[46]182/203[48]
Sixth Assembly25 July 197717 February 1980Leader of the Opposition (1)[46]48/230[49]
Seventh Assembly27 June 198018 August 1983Leader of the Opposition (2)[46]37/112[50]
Ninth Assembly27 January 198930 January 1991Chief Minister (3)[46]150/202[51]
Tenth Assembly26 April 199130 March 1996MLA[46]2/176 [52]
Eleventh Assembly13 May 199614 May 2001Chief Minister (4)[46]173/182[53]
Thirteenth Assembly13 May 200614 May 2011Chief Minister (5)[46]96/132[54]
Fourteenth Assembly16 May 201119 May 2016MLA23/124
Fifteenth Assembly19 May 2016PresentMLA89/176

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 Narayan, Pushpa. "M Karunanidhi, DMK chief and former Tamil Nadu chief minister, dies aged 94". The Times of India (7 August 2018). Retrieved 7 August 2018.
  2. ↑ "M Karunanidhi: India's 91-year-old politician who is still fighting". BBC. 13 May 2016. Retrieved 5 August 2018.
  3. ↑ Mohan, Gopu (31 May 2009). "Karunanidhi's Kutumbam". The Indian Express. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Ravishankar, Sandhya (31 May 2018). Karunanidhi: A Life in Politics. HarperCollins Publishers India. ISBN 978-93-5277-920-8.
  5. 1 2 "Kalaignar Karunanidhi dies in Chennai: The colossus of Dravidian politics". Hindustan Times. 7 August 2018. Retrieved 7 August 2018.
  6. ↑ Kolappan, B. (7 August 2018). "Obituary: M. Karunanidhi, Dravidian stalwart". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 9 August 2018.
  7. ↑ Anand, S. (27 January 2003). "With Them / Against Them". Outlook. Retrieved 9 August 2018.
  8. ↑ For claims of Karunanidhi's Telugu ancestry see:
    • Seshadri, Badri (9 January 2016). "When Tamil Nationalism Turned Against Telugu Speakers Of Tamil Nadu". Swarajya. Retrieved 9 August 2018. According to MG Ramachandran,... Karunanidhi’s forefathers were Telugu speakers from Andhra. It is not clear whether this is true; Karunanidhi’s stated caste is Isai Velalar which is clearly a Tamil caste.
    • Sharma, V. V. P. (8 February 2017). "After Series of 'Outsiders', Sasikala to be first Tamil CM in 29 Years". News18. Retrieved 9 August 2018.
    • Chellappan, Kumar (23 December 2014). "No real Tamil-speaking leaders in TN!". The Pioneer. Retrieved 9 August 2018.
    • "Tamil pride: What's that?". Hindustan Times. 4 May 2006. Retrieved 9 August 2018.
  9. ↑ "Life and family of DMK supremo 'Kalaignar' M Karunanidhi". The New Indian Express. 7 August 2018.
  10. ↑ "The Last Lear – The Long Profile of Karunanidhi in The Caravan". The Caravan India. Archived from the original on 26 March 2012. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  11. 1 2 Guneratne 2003, p. 216
  12. 1 2 3 4 Hardgrave, Jr, Robert L (1973). "Politics and the Film in Tamilnadu: The Stars and the DMK". Asian Survey. 13 (3): 288–305. doi:10.1525/as.1973.13.3.01p0314o.
  13. ↑ A., Srivathsan (12 June 2006). "Films and the politics of convenience". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  14. ↑ Ramaswamy 1997, p. 226
  15. ↑ "M Karunanidhi: The radical wordsmith who shook up Indian politics". BBC News. 2018-08-07. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
  16. ↑ Krishnakumar (25 April 2006). "The Sachin of TN politics". Rediff.com. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  17. ↑ T., Ramakrishnan (16 May 2010). "Front Page : Theme song launched for world classical Tamil meet". The Hindu. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  18. ↑ Karashima, Noboru (23 July 2010). "IATR and the World Classical Tamil Conference" – via www.thehindu.com.
  19. ↑ "Crowds amass for ailing Indian politician". BBC News. 2018-07-30. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
  20. ↑ "'Kalaignar' M. Karunanidhi, former Tamil Nadu Chief Minister and DMK chief, passes away aged 94". The Hindu. 7 August 2018.
  21. ↑ "TN govt announces 7-day mourning over Karunanidhi's death". The Hindu Business Line. 7 August 2018. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
  22. ↑ "DMK chief M Karunanidhi death: One day national mourning declared by Centre". Times now news. 8 August 2018. Retrieved 9 August 2018.
  23. ↑ "National Flag Flew Half Mast Marking Death Of Karunanidhi". Headlines Today. 8 August 2018. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
  24. ↑ "Former Chief Minister Of Tamil Nadu And DMK Chief M Karunanidhi Passed Away". Headlines Today. 7 August 2018. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
  25. 1 2 "Awards". Drkalaignar.org. Archived from the original on 7 January 2009. Retrieved 19 December 2011.
  26. ↑ "TMMK to confer Karunanidhi with 'Friend of the Community' title". newkerala.com. United News of India. 3 June 2007. Chennai, 3 June: Tamil Nadu Chief Minister and DMK President M Karunanidhi, who turned 84 today, will be conferred with the 'Friend of the Muslim Community' title by the Tamil Nadu Muslim Makkal Katchi.
  27. ↑ "MK awarded 'Friend of the Community' title". Retrieved 2018-02-20.
  28. ↑ United News of India (4 June 2007). "Karunanidhi turns 84". news.webindia123.com. The Tamil Nadu Muslim Makkal Katchi has decided to confer 'Yaaraan-E-Millath (meaning friend of the Muslim community) title on Mr Karunanidhi to mark the occasion.
  29. ↑ "The Hindu : What the Sarkaria Commission said". The Hindu. 10 June 2001. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  30. ↑ "Welcome to Frontline". 29 (01). Frontline.
  31. ↑ "Karunanidhi held in pre-dawn swoop – Jailed on corruption charges". Blonnet.com. 31 December 2011. Archived from the original on 1 June 2006. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
  32. ↑ "Karuna earns BJP's wrath for comments on Lord Ram". Rediff. 17 September 2007. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  33. ↑ "Karunanidhi flip flops, says can't forgive LTTE". CNN-IBN. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  34. ↑ TamilNet (21 April 2012). "Karunanidhi: "Tamil Eelam Still Around the Corner"". Tamilnet.tv. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  35. ↑ S, Rajanayagam. Popular Cinema and Politics in South India: The Films of MGR and Rajinikanth. Routledge, 2015. ISBN 978-1-317-58772-9.
  36. ↑ "India Today Cover Story Jain Commission Revelations: Damning the DMK]". India Today. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  37. ↑ "No adverse comments on DMK leaders in Jain report". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 14 February 2004. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  38. ↑ S, Rajanayagam. Popular Cinema and Politics in South India: The Films of MGR and Rajinikanth. Routledge, 2015. ISBN 1317587723.
  39. ↑ "Politics: Special Series; M K Stalin". India Today. 1 November 1999. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  40. 1 2 "Party wise comparison since 1977 in Anna Nagar constituency". Election Commission of India. Retrieved 10 November 2013.
  41. 1 2 "Party wise comparison since 1977 in Harbour constituency". Election Commission of India. Retrieved 10 November 2013.
  42. 1 2 3 "Party wise comparison since 1977 in Chepauk constituency". Election Commission of India. Retrieved 10 November 2013.
  43. ↑ Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly elections 2011, p. 191
  44. ↑ Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Quadrennial Review 1962–70 1967, pp. 6–7
  45. ↑ Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Quadrennial Review 1967–70 1971, p. 7
  46. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Details of Successive legislative assemblies constituted under the constitution of India". Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  47. ↑ Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Quadrennial Review 1967–70 1971, p. 145
  48. ↑ Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Quadrennial Review 1971–76 1976, p. 157
  49. ↑ Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Quadrennial Review 1977–80 1980, p. 9
  50. ↑ Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly general elections 1980, p. 10
  51. ↑ Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly general elections 1989, p. 10
  52. ↑ Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly general elections 1991, p. 10
  53. ↑ Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly general elections 1996, p. 11
  54. ↑ Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly general elections 2006, p. 11

References

  • Guneratne, Anthony R.; Wimal Dissanayake; Sumita S. Chakravarty (2003). Rethinking Third Cinema. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-21354-1.
  • Ramaswamy, Sumathy (1997). Passions of the tongue: language devotion in Tamil India, 1891–1970. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-20805-6, 978-0-520-20805-6.
  • "Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Quadrennial Review 1962–67" (PDF). Fort St. George, Madras: Legislative Assembly Department. June 1967.
  • "Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Quadrennial Review 1967–70" (PDF). Fort St. George, Madras: Legislative Assembly Department. June 1971.
  • "Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Quadrennial Review 1971–76" (PDF). Fort St. George, Madras: Legislative Assembly Department. June 1976.
  • "Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Quadrennial Review 1977–80" (PDF). Fort St. George, Madras: Legislative Assembly Department. 1980.
  • "Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly elections" (PDF). New Delhi: Election Commission of India. 2011.
  • "Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly general elections" (PDF). New Delhi: Election Commission of India. 1980.
  • "Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly general elections" (PDF). New Delhi: Election Commission of India. 1989. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 October 2010.
  • "Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly general elections" (PDF). New Delhi: Election Commission of India. 1996. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 October 2010.
  • "Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly general elections" (PDF). New Delhi: Election Commission of India. 2006.
Political offices
Preceded by
C. N. Annadurai		 Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu
First Tenure
1969–1976		 Vacant
Title next held by
M. G. Ramachandran
Vacant
Title last held by
Janaki Ramachandran		 Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu
Second Tenure
1989–1990		 Vacant
Title next held by
J. Jayalalithaa
Preceded by
J. Jayalalithaa		 Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu
Third Tenure
1996–2001		 Succeeded by
J. Jayalalithaa
Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu
Fourth Tenure
2006–2011
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