Dental instruments

Mouth mirror, a commonly used dental instrument

Dental instruments are tools that dental professionals use to provide dental treatment. They include tools to examine, manipulate, treat, restore and remove teeth and surrounding oral structures.

Standard instruments are the instruments used to examine, restore and extract teeth and manipulate tissues.[1]

Examination instruments

These tools allow dental professionals to manipulate tissues for better visual access during treatment or during dental examination.

Mirror

Dental mirrors are used by the dentist or dental auxiliary to view a mirror image of the teeth in locations of the mouth where visibility is difficult or impossible. They also are used for reflecting light onto desired surfaces, indirect vision, and with retraction of soft tissues to improve access or vision.

Probes

Retractors

Cheek retractor
  • Mouth prop
  • Dental mirror
  • Cheek retractor
  • Tongue retractor
  • Lip retractor

Local anesthesia

Anesthesia is broken down into three main categories: local, regional, and general, all of which affect the nervous system in some way and can be administered using various methods and different medications.

Local anesthesia is an anesthetic drug (which can be given as a shot, spray, or ointment) that numbs only a small, specific area of the body (for example, a foot, hand, or patch of skin). With local anesthesia, a person is awake while sedated. Local anesthesia lasts for a short period of time and is often used for minor outpatient procedures (when patients come in for surgery and can go home that same day). For someone having outpatient surgery in a clinic or doctor's office (such as the dentist or dermatologist), this anesthetic is likely used. The medicine can numb the area during the procedure and for a short time afterwards to help control post-surgery discomfort.

Dental handpieces

A high-speed dental handpiece.

Dental handpieces come in many various types which include: High speed air driven (also known as an airotor), slow speed, friction grip, surgical hand piece.

Dental laser

A dental laser is a type of laser designed specifically for use in oral surgery or dentistry.

The use of a laser can decrease morbidity after surgery, and reduces the need for anesthetics. Because of the cauterization of tissue there will be little bleeding following soft tissue procedures, and some risks of alternative electrosurgery procedures are avoided.

Dental torque wrench

A dental torque wrench or restorative torque wrench is a torque wrench used to precisely apply a specific torque to a fastener bolt for fixation of an abutment, dentures or prosthetics on a dental implant.[2]

Burs

Dental Burs cutting surface are either made of a multifluted tungsten carbide, a diamond coated tip, or a stainless steel multi fluted rosehead. There are many different types and classifications of burs. Some of the most common are: the round bur (sizes ¼ to 10) or inverted cone (sizes 33½ to 90L). Burs are also classified by the type of shank. For instance a latch type, or right angle bur, is only used in the slow speed handpiece with contra-angle attachment. Long shank or shaft is only used in the slow speed when the contra-angle is not in use, and finally a friction grip bur, which is a small bur, is used only in the high-speed handpiece.

There are many bur shapes that are utilized in various specific procedures.

Operative burs

Flat fissure, pear-shaped, football, round, tapered, flame, chamfer, bevel, end cut, bud bur, steel, inverted cone, diamond, brown stone, and greenstone.

Restorative instruments

Excavators

  • Spoon excavator: Used to remove soft carious decay.
  • Half hollenbach: Used to test for overhangs or flash.
  • Dental hatchers: Used to widen the entrance of the tooth cavity and slice away the thin carious enamel.[3]
  • Chisels:
    • Straight - bevels the cavosurface margin and used in 3, 4 and 5 classifications of cavities on the maxillary.
    • Wedelstaedt - only used in the anterior for classes 3, 4 and 5 as well.
    • Bin Angle - this is held in a pen grasp and used for class 2 maxillary only.

Burnishers

  • Flat plastic
  • Ball burnisher
  • Beavertail burnisher
  • Cone burnisher
  • Pear shaped burnisher

Burnishers are used for polishing and contouring amalgam fillings and to polish composite fillings.

Pluggers

Pluggers are also known as amalgam condensers. They are used to achieve a well condensed filling by compressing the filling material into the cavity and applying pressure.[4]

  • Amalgam plugger
  • 49 plugger.

Periodontal scalers

Curettes

Types include:

  • Universal curettes - these have a semicircular tip used at 90° to the tooth root surface.
  • Gracey curettes - semicircle tipped, but one edge lower than the other. It is used at 70° to the tooth root surface.

Prosthodontic instruments

Removable prosthodontics

  • Spatulas for mixing Dental plaster
  • Spatulas for mixing Impression materials
  • Mixing bowls
  • Glass mixing slab
  • Fox plane
  • Willis gauge
  • Calipers
  • Bunsen burner
  • Blow torch
  • Wax knife
  • Wax spatula
  • Wax carver
  • Lecrons carver
  • Articulators
  • Face bow

Extraction/surgical instruments

Dental forceps

  • Cow horns #23
  • Upper universals
  • Upper universal fine
  • Lower universals
  • Upper canine
  • Upper straight long
  • Upper straight short
  • Upper right molar
  • Upper left molar
  • Upper wisdom tooth
  • Greyhound
  • Root
  • Bayonet

Elevators

  • Narrow and wide, straight and curved luxators
  • Coupland’s elevators
  • Warwick James elevators
  • Cryer elevators
  • Winter elevators
  • Periosteal elevators
  • Molts elevators
  • Root-tip pick elevator
  • Heidbrink root tip elevators
  • Crane root tip elevators
  • Potts elevators
  • Cogswell-A & B elevators
  • Flat elevators
  • Miller's apex luxators
  • Crossbar apex luxators

Chisels

Orthodontic instruments

Endodontic instruments

  • K-files
  • Hedstrom or H-files
  • NiTi flex files
  • Pathfinder files
  • Manual tapered files
  • Rotary tapered files
  • Controlled memory flexible files
  • Gates glidden burs
  • Peeso reamer burs
  • Mcspadden files
  • Guttapercha retrieval files
  • Finger spreader
  • Finger pluggers
  • Lentulo spiral files
  • Broken instrument retrieval files
  • Masserans kit
  • Post and Core kit
  • Endodontic explorer
  • Apex locator
  • Microscope

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Classification of Dental Instruments". Arkansas Tech University. Retrieved 2017-01-12.
  2. ↑ Mahmood Kazemi, Ahmad Rohanian, Abbas Monzavi & Mohammad Sadegh Nazari (March 2013). "Evaluation of the accuracy and related factors of the mechanical torque-limiting device for dental implants". Journal of dentistry (Tehran, Iran). 10 (2): 112–118. PMC 3666070. PMID 23724209.
  3. ↑ "Dental excavators". www.drchetan.com. Retrieved 2017-01-12.
  4. ↑ "Common Instruments Used in Dental Examination" (PDF).
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