List of instruments used in toxicology

Instruments used specially in Toxicology are as follows: [1][2][3][4]

Instrument list

InstrumentUses
Instruments used in Internal medicineto help treat and diagnose the toxin clinically
Syringe and needlesaspiration and collection of blood for chemical analysis; administration of medicines
Catheterused to collect urine for chemical analysis
Enema setto passively evacuate the rectum of faeces; video link
Lumbar puncture needleused for puncturing into the spine (or cisterns or fontanelles of a new born) for cerebro-spinal fluid aspiration or for injection drugs, specially anesthetics in spinal blocks, epidurals, etc.
Ryle's tube or Nasogastric tubeused for nasogastric suction of ingested toxins (or at times introduction of food or drugs). video link
Electrocardiography machine (ECG)to read and trace the electrical activity of the heart; most toxins have an effect on the heart video link
Blood gas analyzerused to analyze and quantify the amount of various toxic gases within blood like Carbon monoxide
Electroencephalography (EEG)to read and trace the electrical activity of the brain; video link
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) apparatusvideo link
Ophthalmoscopeto note the intra-ocular signs or effects of toxins
Endoscopeto look inside the oesophagus, stomach, upper intestines, bile duct, larynx, trachea, bronchi-through the mouth; anal canal, rectum, colon- through anus; used mainly in Surgery or by surgical consultants
Ultracentrifugeused to separate particles dispersed in a liquid according to their molecular mass and aid in recognition
Electrophoresis apparatusused to detect and classify serum proteins or proteins from any other source. Also used for DNA separation.
Chemical laboratory apparatusfor Chemical tests
Chromatography:One of the basic modern "chemical examination" of body fluids and viscera;video links for details
Gas Chromatography or Gas Liquid Chromatography(GLC)-do-
Planar Chromatography-do-
Paper Chromatography-do-
Thin layer chromatography-do-
Affinity chromatography-do-
Ion exchange chromatography-do-
Size exclusion chromatography-do-
Countercurrent chromatography-do-
Countercurrent chromatography-do-
Setup for Radioimmunoassay (RIA)previously it was widely used to detect various things in bold fluids like proteins (natural, infective, those produced by the body in reaction to disease, cancer related), tumor markers, hormones, viruses (hepatitis, HIV, etc.), etc.
Setup for Enzyme linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA)presently it is widely used to detect various things in bold fluids like proteins (natural, infective, those produced by the body in reaction to disease, cancer related), tumor markers, hormones, viruses (hepatitis, HIV, etc.), etc. It has replaced RIA

References

  1. Essentials of medical physiology by Dr. Arun Baran Singha Mahapatra, ISBN 81-86793-56-9
  2. Practical Pathology by Dr. P. Chakraborty n Dr. G. Chakraborty, ISBN 81-7381-332-9
  3. Robbins and Cotran Review of Pathology ISBN 0-7216-0194-4
  4. Essentials of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Dr. K. S. N. Reddy, 25th Ed., India
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