East Indies Station
Commander-in-Chief, East Indies | |
---|---|
HMS Swiftsure at gunnery practice on the East Indies Station in the summer of 1913 | |
Active | 1744–1958 |
Country |
|
Branch |
|
Type | Fleet |
Part of | Admiralty |
Garrison/HQ | Trincomalee |
The Commander-in-Chief, East Indies was a British Royal Navy admiral and the formation subordinate to him from 1865 to 1958.[1] Even in official documents, the term East Indies Station was often used. In 1941 the ships of the China Squadron and East Indies Squadron and were merged to form the Eastern Fleet under the control of the Commander-in-Chief, Eastern Fleet.[2] The China Station then ceased as a separate command. The East Indies Station and its shore establishments and geographic area of responsibility continued under the control of the Commander-in-Chief, East Indies Station until 1958.
History
The East Indies Station was established as a Royal Navy command in 1744. From 1831–1865, the East Indies and the China Station were a single command known as the East Indies and China Station.[3] The East Indies Station, established in 1865, covered the Indian Ocean (excluding the waters around the Dutch East Indies, South Africa and Australia) and included the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea.[4] These responsibilities did not imply territorial claims but rather that the navy would actively protect British trading interests. From 1913 the station was renamed the Egypt and East Indies Station until 1918.[5][6]
The East Indies Station had bases at Colombo, Trincomalee, Bombay, Basra and Aden. In response to increased Japanese threats, the separate East Indies Station was merged with the China Station in December 1941, to form the Eastern Fleet.[7]
In early May 1941, the Commander-in-Chief directed forces to support the pursuit of Pinguin, the German raider that eventually sank after the Action of 8 May 1941 against HMS Cornwall.
On 7 December 1941, cruisers on the station included the heavy cruisers Cornwall, Dorsetshire, and Exeter; the light cruisers Glasgow, Danae, Dauntless, Durban, Emerald and Enterprise (some sources also place the heavy cruiser Hawkins as being on station on that date, while others report her being under refit and repair in the UK between early November 1941 & May 1942), and six armed merchant cruisers. Also assigned to the station was 814 Naval Air Squadron at China Bay, Ceylon, which unit was at that time equipped with Fairey Swordfish torpedo bombers.[8][8][9]
In 1958 the station closed and was replaced by the Arabian Seas and Persian Gulf Station.[10]
Commanders-in-Chief
Commander-in-Chief, East Indies
- Prior to 1862 flag officers were appointed to coloured squadrons command flags shown below. see: Royal Navy ranks, rates, and uniforms of the 18th and 19th centuries
Commander-in-Chief, East Indies and China Station
Note: for the period 1832–1865.
Commander-in-Chief, East Indies & Cape of Good Hope Station
Post holders included:[49]
Rank | Flag | Name | Term | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Commander-in-Chief, East Indies & Cape of Good Hope Station | ||||
1 | Commodore | Frederick Montresor | (1865) [3] | |
2 | Commodore | Charles Hillyar | (1865–1867) [3] | |
Commander-in-Chief, East Indies Station
Rank | Flag | Name | Term | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Commander-in-Chief, East Indies Station | ||||
1 | Rear-Admiral | Leopold Heath | (1867–1870) | |
2 | Rear-Admiral | James Cockburn | (1870–1872) | |
3 | Rear-Admiral | Arthur Cumming | (1872–1875) | |
4 | Rear-Admiral | Reginald Macdonald | (1875–1877) | |
5 | Rear-Admiral | John Corbett | (1877–1879) | |
6 | Rear-Admiral | William Gore Jones | (1879–1882) | |
7 | Rear-Admiral | William Hewett | (1882–1885) | |
8 | Rear-Admiral | Frederick Richards | (1885–1888) | |
9 | Rear-Admiral | Edmund Fremantle | (1888–1891) | |
10 | Rear-Admiral | Frederick Robinson | (1891–1892) | |
11 | Rear-Admiral | William Kennedy | (1892–1895) | |
12 | Rear-Admiral | Edmund Drummond | (1895–1898) | |
13 | Rear-Admiral | Archibald Douglas | (1898–1899) | |
14 | Rear-Admiral | Day Bosanquet | (1899–1902) | |
15 | Rear-Admiral | Charles Drury | (1902–1903)[52] | |
16 | Rear-Admiral | George Atkinson-Willes | (1903–1905) | |
17 | Rear-Admiral | Edmund Poë | (1905–1907) | |
18 | Rear-Admiral | Sir George Warrender | (1907–1909) | |
19 | Rear-Admiral | Edmond Slade | (1909–1912) | |
20 | Rear-Admiral | Alexander Bethell | (1912-1913) | |
Commander-in-Chief, East Indies and Egypt Station
Note:The post was sometimes styled as Senior Naval Officer, Egypt and Commander-in-Chief, East Indies Station.[53]
Rank | Flag | Name | Term | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Commander-in-Chief, East Indies and Egypt Station | ||||
1 | Rear-Admiral | Richard Peirse | (1913–1915) [54] | |
2 | Rear-Admiral | Rosslyn Wemyss | (1916–1917) [55] | |
Commander-in-Chief, East Indies Station
Rank | Flag | Name | Term | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Commander-in-Chief, East Indies Station | ||||
21 | Rear-Admiral | Ernest Gaunt | (1917–1919) | |
22 | Rear-Admiral | Hugh Tothill | (1919–1921) | |
23 | Rear-Admiral | Lewis Clinton-Baker | (1921–1923) | |
24 | Rear-Admiral | Herbert Richmond | (1923–1925) | |
25 | Rear-Admiral | Walter Ellerton | (1925–1927) | |
26 | Rear-Admiral | Bertram Thesiger | (1927–1929) | |
27 | Rear-Admiral | Eric Fullerton | (1929–1932) | |
28 | Rear-Admiral | Martin Dunbar-Nasmith | (1932–1934) | |
29 | Vice-Admiral | Forrester Rose | (1934–1936) | |
30 | Vice-Admiral | Alexander Ramsay | (1936–1938) | |
31 | Vice-Admiral | James Somerville | (1938–1939) | |
32 | Admiral | Sir Ralph Leatham | (1939–1941) | |
33 | Vice-Admiral | Geoffrey Arbuthnot | (1941–1942)[8] | |
34 | Admiral | Sir Geoffrey Layton | (1942–1944) | |
35 | Vice-Admiral | Sir Arthur Power | (1944–1945) | |
36 | Admiral | Sir Arthur Palliser | (1946–1948) | |
37 | Vice-Admiral | Sir Charles Woodhouse | (1948–1950) | |
38 | Admiral | Sir Geoffrey Oliver | (1950–1952) | |
39 | Admiral | Sir William Slayter | (1952–1954) | |
40 | Vice-Admiral | Sir Charles Norris | (1954–1956) | |
41 | Vice-Admiral | Sir Hilary Biggs | (1956–1958) | |
Fleet headquarters
Chief of Staff
Included:[56]
Rank | Flag | Name | Term | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Chief of Staff, East Indies Station/Eastern Fleet | ||||
1 | Captain | Frederick Rodney Garside | 3 January 1939 - June 1941 [57] | |
2 | Rear-Admiral | Arthur F. E. Palliser | June - December 1941 | |
Note: Under East Indies Station briefly when the Eastern Fleet its established Rear-Admiral Palliser becomes COS to C-in-C, Eastern Fleet.
Operational and shore sub-commands
East Africa Command
Originally established by the Royal Navy as East Coast of Africa Station (1862–1919) was a military unit of the British Royal Navy administered by the Flag Officer, East Africa and a sub-command of the East Indies Station then later Eastern Fleet from 1862 to 1962.
Flag Officer, East Africa
- Within the Eastern Fleet command from April 1942 to September 1943 then transferred back under East Indies Station
Rank | Flag | Name | Term | Notes/Ref | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Flag Officer, East Africa | |||||
1 | Rear-Admiral | Charles G. Stuart | September, 1943 – 11 January 1944. | [58] | |
4 | Rear-Admiral | Richard Shelly Benyon | 11 January 1944 - November 1944 | [59] | |
5 | Commodore | Sir Philip Bowyer | November 1944 - 1945 | ||
Royal Indian Navy
The Royal Indian Navy (RIN) was the naval force of British India and the Dominion of India from 1 May 1830 – 26 January 1950. It came under the East Indies Station at the outbreak of World War Two on 3 September 1939 [60] until December 1941 transfers to Eastern Fleet command.
Flag Officer Commanding, Royal Indian Navy
Rank | Flag | Name | Term | Notes/Ref | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Flag Officer Commanding, Royal Indian Navy | |||||
1 | Vice-Admiral | Sir Herbert Fitzherbert | Sptember 1939 - December 1941 | ||
Red Sea Station
The Red Sea Station was one of the geographical divisions into which the Royal Navy divided its worldwide responsibilities for most of its existence was a sub-command of the East Indies Station.
Senior Naval Officer, Red Sea
Base afloat:HMS HMS Egret
Senior Naval Officer, Red Sea Force
Notes: On 21st October 1941 the title is changed to Flag Officer, Red Sea and his command but now reporting to the Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean Fleet until 17 May 1942.[61] On 18 May 1942 the title is changed again to Flag Officer, Commanding Red Sea and Canal Area and transferred again to the Eastern Fleet.
Persian Gulf Station
The Persian Gulf Station was originally located at Basidu, Qishm Island in Persia (c. 1850-1935) then later Juffair, Bahrain. It included a naval base, depot and naval forces known as the Persian Gulf Patrol, then the Persian Gulf Squadron later called he Persian Gulf Division it was a sub-command of the East Indies Station until 1958 when it merged with the Red Sea Station to create the Arabian Seas and Persian Gulf Station of the new Middle East Command.
Senior Naval Officer, Persian Gulf
Naval officers ports and bases
# | Location | In command | Dates | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Aden | Naval Officer-in-Charge, Aden | 1839 to 1917, 1921 to 1943, 1945 | naval base/shore establishment |
2 | Addu Atoll | Naval Officer in Charge, Addu Atoll | 1942 to 1945 | fleet base [62] |
3 | Calcutta | Naval Officer in Charge, Calcutta | 1939 to 1945 | during WW2 only normally under FOCOMM, Royal Indian Navy |
4 | Colombo | General Staff Officer, Colombo | 1938 to 1939 | |
5 | Diego Suarez | Naval Officer in Charge, Diego Suarez | 1935 to 1945 | fleet base [63] |
6 | Kilidini, Mombasa | Senior British Naval Officer, Kilindini | 1935 to 1945 | shore establishment |
7 | Port Louis | Naval Officer-in-Charge, Port Louis | 18 | shore establishment |
8 | Port Sudan | Naval Officer-in-Charge, Port Sudan | 1935 to 1945 | |
9 | Seychelles | Naval Officer-in-Charge, Seychelles | 1915 to 1945 | fleet base [63] |
10 | Lake Tanganyika, Africa | Naval Officer-in-Charge, Tanganyika | 1915 to 1945 | |
11 | Trincomalee | Captain-in-Charge, Ceylon | 1915 to 1945 | |
12 | Zanzibar | Naval Officer-in-Charge, Zanzibar | 1915 to 1945 | |
Naval formations that served in this command
Various units that served in this command included:
Naval Units | Based at | Date | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
4th Cruiser Squadron | Colombo/Trincomalee, Ceylon | August to December, 1916 | |
4th Light Cruiser Squadron | Colombo/Trincomalee, Ceylon | November 1918 to April 1919 | |
Arabian Bengal Ceylon Escort Force (ABCEF ) | Aden, Colony of Aden | 1941 to 1942 | Under the Eastern Fleet command from April 1942 to November 1943.[64] |
East Indies and Egyptian Seaplane Squadron | Port Said, Egypt | 1916 to 1918 | Royal Navy's first carrier squadron |
Red Sea Division | Port Tawfik, Egypt | August 1914 to November 1918 | |
Red Sea Force | Port Tawfik, Egypt | April 1940 to 1944 | Naval base HQ Red Sea Force [65] |
Persian Gulf Division | Basidu, Persia,(1818-1935), Ras Al-Jufair, Bahrain | 1885 to 1958 | |
Persian Gulf Squadron | Basidu, Persia/ Ras Al-Jufair, Bahrain | 1818 to- 1885 | |
Establishments and facilties in this command
# | Unit name | Location | Dates | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Admiralty House | Trincomalee, Ceylon | 1813 to 1958 | Official residence of the Commander-in-Chief |
2 | HM Naval Dockyard, Trincomalee | Trincomalee, Ceylon | 1813 to 1939, 1945-1958 | Headquarters East Indies Station |
3 | HMS Gloucester II | HM Naval Office, Colombo, Ceylon | 1939-1945 | Headquarters East Indies Station [66] |
4 | HM Naval Dockyard, Madras | Madras, India | 1796 to 1813 | Headquarters, East Indies Station [67] |
5 | HMS Anderson | Colombo, Ceylon | 1939 to 1949 | Listening station of the Far East Combined Bureau, |
6 | HM Naval Base, Basra | Basra | 1939 to 1949 | Naval base |
7 | HM Naval Dockyard, Bombay | Bombay, India | 1811 to 1958 | naval base during WW2 known as HMS Braganza |
8 | HM Naval Base, Calcutta | Calcutta, India | 1811 to 1958 | Naval base during WW2 known as HMS Braganza |
9 | HMS Lanka | Colombo, Ceylon | 1939 - 1958 | Naval base and shore station |
10 | HMS Mauritus | Tombeau Bay, Mauritius | 1810 to 1958 | Telegraphic then Wireless Station [68] |
11 | HM Naval Base, Port Jackson [69] | Port Jackson, New South Wales | 1785 to 1865 | Naval base transferred to China Station |
12 | Port Louis | Port Louis, Mauritius | 1810 to 1968 | Naval base |
13 | HM Naval Base, Port Tawfik | Port Tawfik, Red Sea, Egypt | August 1914 to 1944 | Naval base HQ Red Sea, Patrol/Division/Force |
14 | HMS Sheba | Steamer Point (now Tawahi) in Aden | Example | Naval and shore base till 1958 |
15 | RNAS China Bay | Trincomalee, Ceylon | 1938 to 1945 | Air Station HMS Bambara |
16 | RNAS Colombo Racecourse | Prince of Wales Island, George Town, Penang | 1943 to 1945 | Naval air station - HMS Bherunda |
17 | RNAS Katukurunda | Katukurunda, Ceylon | 1938 to 1945 | Naval air station - HMS Ukussa |
18 | RNAS Mackinnon Road | Mackinnon Road, Kenya, East Africa | 1942 to 1944 | Naval air station - HMS Tana then HMS Kipanga II [70] |
19 | RNAS Puttalam | Puttalam Ceylon | 1942 to 1944 | Naval air station - HMS Rajaliya [71] |
20 | RNAS Port Reitz | Port Reitz, Mombasa, Kenya | 1942 to 1944 | Naval air station, Aircraft Repair Yard, Reserve aircraft storage - HMS Tana then HMS Kipanga II HQ of Commdre-in-Charge, NAS, (Eastern Stations.). |
21 | RNAS Tanga | Tanga, Tanzania | 1942 to 1944 | Naval air station - HMS Kilele [72] |
See also
Notes
- ↑ Thomas Griffin promoted later Rear- then Vice-Admiral
- ↑ Charles Watson promoted later to Vice-Admiral
- ↑ George Pocock appointed Vice-Admiral of the White, February 1757, Ref:Harrison. Simon, (2010-2018)
- ↑ Charles Steevens promoted later to Rear-Admiral
- ↑ Samuel Cornish promoted later to Vice-Admiral
- ↑ Byron's appointment was initially a subterfuge, designed to provide apparent legitimacy for a voyage along the coast of Spanish South America and around the Cape of Good Hope. Byron's true mission was to establish a British naval presence on an uninhabited island off Spanish South America, which he achieved via landings on the Falkland Islands in December 1764.[23]
- ↑ Edward Vernon promoted later to Rear-Admiral
- ↑ Edward Hughes, second term as Commander-in-Chief
- ↑ Hyde Parker appointed 1782 but lost at sea on his way out
- ↑ Elphinstone went to capture the Dutch East Indies in 1795 but Rainier had already done it
- ↑ Pellew was later promoted to Rear-Admiral of the Red, 9 November 1805
- ↑ Troughbridge served jointly with Edward Pellew
- ↑ Samuel Hood appointed Vice-Admiral of the White, 4 June 1814, Harrison, 2010-2018
- ↑ Richard King appointed Rear-Admiral of the White, 4 June 1814 ref: Harrison, Simon (2010-2018)
- ↑ Henry Blackwood appointed Rear-Admiral of the Blue, July 1819 ref: Harrison, Simon (2010-2018)
- ↑ Joseph Bingham appointed 1825 but died before taking up post
References
- ↑ Roberts, John (2009). Safeguarding the Nation: The Story of the Modern Royal Navy. Barnsley, England: Seaforth Publishing. p. 18. ISBN 9781848320437.
- ↑ Jackson, Ashley (2006). The British Empire and the Second World War. London [u.a.]: Hambledon Continuum. p. 289. ISBN 1852854170.
- 1 2 3 4 William Loney RN
- ↑ Royal Navy foreign stations
- ↑ Sheffy, Yigal (2014). British Military Intelligence in the Palestine Campaign, 1914-1918. Cambridge, England: Routledge. p. 66. ISBN 9781135245702.
- ↑ Parkinson, Jonathan (2018). The Royal Navy, China Station: 1864 - 1941: As seen through the lives of the Commanders in Chief. Leicester, England: Troubador Publishing Ltd. p. 312. ISBN 9781788035217.
- ↑ The sinking of HMS Prince of Wales and HMS Repulse
- 1 2 3 "East Indies Fleet". Orders of Battle.
- ↑ Whitley, Mike J. (1995). Cruisers of World War Two: An International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). London: Arms and Armour Press. p. 80. ISBN 1-86019-874-0.
- ↑ Roberts, John (2009). Safeguarding the Nation: The Story of the Modern Royal Navy. Barnsley, England: Seaforth Publishing. p. 18. ISBN 9781848320437.
- ↑ Joseph Haydn, The Book of Dignities, Longman, Brown Green and Longmans, 1851, p. 272–273
- ↑ Ward, Peter Augustus. "Admiral Peter Rainier and the Command of the East Indies Station 1794-1805 : Chapter: East Indies Station Commanders-in-Chief & p. 227 Senior Naval Officers 1754-1814" (PDF). core.ac.uk. Submitted by Peter Augustus Ward to the University of Exeter as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, August 2010. pp. 227–228. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
- ↑ J. K. Laughton, Barnett, Curtis (d. 1746), rev. Richard Harding, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2008, accessed 17 Dec 2011.
- ↑ J. K. Laughton, Griffin, Thomas (1692/3–1771), rev. Richard Harding, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2008, accessed 17 Dec 2011.
- ↑ Clive Wilkinson, Boscawen, Edward (1711–1761), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2008, accessed 17 Dec 2011.
- ↑ Harrison, Simon. "The Hon. Edward Boscawen (1711-1761):Rank history: Rear-Admiral of the Blue". threedecks.org. S. Harrison, 2010-2018. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
- ↑ J. K. Laughton, Watson, Charles (1714–1757), rev. A. W. H. Pearsall, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2008, accessed 17 Dec 2011.
- ↑ Harrison, Simon. "Charles Watson (1714-1757):Rank History:Rear-Admiral of the Red". threedecks.org. S. Harrison, 2010-2018. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
- ↑ Tom Pocock, Pocock, Sir George (1706–1792), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004, accessed 17 Dec 2011.
- ↑ J. K. Laughton, Steevens, Charles (bap. 1705, d. 1761), rev. Richard Harding, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2008, accessed 17 Dec 2011.
- ↑ J. K. Laughton, Cornish, Sir Samuel, baronet (c. 1715–1770), rev. Nicholas Tracy, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2008, accessed 17 Dec 2011
- ↑ Harrison, Simon. "Sir Samuel Cornish (1715-1770): Rank History: Rear-Admiral of the Red". threedecks.org. S. Harrison, 2010-2018. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
- 1 2 Rea, Robert R. (October 1981). "Florida and the Royal Navy's Floridas". The Florida Historical Quarterly. Florida Historical Society. 60 (2): 187.
- ↑ J. K. Laughton, Lindsay, Sir John (1737–1788), rev. Clive Wilkinson, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Oct 2007, accessed 17 Dec 2011.
- ↑ J. K. Laughton, Harland, Sir Robert, first baronet (c.1715–1784), rev. Randolph Cock, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2008, accessed 17 Dec 2011.
- ↑ Harrison, Simon. "Sir Robert Harland (d.1783): Rank History: Rear-Admiral of the Blue". threedecks.org. S. harrison, 2010-2018. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
- 1 2 J. K. Laughton, Hughes, Sir Edward (c.1720–1794), rev. Roger Knight, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2008, accessed 17 Dec 2011.
- ↑ J. K. Laughton, Nicholas Tracy, Vernon, Sir Edward (1723–1794), rev. Nicholas Tracy, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004, accessed 17 Dec 2011.
- ↑ J. K. Laughton, Parker, Sir Hyde, fifth baronet (1714–1782/3), rev. Alan G. Jamieson, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2008, accessed 17 Dec 2011.
- ↑ Harrison, Simon. "Sir Hyde Parker (1713/14-1783): Appointed Vice-Admiral of the Blue". threedecks.org. S. Harrison, 2010-2018. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
- ↑ J. K. Laughton, Mitchell, Sir Andrew (1757–1806), rev. P. L. C. Webb, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2008, accessed 17 Dec 2011.
- ↑ Andrew Lambert, Cornwallis, Sir William (1744–1819), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2008, accessed 17 Dec 2011.
- ↑ Kenneth Breen, Rainier, Peter (1741–1808), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 2011, accessed 17 Dec 2011.
- ↑ C. H. H. Owen, Elphinstone, George Keith, Viscount Keith (1746–1823), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 2009, accessed 18 Dec 2011.
- ↑ Harrison, Simon. "Sir George Keith Elphinstone (1745/46-1823): Appointed Vice-Admiral of the Blue". threedecks.org. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
- ↑ Christopher D. Hall, Pellew, Edward, first Viscount Exmouth (1757–1833), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 2009, accessed 18 Dec 2011.
- ↑ Harrison, Simon. "Lord Edward Pellew (1757-1833); Appointed Rear-Admiral of the White, (23/04/1804)". threedecks.org. S.Harrison, 2010-2018. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
- ↑ P. K. Crimmin, Troubridge, Sir Thomas, first baronet (c.1758–1807), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 2009, accessed 18 Dec 2011.
- ↑ The Annual Register, Or, A View of the History, Politics, and Literature for the Year : Appointments 1804, Rear-Admirals of the White. London, England: J. Dodsley. 1806. p. 458.
- ↑ Harrison, Simon. "William O'Bryen Drury (d.1811): Appointments, Rear-Admiral of the Red, 28 April 1808". threedecks.org. S. Harrison, 2010-2018. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
- ↑ J. K. Laughton, Hood, Sir Samuel, first baronet (1762–1814), rev. Michael Duffy, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 2007, accessed 18 Dec 2011.
- ↑ The United Service Magazine, 1831, Part 2, page 222
- ↑ J. K. Laughton, Andrew Lambert, King, Sir Richard, second baronet (1774–1834), rev. Andrew Lambert, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004, accessed 18 Dec 2011.
- ↑ J. K. Laughton, Blackwood, Sir Henry, first baronet (1770–1832), rev. Andrew Lambert, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2008, accessed 18 Dec 2011.
- ↑ J. K. Laughton, Brisbane, Sir James (1774–1826), rev. Andrew Lambert, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 2008, accessed 18 Dec 2011.
- ↑ Marshall, John (2010). "Rear-Admirals of the White". Royal Naval Biography: Or, Memoirs of the Services of All the Flag-Officers, Superannuated Rear-Admirals, Retired-Captains, Post-Captains, and Commanders. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 722. ISBN 9781108022651.
- ↑ J. K. Laughton, Roger Morriss, Gage, Sir William Hall (1777–1864), rev. Roger Morriss, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004, accessed 18 Dec 2011.
- ↑ J. K. Laughton, Owen, Sir Edward Campbell Rich (1771–1849), rev. Andrew Lambert, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Sept 2010, accessed 18 Dec 2011.
- ↑ Mackie, Colin. "Royal Navy Senior Appointments from 1865" (PDF). gulabin.com. Colin Mackie, June 2018, pp.159-160. Retrieved 15 June 2018.
- ↑ Whitaker's Almanacks 1900–1941.
- ↑ Mackie. 2018.
- ↑ "Naval & Military intelligence". The Times (36763). London. 9 May 1902. p. 10.
- ↑ Sheffy, Yigal (2014). British Military Intelligence in the Palestine Campaign, 1914-1918. Cambridge, England: Routledge. p. 66. ISBN 9781135245702.
- ↑ Sheffy, Yigal (2014). British Military Intelligence in the Palestine Campaign, 1914-1918. Cambridge, England: Routledge. p. 66. ISBN 9781135245702.
- ↑ Parkinson, Jonathan (2018). The Royal Navy, China Station: 1864 - 1941: As seen through the lives of the Commanders in Chief. Leicester, England: Troubador Publishing Ltd. p. 312. ISBN 9781788035217.
- ↑ Mackie, Colin. "Royal Navy Senior Appointments from 1865". gulabin.com. Colin Mackie, July 2018. p. 153. Retrieved 11 July 2018.
- ↑ Navy Lists, Monthly. London, England: H. M. Stationery Office. February 1940. p. 702.
- ↑ Wells, Anne Sharp (2000). The Anglo-American "special relationship" during the Second World War : a selective guide to materials in the British Library. [London]: Eccles Centre for American Studies, The British Library. p. 25. ISBN 0712344268.
- ↑ Houterman, J.N. "Royal Navy (RN) Officers 1939-1945 - S:". unithistories.com. Houterman and Kloppes. Retrieved 4 July 2018.
- ↑ Niehorster, Dr. Leo. "East Indies Station, Royal Navy, 3.09.39". www.niehorster.org. Leo Niehorster, 30 April 2016. Retrieved 19 July 2018.
- ↑ Titterton, G. A. (2002). The Royal Navy and the Mediterranean. London, England: Psychology Press. p. 5. ISBN 9780714651798.
- ↑ Jackson, Ashley (2006). The British Empire and the Second World War. London: A&C Black. p. 274. ISBN 9780826440495.
- 1 2 Jackson, p. 274
- ↑ Clancey, Patrick; Jewell, Larry. "HyperWar: The Royal Indian Navy (Chapter 4)". www.ibiblio.org. Hyper War Foundation, 2006-2008. Retrieved 18 July 2018.
- ↑ Clancey, Patrick; Jewell, Larry. "HyperWar: The Royal Indian Navy (Chapter 4)". www.ibiblio.org. Hyper War Foundation, 2006-2008. Retrieved 18 July 2018.
- ↑ Navy Lists: Monthly. London, England: HM Stationaery Office. February 1940. p. 701.
- ↑ Coad, Jonathan (2013). Support for the Fleet: architecture and engineering of the Royal Navy's bases 1700–1914. Swindon, Wilts.: English Heritage.
- ↑ "HMS MAURITIUS WIRELESS STATION, MAURITIUS [Allocated Title]". Imperial War Museums. Imperial War Museums UK. Retrieved 18 July 2018.
- ↑ Navy, corporateName=Royal Australian. "Fleet Base East". www.navy.gov.au. HM Australian Government. Retrieved 18 July 2018.
- ↑ Drury, Tony. "Mackinnon Road". www.royalnavyresearcharchive.org.uk. T, Drury, 2013. Retrieved 18 July 2018.
- ↑ Drury, Tony. "Puttalam". www.royalnavyresearcharchive.org.uk. T. Drury, 2013. Retrieved 18 July 2018.
- ↑ Drury, Tony. "Tanga". www.royalnavyresearcharchive.org.uk. T. Drury, 2013. Retrieved 18 July 2018.