Christian naturism

Baptism of Jesus, Bordone, Giotto 1276-1336

Christian naturism is the practise of naturism or nudism by Christians. This form of naturism is not to be confused with what Durkheim termed "naturism" as an explanation for the origin of religion[1] in which the forces of nature form the origin of religion.[lower-alpha 1]

Naturism is the practice of recreational social nudity in a natural environment, such as at a beach, lake, or in a forest or other wilderness area.[2] It is not certain that Christian naturism exists in any formal organisations, however, there are informal (mostly online) networks of Christians who practise naturism.[3][4]

Many of the early protagonists of naturism were Christians. For example, authors such as Ilsley Boone, Henry S. Huntington and Elton Raymond Shaw were writers of books on naturism and on Christianity. The dean of St Paul's Cathedral, the Very Revd William Inge, known as Dean Inge, offered support to the cause of naturists in his support of the publishing of Maurice Parmelee's book, The New Gymnosophy: Nudity and the Modern Life.[5] Dean Inge was also critical of town councillors who were insisting that bathers wear full bathing costumes.[6]

Many Christian naturists have very little disagreement with the core beliefs of long-established churches, and may even be members. They feel the error of mandatory dress is cultural, rather than anything related to salvation. Nor is such an error unprecedented. For example, in the 20th century, churches largely abandoned any teaching which promoted racial separation and segregation.[7] Likewise, Christian naturists perceive a gap between scripture and Victorian era modesty (which to some extent is still observed today).

Views on nudity

  • Christian naturists believe that much of Christianity has misinterpreted the events of the Garden of Eden story and the Fall of Man. According to this interpretation, God could see the sin that Adam and Eve had committed by eating the forbidden fruit. It was for this reason alone that the couple was afraid, and therefore tried to hide by covering their bodies with fig leaves. Many have been taught that Adam and Eve were "ashamed", however, that is an imposition of current cultural thinking on the story. The only shame they had, if any, was from disobeying God. Adam and Eve were not motivated to dress by being able to see one another nude. (If that were the case, they would have immediately run off in opposite directions, rather than remain together.) Although God subsequently clothed them with animal skins, he made no mandate for humans to be dressed in public.
  • The human body was God's final and greatest earthly creation. Requiring the body to be covered rivals the legalism of the Pharisees. Many people have been deceived into thinking that their clothing keeps them from sin, when in fact the opposite is true.
  • Other prominent figures in the Bible also participated in social nudity (see scripture below). Being nude is a wholesome way of life, and an acceptable state of dress which was never condemned by God in the Bible. Christian naturists note there is no command in the Adam and Eve story, or elsewhere in the Bible, to wear clothing.
  • While "openness" and "loving people for who they are" are common concepts throughout Christianity, they are especially emphasized in Christian naturism through "body acceptance." Having a perfect body as the world sees fit is totally unimportant for both males and females of all ages.[8]
  • Many of the prohibitions of present-day nudity (both within Christianity and society at large) originate from the 19th-century Victorian era, rather than scripture. Two centuries ago, except for a Puritan minority and Anabaptist sects, Christians did not generally equate nudity with sexuality.[9]

The Garden of Eden

Adam and Eve, by Albrecht Dürer (1507)

Christian naturists view the story of the Garden of Eden as a model for their beliefs. They see Adam and Eve being in the blameless state that God had intended them to be. God knew that they were naked, as this was how he had created them, in His image. It is also the main scripture where their interpretation disagrees with denominations where clothing is required. When Adam and Eve were created and placed in the garden as a couple by God, they were both naked and "felt no shame." (Genesis 2:25) Although in the English of today, "naked" often does imply shame or lewdness, when the King James Version was released in 1611, "naked" (Germanic[10]), and "nude" (Latin[11]) were synonymous. No major English translation of the Bible uses "nude" in Genesis 2:25.[12]

Even before Eve's creation, God had warned Adam "...but you must not eat from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, for when you eat of it you will surely die." (Genesis 2:17) Despite God's warning, first Eve, then Adam, eat the forbidden fruit after being persuaded by the devil in the form of a serpent. (Genesis 3:1-6) After doing so, they realize that they are naked, and sew fig leaves together as coverings in a futile attempt to hide their loss of innocence.

Shortly thereafter, Adam and Eve hear God walking in the garden, which results with them fearfully hiding among the trees. God queries Adam, "Where are you?" In spite of the fig leaves, Adam replies that he is afraid because of his nakedness. God further asks Adam, "Who told you that you were naked?" Only God, Adam, Eve, and the devil are a party to this matter, as there are no other humans on the planet at this time. Therefore, Christian naturists believe it was the devil who told Adam and Eve that they were naked. Their shame was not of God; nor would the fig leaves cover this shame, regardless of their genitals being covered. God was displeased not only by their disobedience of eating the forbidden fruit, but also with Adam and Eve's subsequent attempt to cover up their bodies.

Christian naturists maintain the fig leaves were worn in a futile attempt to hide what the couple had done from God—not each other, noting they were married, and equally guilty of the same original sin.[13] The second sin was to cover parts of the body.[14] The devil had chosen the sexual organs as the area of shame because, unlike God, he has no ability to create life. As the next chapter begins with Adam and Eve engaging in appropriate marital sexual relations,[15] they conclude the couple would have seen each other naked subsequent to the fall of mankind.

Having thus sinned, and no longer living nude by their own accord, God expels them from the Garden of Eden. He also made more durable and protective garments from animal skins to replace the fig leaves before sending them out among the thorns.

Other scripture

Painting Madonna and Child with St. Anne showing Christ unashamed to be naked, being without sin. The Virgin Mary is with her mother. Caravaggio, 1606 [16]

There are other references to nudity in the Bible, such as:[17]

1 Samuel 19:24 He (Saul) stripped off his robes and also prophesied in Samuel's presence. He lay that way all that day and night. This is why people say, "Is Saul also among the prophets?"

2 Samuel 6:20-23 As the Ark of the Covenant finally arrives in Jerusalem, King David dances nude within sight of slave girls. For this he is strongly denounced by his wife, Michal. David replies "I will celebrate before the Lord. I will become even more humble than this, and I will be humiliated in my own eyes. But by these slave girls you spoke of, I will be held in honor." The Scripture immediately following adds: "And Michal (daughter of Saul) had no children to the day of her death." (For a woman in the ancient Near East to be barren was considered one of the worst curses possible.)

2 Samuel 11 While King David was rebuked by God for his lust of Bathsheba (a married woman), nothing was said about her nude bathing.

Isaiah 20:2 The Lord says to Isaiah: "Take off the sackcloth from your body and the sandals from your feet." And he did so, going around stripped and barefoot.

Micah 1:8a (Micah speaking:) Because of this [Jacob's transgression] I will weep and wail; I will go about barefoot and naked.

Matthew 6:25 and Luke 12:22-23 Then Jesus said to his disciples: "Therefore I tell you, do not worry about your life, what you will eat or drink; or about your body, what you will wear. Is not life more important than food, and the body more important than clothes?"

Mark 14:51-52 "A young man, wearing nothing but a linen garment, was following Jesus. When they seized him, he fled naked, leaving his garment behind."

John 19:23-24 "When the soldiers crucified Jesus, they took his clothes, ... "Let's not tear [the undergarment]," they said to one another. "Let's decide by lot who will get it...." Many paintings and films depict Christ's crucifixion with Him wearing a loin cloth, but this is consistent neither with scripture nor with the normal method of a Roman crucifixion.

Gospel of Thomas Although no major Christian group accepts this book as canonical or authoritative (its translation was unavailable until the 20th century), it relates a conversation between Jesus and his disciples:

His disciples asked, "When will you become revealed to us and when shall we see you?" Jesus answered, "When you disrobe without being ashamed and take up your garments and place them under your feet like little children and tread on them, then will you see the son of the Living One, and you will not be afraid."[18]

Naked Christ

Christians commemorate four pivotal events in Jesus' life; in each of these events Jesus was naked.:

Birth

The story of the birth of Jesus is told in the gospels of Matthew[19] and Luke.[20] The Christian doctrine of incarnation holds that the second person of the Trinity "became flesh"[21] by being conceived in the womb of Mary, and came into the world naked[22] just like every other human being.

Baptism

Jesus was baptised by John the Baptist in the River Jordan[23][24][25] Jesus was almost certainly naked when he was baptised. The early Christian liturgy of baptism required those being baptised to be completely naked.[26]

Crucifixion

Jesus was crucified after being stripped of his clothes by the executioners[27]

Resurrection

In the Synoptic Gospels the women who came to the tomb to anoint Jesus' body found only an angel[28] or a youth[29] or two men;[30] all were wearing white or dazzling garments. In John's gospel it is stated that Jesus' grave clothes were left in the tomb[31] there are also two angels in white[32] in contrast to the Synoptic Gospels Jesus is also there, however no mention is made of Jesus wearing any dazzling white robes,[lower-alpha 2] instead Mary Magdalene mistakes Jesus for the gardener.[lower-alpha 3] It is likely that after his resurrection Jesus emerged from the tomb naked.[33][34]

Where nudity is forbidden

Despite the aforementioned beliefs, there are three areas in which Christian naturists may feel nudity is condemned by the Bible:[35]

  • Where it is forced on a person against their will (e.g. prisoners). God did not strip Adam and Eve of their fig leaves leaving them naked, but rather made them garments from animal skin.
  • When associated directly with sin (orgies, temple prostitution, etc.) or indecent exposure (in the modern sense). In particular, situations where a person has willingly undressed causing surprise and shock to those not expecting such an encounter. (Some indecent exposure laws may be considered as too stringent, however.)
  • Where people are suffering from the lack of food, clothing, and shelter. The need for clothing could be due to a cold climate, hostile environment, and/or cultural necessity.

In addition, there are certain requirements in the Old Testament where those performing priestly duties were made to wear linen undergarments (Exodus 28:42-43). For most Christians, this ritual, and many others were superseded by the New Testament. However, some denominations of the Latter Day Saint movement wear a temple garment. (This is not necessarily limited to temple worship, but may include all or most activities during the day.) Regarding the Jewish faith, the Temple in Jerusalem has not been rebuilt since its destruction by the Romans during the siege in 70 AD.

If parents forbid children to ever be seen nude outside of their own family, generally such a prohibition begins within the months or years leading up to the age of reason or accountability. The exact age and circumstances may vary by denomination and culture. Quite the opposite of what Christian naturists believe, non-naturists (whether Christian or not), may feel that if children were to see others nude and be seen nude themselves, that is precisely what would cost them their innocence. See also the article: Nudity and children.

Naturist Christian worship

Chapel at former Cherokee Lodge

In the U.S., a few resorts have chapels (permanent or makeshift) on their grounds for the purpose of providing worship services:

In the naturist village of Heliopolis on the Île du Levant, France there is a chapel for Christian worship.[37]

Christian naturist camping

While not actually a position of the Religious Society of Friends (or Quakers), naturism was the accepted norm for a time in one of their camps for children and teens. The camps started in 1939 and sometime in the 1950s naturism among the coed campers was the norm for such activities as swimming, sauna and other appropriate activities. This practice was abandoned in the mid-2000s due to concerns about maintaining a safe and comfortable environment for the campers.

The founder of the Quaker camps (Farm and Wilderness Camps in Vermont) wrote in his book entitled As Sparks Fly Upward:

A study of comparative cultures leads to the suspicion that it could be, that our culture is wrong in this regard; that the evil that has falsely imputed to nudism is in fact an evil in our own minds. It has cut us off from a health-given, wholesome and joyous practice in which children thrive and adults may find an honesty and straight forwardness, and even a spiritual surety and strength that we grievously lack at present. This “piece of work” that is man, how are we to become convinced of its wonder if by the fetish of hiding the body we deny and destroy some of the health and most of its godlike beauty?[38]

Criticism

By far, the most frequent biblical argument against Christian naturism is that if God approved of people being nude, he would not have clothed Adam and Eve after they sinned, thus making it a reminder to man that we had, in fact, sinned.[39] The counter-argument is Adam and Eve had already clothed themselves upon sinning, and God merely replaced the fig leaves with animal skins in granting them free will.[17]

Due to cultural tendencies to equate nudity with sex, many Christian denominations and groups are not supportive of naturism and nudism. Such groups may feel that the temptation of lust is too difficult. Christian naturists counter that the notion of Christians being unable to avoid lust where non-sexualized nudity is present has no scriptural basis whatsoever.[40][41] Furthermore, they believe Christ has given mankind the power to avoid sin.[42]

Christian naturists have been criticized for being nude around non-Christians (in the sense that some contact between Christians and non-believers takes place), given that they might have no inhibitions against lust and other carnal sin.[43] The best way to avoid such lust, naturists believe, is to live nude and be accustomed to bodies of various shapes, ages, and ethnicities in a non-sexualized setting. Furthermore, virtually all sexual abuse of minors, and rape among adults is initiated while both offender and victim are dressed. Other believers contend that nowhere does Scripture state the need to practice nudism to prevent lust. Naturists counter Scripture never speaks of both lust and the need for clothing in proximity to one another, either.

In 1 Corinthians 11:1, Paul speaks of the need for women to wear a head covering. However, it only applies to prayer and prophecy, and says nothing about covering the rest of the human body. Conversely, according to the passage, men must not have their heads covered. This due to man being the image and glory of God, and should not cover his head, as that would be figuratively covering the glory of God. The woman covers her head as she is the glory of man, and the glory of man ought to be covered when in the presence of God. Today, many Western churches which are non-naturist do not require women to cover their heads in church.

In 1 Timothy 2:9, Paul urged the women in the Christian church to dress modestly, with "decency and propriety". Critics contend it is in contrast to the beliefs of Christian naturism that the apostle urges them to dress at all. Christian Naturists counter that Paul was disallowing outlandish and/or expensive clothing (which is prohibited in Christian Naturism as well), and not referring to those who choose not to dress.

Other criticism, while it may not oppose naturism per se, is concerned that it will hinder witnessing, divide spouses, promote secrecy to prevent embarrassment, excommunication, etc.[44] As a result, some Christian naturists are isolated from other Christians and their churches. In their effort to find fellowship, many have formed local fellowships, while others are still accepted by their own church groups even though they are known as naturists.[45]

Several well-known organizations which specialize in new religious movements, including the Watchman Fellowship, Bob Larson Ministries, and the (John) Ankerberg Theological Research Institute have, to date, taken no official position on the beliefs of Christian naturism.

A critique of Henri Blocher’s book In the Beginning[47] is given by Del Lotta.[48]

History

3rd-century baptism, St. Calixte Catacomb

Ancient

Originally, Jewish mikvahs, and later, early Christian baptisms[49] were performed with individual naked. This included mass baptisms involving men, women, and children. They signified the participant's restoration to man's original sinless condition, having their sins blotted out. Others claim that children were baptized first, then men, then women, all separately.

Public bathing was the common practice through the time of Jesus and still occurs today in a few cultures, including the Turkish bath or hammam, the Finnish sauna, Japanese onsen or Sentō, and the Korean Jjimjilbang. With the exception of the family-focused Finnish sauna, most public baths are gender-segregated today. Entire families took part in the public bath—including Christians. Jesus even preached at the public baths in Jerusalem.[50]

Some historic religious sects, both Christian and syncretist, have made nudism a general practice. Probably the best-known of these were the Adamites, though some of their beliefs were contrary to orthodox Christianity.[51] The post-resurrection belief of the unclothed body being evil or sinful may originate in Platonic asceticism (founded largely on the works of ancient Greek philosopher Plato) which was adopted and passed down by "Christian" Platonists in early church history. Platonism is a dualistic theology which proposes a realm of forms to include, on the one hand, "pure ideas", which are good; and, on the other hand, "matter", which is evil. When applied to humans, the soul is necessarily good, and the body is necessarily evil. Therefore, according to this philosophy, our "evil" bodies must be covered by clothing. Christian naturists reject such notions as unbiblical.[52]

Plotinus (c. 204 – 270 AD) was a major philosopher of the ancient world who is widely considered the founder of Neo-Platonism (along with his teacher Ammonius Saccas). His metaphysical writings have inspired centuries of Pagan, Christian, Jewish, Islamic and Gnostic metaphysicians and mystics. About 150 years later, Saint Augustine (354-430 AD) was heavily influenced by the teaching of Plotinus.[53] As one of the most important figures in the development of Western Christianity, St. Augustine strongly endorsed asceticism, which meant self-denial of worldly pleasure and total sexual abstinence. Eventually, this reached its peak in monasticism. Those pursuing a monastic life are usually called monks or brethren (brothers) if male, and nuns or sisters if female. While similar activities existed previously in pre-Christian times, early Christian monasticism attracted a large number of followers due to its enormous prestige and high social status in the period where the Roman Empire was near collapse.[54] St. Augustine is one of the very few saints considered important not only by the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox religions, but by many Protestants as well (including Martin Luther and John Calvin).[55] Christian Naturists do not believe that monasticism, along with its clothing requirements and isolation, is how Jesus taught us to live. If asceticism is practiced, it begins by living nude.

Modern

By the middle of the 19th century, Queen Victoria had come to power in the United Kingdom.[56] The queen's influence was legendary, even spreading to other areas of Europe and America, which were outside of the British Empire. (Her ancestors were mainly German.) Due to previous sexual and other scandals of her predecessors in the House of Hanover, Queen Victoria placed a strong emphasis on her idea of morality and family values. For the first time, burgeoning middle classes could begin to identify with the reigning king or queen. At this point, it became quite unacceptable to be seen nude in public for whatever reason. Missionaries even brought clothing to various indigenous peoples who lived nude in humid, tropical climates. After her death in 1901, naturism and nudism began to emerge in northern Germany, and gradually spread elsewhere.

In the United States, the Christian naturism movement (which was the first naturism movement of any sort in the U.S.) began in the late 1920s. This occurred at nearly the same time as the start of the Great Depression, under the leadership of New Jersey Dutch Reformed minister Ilsley Boone.[57] Initially, he was vice president of the American League for Physical Culture. By October 1931, Boone had taken over as president, and renamed the club as the "American Sunbathing Association" (ASA). Soon, naturism began expanding nationwide.

In Rome, Pope Pius XI strongly condemned the naturism movement throughout the early 1930s, calling it "paganly immodest".[58] This prompted the head of the New York Legion of Decency, former New York Catholic Governor and presidential candidate Alfred E. Smith, to try to outlaw all nudism. A recent court ruling had declared private social nudity to be legal per current law. Eventually, their efforts failed in the state legislature.[58] After Boone's passing in the late 1960s, the ASA became more secular, along with American society in general. In 1995, the ASA was renamed as the American Association for Nude Recreation (AANR), which currently has its headquarters in Florida.

Until the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) converted to co-ed facilities in the early 1960s, men and boys, including the swimming instructors, swam in a state of complete nakedness. Nylon was a relatively new invention at that time, and allowing cotton or wool swimsuits in the pool would increase the clogging of the filtration system.[59] The word gymnasium means to train in the nude. This is derived from the standard practice of athletes who used to train and compete without any clothing (though it originates from pre-Christian Greece).

Pope John Paul II began his papacy in 1978, becoming the first non-Italian pope in four and a half centuries.[60] His views on naturism differed substantially from that of his predecessors. Authoring the book Love and Responsibility (1981),[61] he wrote: Nakedness itself is not immodest... Immodesty is present only when nakedness plays a negative role with regard to the value of the person, when its aim is to arouse concupiscence, as a result of which the person is put in the position of an object for enjoyment.

With the beginning of the modern internet in the mid-1990s, Christian Naturism became much more organized in the U.S. than ever before. The website Naturist-Christians.org founded in 1999 is the largest website devoted exclusively to Christian naturism. Annual Christian Nudist Convocations began early in the decade of the 2000s.

Timeline of requisite dress in Western civilization

Nudity and historical Christian sects

  • Adamites – A sect in North Africa in the 2nd through 4th century that believed they were "re-establishing Adam and Eve's innocence".
  • Naaktloopers ("naked walkers") – A group of 11 Anabaptists in Amsterdam who, on Feb 11, 1535, stripped and ran naked through the streets proclaiming the "naked truth". They were later executed.[74][75]

See also

Notes and references

  1. ↑ It is possible that Christian naturists do experience the holy or sacred in nature, but this is not usually a prime motivation for their Christianity.
  2. ↑ see the Transfiguration of Jesus
  3. ↑ It is believed that outdoor work, like gardening, farm labour and fishing in biblical times was often done naked.
  1. ↑ Bois 1916.
  2. ↑ Horrocks 2011, p. 9.
  3. ↑ Harden 2000.
  4. ↑ Horrocks 2011, p. 42.
  5. ↑ Hirning 2013, p. 276.
  6. ↑ "Dean Inge and The Nudists". Gloucestershire Echo. 17 November 1932. p. 1 col E. Retrieved 2016-05-02 – via British Newspaper Archive. (Subscription required (help)).
  7. ↑ Lippy 1985, pp. 190-191.
  8. ↑ http://www.naturist.com
  9. ↑ Bowman.
  10. ↑ https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/naked
  11. ↑ https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/nude
  12. ↑ https://www.biblegateway.com/verse/en/Genesis%202:25
  13. ↑ Genesis 2:22.
  14. ↑ "The Second Sin". Figleafforum.com. 1994-11-12. Archived from the original on 2011-10-01. Retrieved 2011-09-28.
  15. ↑ Genesis 4:1
  16. ↑ Simon Schama's Power of Art on IMDb
  17. 1 2 Robinson 2007.
  18. ↑ "Gospel of Thomas Saying 37". Early Christian Writings. Archived from the original on 2016-09-23. Retrieved 2016-11-02.
  19. ↑ Matthew 2:1
  20. ↑ Luke 2:6
  21. ↑ John 1:14
  22. ↑ Job 1:21
  23. ↑ Matthew 3:13-17
  24. ↑ Mark 1:9-11
  25. ↑ Luke 3:21
  26. ↑ Hippolytus (2013). Henry Chadwick & Gregory Dix, ed. The Treatise on the Apostolic Tradition of St Hippolytus of Rome Bishop and Martyr. Routledge. p. 33. ISBN 978-1-136-10146-5. Archived from the original on 2016-08-10.
  27. ↑ Matthew 27:35
  28. ↑ Matthew 28:2
  29. ↑ Mark 16:5
  30. ↑ Luke 24:5
  31. ↑ John 20:6-7
  32. ↑ John 20:12
  33. ↑ Knights 1999, p. 178.
  34. ↑ Neal, Matthew (14 January 2012). "The Biblical Naturist: Squeamish Translating – Part 4 – Unclothed Servants". thebiblicalnaturist.blogspot.co.za. Archived from the original on 16 February 2016. Retrieved 2016-02-08.
  35. ↑ "Nudity as mentioned in the Bible". Religioustolerance.org. Retrieved 2011-09-28.
  36. ↑ http://gallery.mailchimp.com/07d2ab52891f0b62197e82369/files/mailchimp.124.pdf p.3
  37. ↑ Heliopolis Archived 2014-08-26 at the Wayback Machine.
  38. ↑ Webb 1973.
  39. ↑ "Frequently Asked Questions about nudity". Catholicdoors.com. Retrieved 2011-09-28.
  40. ↑ "Reflections On Lust". Fig Leaf Forum (peer reviewed section). Archived from the original on 2010-07-08. Retrieved 2010-07-26.
  41. ↑ "On Lust". Fig Leaf Forum (peer reviewed section). Archived from the original on 2010-10-06. Retrieved 2010-07-26.
  42. ↑ 1 Corinthians 10:12
  43. 1 2 "Debate Introduction". Fig Leaf Forum. Archived from the original on 2010-10-06. Retrieved 2010-07-26.
  44. ↑ "Naked for Christ? Christian Nudism". Themarriagebed.com. 2006-01-01. Archived from the original on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2011-09-28.
  45. ↑ "Nudism - Christian nudism, nudism & religion". Nudism.yaia.com. Archived from the original on 2011-10-01. Retrieved 2011-09-28.
  46. ↑ "Persecuted for Good Nudity". Archived from the original on September 1, 2006. Retrieved 2007-06-04.
  47. ↑ Blocher 1984.
  48. ↑ Del Lotta 2004.
  49. ↑ "The Jewish Background of Christian Baptism". Bebaptized.org. Archived from the original on 2011-09-27. Retrieved 2011-09-28.
  50. ↑ John 5:1-7
  51. ↑ "Catholic Encyclopedia: Adamites". Newadvent.org. 1907-03-01. Archived from the original on 2010-06-15. Retrieved 2010-07-26.
  52. ↑ Schwegler 1868, pp. 182-184.
  53. ↑ Livingstone, Sparks & Peacocke 2013, p. 446.
  54. ↑ Hunt, Martin & Hsia 2006, p. 232.
  55. ↑ Fitzgerald & Cavadini 1999, p. 718.
  56. ↑ Hibbert 2010.
  57. ↑ Mussell 2010.
  58. 1 2 TIME 1935.
  59. ↑ Swimming Class News Articles.
  60. ↑ "Pope John Paul II dies in Vatican". BBC News. 2005-04-03. Archived from the original on 2009-02-15. Retrieved 2011-09-28.
  61. ↑ Pope John Paul II 1996.
  62. ↑ Genesis 3:21
  63. ↑ Hunt, Martin & Hsia 2006, p. 234.
  64. 1 2 Ariès, Veyne & Duby 1992.
  65. ↑ Travel Naturally, (49)
  66. ↑ "BSHP report" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2011-10-02. Retrieved 2011-09-28.
  67. ↑ "Town of Garrett Park". Garrettpark-md.gov. Archived from the original on 2010-07-19. Retrieved 2010-07-26.
  68. ↑ Pauline Thomas. "Early Sports Fashion History to 1960". Fashion-era.com. Archived from the original on 2010-02-11. Retrieved 2010-07-26.
  69. ↑ Pollak, Michael (2008-05-04). "Film Crew Rights". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2018-01-06. Retrieved 2010-04-03.
  70. ↑ TIME 1985.
  71. ↑ TIME 1984.
  72. ↑ TIME & 12 Nov 1984.
  73. ↑ "Office Crimes". Time. 1991-10-21. Archived from the original on 2009-09-21. Retrieved 2010-04-03.
  74. ↑ "Controversy". Comm.unt.edu. Archived from the original on 2010-07-02. Retrieved 2010-07-26.
  75. ↑ "Naaktlopers (Naaktloopers) — GAMEO". Gameo.org. Archived from the original on 2011-06-04. Retrieved 2010-07-26.

Books
  • Jensen, Robin M. (2011). "Nudity in Early Christian Art". In Niang, Aliou Cisse; Osiek, Carolyn. Text, Image, and Christians in the Graeco-Roman World: A Festschrift in Honor of David Lee Balch. Wipf and Stock Publishers. ISBN 978-1-61097-524-7.
  • Gorham, Karen; Leal, Dave (2000). Naturism and Christianity: Are They Compatible?. Grove Books. ISBN 978-1-85174-438-1.
  • Horrocks, Bob (2011). Uncovering the Image. Lulu.com. ISBN 978-1-4717-0383-6.
  • Shaw, Elton Raymond (1951). The Body Taboo: Its Origin, Effect, and Modern Denial. Sunshine Book Company.
  • Lippy, Charles H. (1985). Bibliography of Religion in the South. Mercer University Press. ISBN 978-0-86554-161-0.
  • Schwegler, Albert (1868). Handbook of the History of Philosophy. Edmondston & Douglas.
  • Livingstone, E. A.; Sparks, M. W. D.; Peacocke, R. W. (2013). The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-965962-3.
  • Hunt, Lynn; Martin, Thomas R.; Hsia, R. Po-chia; Barbara H. Rosenwein; Bonnie G. Smith (2006). The Making of the West: Peoples and Cultures, A Concise History: Volume I: To 1740. Bedford/St. Martin's. ISBN 978-0-312-41593-8.
  • Fitzgerald, Allan; Cavadini, John C. (1999). Augustine Through the Ages: An Encyclopedia. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8028-3843-8.
  • Hibbert, Christopher (2010). Queen Victoria: A Personal History. HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN 978-0-00-737201-0.
  • Ariès, Philippe; Veyne, Paul; Duby, Georges (1992). A History of Private Life: From Pagan Rome to Byzantium. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-39974-7.
  • Pope John Paul II (1996). Love and Responsibility. Fount. ISBN 978-1-85310-786-3.
  • Smith, Virginia (2007). Clean: A History of Personal Hygiene and Purity. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-157993-6.
  • Parker, Dan (2003). The Bathing Suit: Christian Liberty Or Secular Idolatry. Xulon Press. ISBN 978-1-59160-753-3.
  • Russell, Thomas Arthur (2010). Comparative Christianity: A Student's Guide to a Religion and Its Diverse Traditions. Universal-Publishers. ISBN 978-1-59942-877-2.
  • Webb, Kenneth (1973). As Sparks Fly Upward: The Rationale of the Farm and Wilderness Camps. Phoenix Pub. ISBN 978-0-914016-04-5.
  • Blocher, Henri (1984). In the beginning: the opening chapters of Genesis. Inter-Varsity Press. ISBN 978-0-87784-325-2.
  • Ziegler, Daniel D (2014). Naked Before God: A Look at Healing, Self-Discovery and Spiritual Growth Through Social Nudism. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN 978-1497554375.
  • Hirning, L. Clovis (2013). "Clothing and Nudism". In Albert Ellis. The Encyclopædia of Sexual Behaviour. Albert Abarbanel. Elsevier. ISBN 978-1-4832-2510-4.
Journal articles
  • Booth, Douglas (1997). "Nudes in the sand and perverts in the dunes". Journal of Australian Studies. 21 (53): 170–182. doi:10.1080/14443059709387326. ISSN 1444-3058.
  • Mussell, Gary L. (2010). "A Brief History of Nudism and the Naturist Movement in America" (PDF). Southern California Naturist Association. Retrieved July 2014. Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  • Moreland, Kim (30 January 2012). "Nudity and the Christian Worldview". colsoncenter.org. Retrieved 2014-08-21.
  • Furness, Jim (May 2001). "Redeeming the Flesh". Thirdway. Hymns Ancient & Modern Ltd. 24 (3): 23–26. Retrieved August 2014. Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  • Martin, Richard (1991). "The Deceit of Dress: Utopian Visions and the Arguments against Clothing". Utopian Studies. Penn State University Press (4): 79–84. JSTOR 20718951.
  • Bois, H. (1916). "A SOCIOLOGICAL VIEW OF RELIGION". International Review of Mission. 5 (3): 449–460. doi:10.1111/j.1758-6631.1916.tb00884.x. ISSN 0020-8582.
  • Knights, C. (1999). "Nudity, Clothing, and the Kingdom of God". The Expository Times. 110 (6): 177–178. doi:10.1177/001452469911000604. ISSN 0014-5246.
  • Rode, Susan L. (2000). "A Christian perspective of contemporary nudity: Theological and ethical reflections on symbolic nakedness".
  • Smith, Jonathan Z. (Winter 1966). "The Garments of Shame". History of Religions. 5 (2): 217–238. JSTOR 1062112. (Subscription required (help)).
Newspaper articles
  • Harden, Rachel (August 2000). "Naturism and Christianity: Are They Compatible?". Church Times.
  • "Growing Threat of AIDS". TIME Magazine. 1985-08-12. Retrieved 2014-07-28.
  • Bonthrone, P J (29 Jul 2000). "Don't feel bad about nudity, vicar tells Christians". The Telegraph.
Websites
  • Wijngaards, John. "Naturism/nudism - may Catholics join?". The Body is Sacred. Retrieved 2016-08-10.
  • "On Christian Nudism". The Mad Parson. 23 July 2014. Retrieved 2014-08-21.
  • Dr Joseph Melling (September 2010). "A Brief History of Nakedness". Reviews in History. Retrieved 2014-08-21.
  • Fruhwirth, Jesse (2009-12-16). "Skinny-Dipper Crackdown". Salt Lake City Weekly. Retrieved 2014-07-28.
  • Margarita Tartakovsky (2011). "The History of Nude Psychotherapy". Psych Central. Retrieved 2014-07-28.
  • "End of the Sexual Revolution". TIME Magazine. 1984-04-09. Retrieved 2014-07-28.
  • "Facing Up to Sex Abuse". TIME Magazine. 1984-11-12. Retrieved 2014-07-28.
  • Weinstein, Adam (22 Jul 2014). "Naked and Unafraid: Baring Witness at a Christian Nudist Festival". Gawker. Archived from the original on 2014-08-26. Retrieved 2014-08-21.
  • "Swimming Class News Articles". Historic Archives - Nude Male Swimming. Retrieved 2014-07-28.
  • "Religion: Pope on Nudism". TIME Magazine. 1935-03-18. Retrieved 2014-07-28.
  • Robinson, B.A. (16 September 2007). "Nudity as mentioned in the Bible". religioustolerance.org. Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance. Retrieved 2014-08-24.
  • Dr. Del De Lotta (24 May 2004). "Answers to Objections to Nudism / Naturism". web.archive.org. Archived from the original on 2011-04-01. Retrieved 2014-08-24.
  • Bowman, Jeffrey S. "Good Nudity". jeffreybowman.com. Retrieved 2014-08-24.
  • Rockel, Jeff (1996). "The Bible, Society and Nudity: A study of social nudity from a Biblical and secular perspective". web.archive.org. Archived from the original on 2001-07-10. Retrieved 2014-08-24.
  • Jonathan Petre (10 April 2011). "It's wholesome and liberating ... how cathedral landed in row over nudism". Mail Online. Retrieved 2014-09-23.
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