Armenia–European Union relations

Euro-Armenian relations

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Armenia and the European Union have maintained positive relations over the years. An Armenia–EU Association Agreement was called off by Armenia early September 2013, though a revised Comprehensive and Enhanced Partnership Agreement was announced in February 2017.[1] Armenian former Foreign Minister Eduard Nalbandyan expressed confidence that the new partnership agreement would "open a new page" in EU-Armenia relations.[2]

Armenia-EU relations

The Partnership and Cooperation Agreement (PCA) (signed in 1996 and in force since 1999) serves as the legal framework for EU-Armenia bilateral relations. Since 2004, Armenia[1] and the other South Caucasus states have been part of the European Neighbourhood Policy, encouraging closer ties between Armenia and the EU. An ENP Action Plan for Armenia was published on 2 March 2005, "highlighting areas in which bilateral cooperation could feasibly and valuably be strengthened." The plan sets "jointly defined priorities in selected areas for the next five years." In November 2005, formal consultations on the Action Plan were opened in Yerevan and as of 2008 are ongoing.[3] However, most scholars and commentators have criticized the effectiveness of the ENP in facilitating reform objectives outlined in the Action Plan, especially in relation to democracy, corruption and civil society engagement.[4] Armenia entered the EU’s Eastern Partnership in 2009.[1] On January 12, 2002, the European Parliament noted however, that Armenia and Georgia (country) may enter the EU in the future regardless, as both countries are considered European.[5] Armenia is additionally a member state of the Euronest Parliamentary Assembly, the Council of Europe, and takes part in various other European programs.

Armenia and the EU began negotiating an Association Agreement, which might ultimately include a Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area, to replace their PCA in July 2010.[6] In November 2012, EU Commissioner for Enlargement and European Neighbourhood Policy Štefan Füle stated that the AA negotiations could be finalized by November 2013.[7] The new EU Centre in Armenia, set to become the European Union communication hub, officially opened in central Yerevan on 31 January 2013.[8] On 3 September 2013 Armenia announced their decision to join the EurAsEC Customs Union.[9][10] According to EU politicians, Armenian membership in the EurAsEC Customs Union would be incompatible with the agreements negotiated with the EU.[9][10] President of Armenia Serzh Sargsyan stated at the 2 October 2013 Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe session that Armenia was ready to sign the AA during the November 2013 Eastern Partnership Summit in Vilnius, without the Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area component of the agreement that contradicts Armenia's membership in the EurAsEC Customs Union.[1][10][11] A spokesperson of EU Commissioner Füle responded a few day later by saying "No Armenia-EU document is being readied to be signed at a Vilnius summit" and “We’re trying to find routes for further cooperation with Armenia, based on the existing achievements”.[10] This was followed by other EU officials who echoed this statement.[12] No AA was ultimately initialled at the summit.[13] In December 2013, the Polish ambassador to Armenia said that the EU and Armenia were discussing a less in-depth bilateral agreement on their relations, and did "not rule out the possibility that it may be an association agreement in a different form".[14][15] In January 2015 the EU commissioner for European neighbourhood policy and enlargement Johannes Hahn stated that the EU was willing to sign a revised AA without free trade provisions.[16] Negotiations were launched in December 2015.[17]

Although Armenia’s trade with EU states far exceeds that with EurAsEC Customs Union members Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan combined, Armenia is dependent on Russia for security.[1] Armenia's alliance with Russia, and its membership in the Collective Security Treaty Organization, is seen by Armenia as a counterbalance to Azerbaijan’s sharp hike in military spending (Azerbaijan bought tanks, artillery cannons and rocket launchers worth billions of US dollars from Russia in 2011, 2012 and 2013).[1][18][19] This is seen by Armenia as a threat given that the Nagorno-Karabakh War (an armed conflict that took place from 1991 to May 1994 between Armenia and Azerbaijan[20][21]) remains unresolved.[1] Russia (also) has a military presence in Armenia, the Russian 102nd Military Base is an active base located in the city of Gyumri.[1]

On February 24, 2017 Tigran Sargsyan, the Chairman of the Eurasian Economic Commission stated that Armenia's stance was to cooperate and work with both the European Union and the Eurasian Union. Sargsyan added that although Armenia is part of the Eurasian Union, a new European Union Association Agreement between Armenia and the EU would be finalized shortly.[22]

On February 27, 2017 the European Union and Armenia finalized a new agreement on deepening their political and economic ties. The Armenian president, Serzh Sargsyan, was in Brussels and met with European Council President Donald Tusk and other high-ranking officials. The Comprehensive and Enhanced Partnership Agreement will expand and broaden the scope of relations between the EU and Armenia,[23] but will not be an association agreement.[24] It was signed by Armenia and all EU member states on 24 November 2017.[25][26]

Visa liberalization dialogue

On March 15, 2017 the President of Armenia, Serzh Sargsyan announced that Armenia currently takes part in a number of EU agreements and programs and that the EU is an important partner. He also announced that Armenia will launch talks with the EU over establishing visa-free travel for Armenian citizens into the EU's Schengen Area soon.[27] Meanwhile, the Head of the EU Delegation to Armenia, Ambassador Piotr Switalski stated that, the action plan for beginning visa liberalization between Armenia and the EU will be on the agenda of the next Eastern Partnership summit in 2017 and dialogue for visa-free travel will begin in early 2018. He stressed the importance of better connecting Armenia with the EU.[28] The Ambassador also stated that Armenian citizens could be granted visa-free travel to the EU by 2020.[29]

On April 10, 2018 the deputy Foreign Minister of Armenia confirmed that the EU will soon provide Armenia with an action program to launch visa liberalization dialogue. The Minister further stated that Armenia has already been implementing preconditions for launching dialogue over visa liberalization.[30]

Since 2013, European Union citizens enjoy visa-free travel to Armenia.[31]

Armenia-EU common aviation area

Armenia is a member of Eurocontrol and the European Civil Aviation Conference. After the new Armenia-EU Partnership agreement was signed in February 2017, Armenia began negotiations to join the European Common Aviation Area. During the first round of talks in April 2017, the Head of Armenia's Civil Aviation Department stated that Armenia attaches great importance to joining the common aviation area and that this will allow Armenian and European airlines to further boost their activities and allow more European airlines to fly to Armenia.[32] The EU Delegation in Yerevan stated that the agreement will enable Armenia to have a stronger connection with Europe and the outside world and will open up new travel routes, while reducing travel costs for passengers. Once the agreement is finalized, airlines will have the opportunity to operate new routes without any limitations and enjoy equal opportunities of servicing a market with a population of 500 million.[33]

Public opinion

A December 2006 public opinion poll in Armenia found that EU membership would be welcomed, with 64% out of a sample of 2,000 being in favour and only 11.8% being against.[34] Another poll conducted in the Armenian capital Yerevan in October 2006 suggested that "as many as 72% of city residents believe, with varying degrees of conviction, that their country's future lies with the EU rather than the Russian-dominated Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)."[34] Still, more than two-thirds of the country's population believed that Armenia would not be ready to join the EU until at least 2019.[34] A 2007 opinion poll indicated an increase in Armenian EU interest, with 80% of the Armenian public favoring eventual membership.[35]

According to a 2012 opinion poll, 54% (26% strong support+28% rather support) of Armenians supported Armenia's membership in the EU.[36]

The 3 September 2013 decision by Armenia to join the EurAsEC Customs Union sparked a series of protests in Yerevan against the action.[1] According to Eurasia Partnership fund director Gevorg Ter-Gabrielyan “The [Armenian] public largely supports joining with Russia. Plus they don’t like the EU, which they see as a source of perverted values,” he added “They love Russia, at least insofar as the monster you know is better than one you don’t”.[1]

According to a 2017 Gallup opinion poll conducted in Armenia, support for the EU increased significantly with 27.2% of those surveyed favoring EU integration.[37]

Other opinions

There is a lot of interest in Armenia eventually joining the European Union, especially among several prominent Armenian politicians[38] and the general public in Armenia.[34] However, former President Robert Kocharyan, has said he will keep Armenia tied to Russia and the CSTO for now, remaining partners, not members of the EU and NATO.[39] President Serzh Sargsyan took a similar position to this issue.

According to Artur Baghdasarian, head of the Rule of Law party and former speaker of the Azgayin Zhoghov, Armenian membership in the European Union "should be one of the key priorities" of the country's "present and future foreign policy." Baghdasarian believes that "EU membership will open new avenues for Armenia to move to a new geopolitical milieu as well as a new economic environment." He also added that it "will enable Armenia to have access to a completely new security system."[38] EU membership is on the agenda of many political parties in Armenia including the pro-Western Heritage party.[40]

Armenia's former Minister of Foreign Affairs Vardan Oskanyan reiterated in 2005 that "Armenia is Europe. This is a fact, it's not a response to a question.".[41] Torben Holtze, head of the European Commission's representation in Armenia and Georgia and Ambassador of the European Union with residence in Tbilisi, stated recently: "As a matter of principle, Armenia is a European country and like other European states it has the right to be an EU member provided it meets necessary standards and criteria."[42] On 12 January 2002, the European Parliament noted that Armenia and Georgia may enter the EU in the future.[42]

Hovhannes Hovhannisyan said there is a quite strong opinion in Armenia that the country’s future lies with Europe. “There is no talk about Asia,” he said, adding that Armenian society considers itself European and celebrates its European origins and values. He also said Armenia shares a significant history with Europe because Armenian comes from the same language family as many European languages.[43]

Developments

On April 3, 2017 the Prime Minister of Armenia, Karen Karapetyan said that Armenia tends to become a bridge between the European Union, Eurasian Union, and other economic blocs. He also said Armenia's membership in the Eurasian Union will not affect its growing relationship with the EU.[44]

A new political alliance in Armenia, comprising several pro-Western parties, had campaigned on opposing further integration into the Eurasian Union and pledged to seek a Free Trade Agreement with the European Union in the Armenian parliamentary election, 2017.[45] After the 2017 election was held, the European External Action Service Spokesperson Maja Kocijancic said that the EU is committed to a stable, democratic and prosperous future for Armenia and that the EU would strengthen political dialogue and continue supporting economic and social reform in Armenia.[46] Meanwhile, the President of Armenia, Serzh Sargsyan, stated that Armenia seeks to build stronger ties with both Russia and the EU during an election speech.

On April 12, 2017 the Armenian Foreign Minister, Eduard Nalbandyan attended the EU Eastern Partnership and Visegrád Group meeting in Warsaw, Poland. The Minister stressed the importance of the Eastern Partnership and Armenia's relations with the EU. He touched upon the importance of interconnectivity on the European continent, beginning talks on visa liberalization, welcomed the decision to extend the Trans-European Transport Networks into Eastern Partnership countries, and Armenia's progress of joining the European Common Aviation Area. He also thanked the EU and the European Investment Bank for funding construction of modern highways and border crossing checkpoints with neighboring Georgia. The Minister stated that Armenia is a country willing to bring together the EU, Eastern Partnership states, and Eurasian Union members to foster economic growth and development.[47]

In May 2017, the delegation of the Foreign Affairs Committee of the European Parliament met with the President of Armenia in Yerevan. The President said with satisfaction that in recent years Armenia has registered significant progress in the relations with the European Union. He also stated that the country is willing to expand the existing partnership with the EU in all possible areas.[48] Meanwhile, the Speaker of Parliament of Armenia stated that the EU remains one of Armenia's major partners and cooperation with the EU is based on a common value system, during the meeting. [49]

EU membership

Armenia is geographically located between Eastern Europe and Western Asia. However, like Cyprus, it has been regarded by many as culturally associated with Europe because of its connections with European society, through a diaspora, its Indo-European language and a religious criterion of being Christian. On January 12, 2002, the European Parliament noted that Armenia may enter the EU in the future.[50]

See also

Further reading

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Armenia's Receding European Ambitions, Institute for War and Peace Reporting, 18 October 2013 .
  2. ↑ http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1038906.shtml Missing or empty |title= (help)
  3. ↑ Armenia and the EU, European commission .
  4. ↑ Smith, NR (2011), "Europeanization through socialization? The EU's interaction with civil society organizations in Armenia", Demokratizatsiya, 19 (4): 385 .
  5. ↑ (PDF) http://www.libertas-institut.com/de/PDF/Armenia%20ante%20portas.pdf Missing or empty |title= (help)
  6. ↑ "Armenia". European External Action Service. Retrieved 2013-01-26.
  7. ↑ "EU Commissioner: EU, Ukraine May Sign Association Agreement Next Year". PR Newswire. 2012-11-30. Retrieved 2013-01-31.
  8. ↑ EU centre opens door, AM: EU centre .
  9. 1 2 "Armenia to join Russia trade bloc, surprises EU", EU observer .
  10. 1 2 3 4 "Russian presidential adviser: multiple inaccuracies in Armenia-EU deal text", PanARMENIAN.Net, 10 October 2013
  11. ↑ "President Sargsyan says Armenia to continue cooperation with EU", ArmeniaNow.com, 2 October 2013 .
  12. ↑ EU Not Interested in Armenia Deal Ahead of Summit, Asbarez Armenian News (9 October 2013)
  13. ↑ "Vilnius Summit: No Agreement initialing due to Armenia's new international commitments". 2013-11-29. Retrieved 2013-12-01.
  14. ↑ Հարությունյան, Սարգիս (2013-12-13). ԵՄ-ն և Հայաստանն աշխատում են "իրենց հարաբերությունների իրավական նոր հիմքի շուրջ" [The EU and Armenia are working on ‘a new legal basis of their relationship’] (in Armenian). AM: Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 2014-01-07.
  15. ↑ "EU, Armenia may sign modified association agreement, says Polish envoy". 2013-12-13. Retrieved 2014-01-07.
  16. ↑ "EU Commissioner Opens Door To Armenian Association Agreement". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 2015-01-20. Retrieved 2015-02-09.
  17. ↑ "EU and Armenia to start negotiations for a new agreement". European External Action Service. 2015-12-07. Retrieved 2016-01-03.
  18. ↑ "Russia starts delivering $1 billion arms package to Azerbaijan", Reuters, June 18, 2013 .
    "Azerbaijan hikes military spending to $3.7B as tensions persist with neighboring Armenia", Fox News Channel, January 16, 2013 .
  19. ↑ "Azeri-Russian Arms Trade $4 Billion Amid Tension With Armenia", Bloomberg L.P., August 13, 2013 .
  20. ↑ "Armenia profile", BBC News .
  21. ↑ "Azerbaijan profile", BBC News .
  22. ↑ "Armenia president and European Commission official discuss EU-Armenia talks". 2017-02-03.
  23. ↑ . 2017-02-28 http://asbarez.com/160565/eu-armenia-finalize-new-deal-on-closer-ties/. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  24. ↑ "Joint Proposal for a COUNCIL DECISION on the signing, on behalf of the European Union, and provisional application of the Comprehensive and Enhanced Partnership Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community and their Member States, of the one part, and the Republic of Armenia, of the other part". European Commission. 2017-09-25. Retrieved 2017-10-16. In certain areas, the Agreement is also designed to bring Armenian law gradually closer to the EU acquis. However, it does not go as far as to establish an association between the EU and Armenia.
  25. ↑ "Polish Envoy Expects New EU-Armenia Deal With 'Fingers Crossed'". 2017-07-05. Retrieved 2017-07-06.
  26. ↑ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
  27. ↑ . 2017-03-15 https://armenpress.am/eng/news/882564/by-holding-talks-with-eu-we-don%E2%80%99t-harm-anyone-%E2%80%93-serzh-sargsyan.html. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  28. ↑ . 2017-03-15 http://asbarez.com/152953/visa-liberalization-with-armenia-on-2017-eastern-partnership-summit-agenda/. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  29. ↑ . 2018-03-09 http://www.panarmenian.net/eng/news/249278/. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  30. ↑ . 2018-04-11 https://armenpress.am/eng/news/929319.html. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  31. ↑ . 2017-03-15 https://news.am/eng/news/337356.html. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  32. ↑ . 2017-05-03 https://armenpress.am/eng/news/889180/second-round-of-talks-on-armenia-eu-common-aviation-area-deal-to-be-held-in-june.html. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  33. ↑ . 2017-05-03 https://massispost.com/2017/04/eu-armenia-start-talks-common-aviation-area/. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  34. 1 2 3 4 Saghabalian, Anna (2005-01-07). "Poll Finds Strong Support For Armenian Entry Into EU". Radio Free Europe. Retrieved 2007-06-25.
  35. ↑ "Armenia Says Not Aiming For NATO, EU Membership", Huliq .
  36. ↑ "The South Caucasus Between The EU And The Eurasian Union" (PDF). Caucasus Analytical Digest. Bremen, DE & Zürich, CH: Forschungsstelle Osteuropa and Center for Security Studies, Zürich. 17 June 2013. p. 24. ISSN 1867-9323. Retrieved 3 July 2013.
  37. ↑ "The South Caucasus Between The EU And The Eurasian Union". Gallup Poll. Panorama. 3 April 2017. Retrieved 3 April 2017.
  38. 1 2 "Interview with RA National Assembly Speaker Artur Baghdasaryan". ArmInfo News Agency. 2005-09-26. Archived from the original on 7 June 2007. Retrieved 2007-06-25.
  39. ↑ "Armenia Not to Join NATO, EU: President". ChinaView. 2006-04-24. Retrieved 2007-06-25.
  40. ↑ Proclamation, AM: Heritage Party, archived from the original on 2007-09-27 .
  41. ↑ Armenia foreign ministry (press release) .
  42. 1 2 Juergen-Zahorka, Hans. "How Armenia Could Approach the European Union" (PDF). Libertas – Europaeisches Institut. Retrieved December 23, 2006.
  43. ↑ "Armenia and the EU", Hurriyet daily news, 2010-09-23 .
  44. ↑ . 2017-04-04 https://armenpress.am/eng/news/885341/armenia-claims-to-be-a-bridge-between-eaeu-and-eu-says-pm.html. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  45. ↑ , 2017-04-03 https://www.rferl.org/a/armenia-parliamentary-elections-analysis/28404483.html Missing or empty |title= (help) .
  46. ↑ , 2017-04-03 http://www.mediamax.am/en/news/foreignpolicy/22935/ Missing or empty |title= (help) .
  47. ↑ , 2017-04-12 https://armenpress.am/eng/news/886549/armenia%E2%80%99s-fm-attends-eastern-partnership-and-visegrad-four-foreign-ministers%E2%80%99-meeting.html Missing or empty |title= (help) .
  48. ↑ , 2017-05-30 http://arka.am/en/news/politics/sargsyan_armenia_ready_to_expand_partnership_with_european_union_/ Missing or empty |title= (help) .
  49. ↑ , 2017-04-12 https://armenpress.am/eng/news/892290/armenia%E2%80%99s-parliament-speaker-hosts-ep-foreign-affairs-committee%E2%80%99s-delegation.html Missing or empty |title= (help) .
  50. ↑ Hans-Juergen Zahorka, How Armenia Could Approach the European Union (PDF)
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