Angela Davis

Angela Davis
Davis in 2010
Born Angela Yvonne Davis
(1944-01-26) January 26, 1944
Birmingham, Alabama, U.S.
Education Brandeis University (BA)
University of California, San Diego (MA)
Humboldt University (PhD)
Occupation Educator, author, social activist
Employer University of California, Santa Cruz (retired) Emerita
Political party Communist Party USA (1969–1991)
Committees of Correspondence for Democracy and Socialism (1991–present)
Spouse(s) Hilton Braithwaite (1980–1983)[1][2][3]

Angela Yvonne Davis (born January 26, 1944) is an American political activist, academic, and author. She emerged as a prominent counterculture activist in the 1960s working with the Communist Party USA, of which she was a member until 1991, and was briefly involved in the Black Panther Party during the Civil Rights Movement.[4]

After allegedly purchasing firearms used in the 1970 armed takeover of a Marin County, California courtroom, in which four people were killed, she was prosecuted for conspiracy. She was later acquitted of this charge.[5]

Davis is a professor emerita at the University of California, Santa Cruz, in its History of Consciousness Department. She is also a former director of the university's Feminist Studies department.[6] Her research interests are feminism, African-American studies, critical theory, Marxism, popular music, social consciousness, and the philosophy and history of punishment and prisons. She co-founded Critical Resistance, an organization working to abolish the prison–industrial complex.

Davis's membership in the CPUSA led California Governor Ronald Reagan in 1969 to attempt to have her barred from teaching at any California university. She supported the governments of the Soviet Bloc for several decades. During the 1980s, she was twice a candidate for Vice President on the CPUSA ticket. She left the party in 1991.[7]

Early life

Angela Davis was born in Birmingham, Alabama. Her family lived in the "Dynamite Hill" neighborhood, which was marked in the 1950s by the bombings of houses in an attempt to intimidate and drive out middle-class blacks who had moved there. Davis occasionally spent time on her uncle's farm and with friends in New York City.[8] She had two brothers, Ben and Reginald, and a sister, Fania. Ben played defensive back for the Cleveland Browns and Detroit Lions in the late 1960s and early 1970s.[9]

Davis attended Carrie A. Tuggle School, a segregated black elementary school, and later, Parker Annex, a middle-school branch of Parker High School in Birmingham. During this time, Davis's mother, Sallye Bell Davis, was a national officer and leading organizer of the Southern Negro Youth Congress, an organization influenced by the Communist Party aimed at building alliances among African Americans in the South. Davis grew up surrounded by communist organizers and thinkers, who significantly influenced her intellectual development.[10]

Davis was involved in her church youth group as a child, and attended Sunday school regularly. She attributes much of her political involvement to her involvement with the Girl Scouts of the United States of America. She also participated in the Girl Scouts 1959 national roundup in Colorado. As a Girl Scout, she marched and picketed to protest racial segregation in Birmingham.[11]

By her junior year of high school, Davis had been accepted by an American Friends Service Committee (Quaker) program that placed black students from the South in integrated schools in the North. She chose Elisabeth Irwin High School in Greenwich Village. There she was recruited by a Communist youth group, Advance.[12]

Education

Brandeis University

Davis was awarded a scholarship to Brandeis University in Waltham, Massachusetts, where she was one of three black students in her class. She encountered the Frankfurt School philosopher Herbert Marcuse at a rally during the Cuban Missile Crisis and became his student. In a 2007 television interview, Davis said, "Herbert Marcuse taught me that it was possible to be an academic, an activist, a scholar, and a revolutionary."[13] She worked part-time to earn enough money to travel to France and Switzerland and attended the eighth World Festival of Youth and Students in Helsinki. She returned home in 1963 to a Federal Bureau of Investigation interview about her attendance at the Communist-sponsored festival.[14]

During her second year at Brandeis, Davis decided to major in French and continued her intensive study of philosopher and writer Jean-Paul Sartre. She was accepted by the Hamilton College Junior Year in France Program. Classes were initially at Biarritz and later at the Sorbonne. In Paris, she and other students lived with a French family. She was in Biarritz when she learned of the 1963 Birmingham church bombing, committed by members of the Ku Klux Klan, in which four black girls were killed. She grieved deeply as she was personally acquainted with the victims.[14]

Nearing completion of her degree in French, Davis realized her major interest was philosophy. She was particularly interested in Marcuse's ideas. On returning to Brandeis, she sat in on his course. Marcuse, she wrote in her autobiography, was approachable and helpful. She began making plans to attend the University of Frankfurt for graduate work in philosophy. In 1965, she graduated magna cum laude, a member of Phi Beta Kappa.[14]

University of Frankfurt

In Germany, with a monthly stipend of $100, she lived first with a German family and later with a group of students in a loft in an old factory. After visiting East Berlin during the annual May Day celebration, she felt that the East German government was dealing better with the residual effects of fascism than were the West Germans. Many of her roommates were active in the radical Socialist German Student Union (SDS), and Davis participated in some SDS actions. Events in the United States, including the formation of the Black Panther Party and the transformation of Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) to an all-black organization, drew her interest upon her return.[14]

Postgraduate work

Marcuse had moved to a position at the University of California, San Diego, and Davis followed him there after her two years in Frankfurt.[14] On her way back, she stopped in London to attend a conference on "The Dialectics of Liberation." The black contingent at the conference included the Trinidadian-American Stokely Carmichael and the British Michael X. Although moved by Carmichael's rhetoric, Davis was reportedly disappointed by her colleagues' black nationalist sentiments and their rejection of communism as a "white man's thing."[15]

She joined the Che-Lumumba Club, an all-black branch of the Communist Party USA named for international Communist sympathizers and leaders Che Guevara and Patrice Lumumba, of Cuba and the Congo, respectively.[16]

Davis earned a master's degree from the University of California, San Diego in 1968.[17] She earned a doctorate in philosophy from Humboldt University in East Berlin.[18]

Professor at University of California, Los Angeles, 1969–70

Davis (center, no glasses) enters Royce Hall at UCLA in October 1969 to give her first lecture.

Beginning in 1969, Davis was an acting assistant professor in the philosophy department at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). Although both Princeton and Swarthmore had tried to recruit her, she opted for UCLA because of its urban location.[19] At that time, she was known as a radical feminist and activist, a member of the Communist Party USA, and an associate of the Black Panther Party.[6]

The Board of Regents of the University of California, urged by then-California Governor Ronald Reagan, fired her from her $10,000 a year post in 1969 because of her membership in the Communist Party. The Board of Regents was censured by the American Association of University Professors for its failure to reappoint Davis after her teaching contract expired.[20]

On October 20, when Judge Jerry Pacht ruled the Regents could not fire Davis solely because of her affiliation with the Communist Party, Davis resumed her post.[21]

The Regents released Davis again, on June 20, 1970, for the "inflammatory language" she had used in four different speeches. The report stated, "We deem particularly offensive such utterances as her statement that the regents 'killed, brutalized (and) murdered' the People's Park demonstrators, and her repeated characterizations of the police as 'pigs'".[22][23][24]

Arrest and trial

Davis was a supporter of the Soledad Brothers, three inmates accused of killing a prison guard at Soledad Prison.[25]

On August 7, 1970, Jonathan Jackson, a heavily armed 17-year-old African-American high-school student, gained control over a courtroom in Marin County, California. He armed the black defendants and took Judge Harold Haley, the prosecutor, and three female jurors as hostages.[26][27] As Jackson transported the hostages and two black convicts away from the courtroom, the police began shooting at the vehicle. The judge and the three black men were killed in the melee; one of the jurors and the prosecutor were injured. Although the judge was shot in the head with a blast from a shotgun, he also suffered a chest wound from a bullet that may have been fired from outside the van. Evidence during the trial showed that either could have been fatal.[28] Davis had purchased several of the firearms Jackson used in the attack,[29] including the shotgun used to shoot Haley, which she bought at a San Francisco pawn shop two days before the incident.[27][30] She was also found to have been corresponding with one of the inmates involved.[31]

As California considers "all persons concerned in the commission of a crime, whether they directly commit the act constituting the offense... principals in any crime so committed", Marin County Superior Judge Peter Allen Smith charged Davis with "aggravated kidnapping and first degree murder in the death of Judge Harold Haley" and issued a warrant for her arrest. Hours after the judge issued the warrant on August 14, 1970, a massive attempt to find and arrest Davis began. On August 18, four days after the warrant was issued, the FBI director J. Edgar Hoover listed Davis on the FBI's Ten Most Wanted Fugitive List; she was the third woman and the 309th person to be listed.[26][32]

Soon after, Davis became a fugitive and fled California. According to her autobiography, during this time she hid in friends' homes and moved at night. On October 13, 1970, FBI agents found her at a Howard Johnson Motor Lodge in New York City.[33] President Richard M. Nixon congratulated the FBI on its "capture of the dangerous terrorist Angela Davis."

On January 5, 1971, Davis appeared at Marin County Superior Court and declared her innocence before the court and nation: "I now declare publicly before the court, before the people of this country that I am innocent of all charges which have been leveled against me by the state of California." John Abt, general counsel of the Communist Party USA, was one of the first attorneys to represent Davis for her alleged involvement in the shootings.[34]

While being held in the Women's Detention Center, Davis was initially segregated from other prisoners, in solitary confinement. With the help of her legal team, she obtained a federal court order to get out of the segregated area.[35]

Across the nation, thousands of people began organizing a movement to gain her release. In New York City, black writers formed a committee called the Black People in Defense of Angela Davis. By February 1971 more than 200 local committees in the United States, and 67 in foreign countries, worked to free Davis from prison. John Lennon and Yoko Ono contributed to this campaign with the song "Angela".[36] In 1972, after a 16-month incarceration, the state allowed her release on bail from county jail.[26] On February 23, 1972, Rodger McAfee, a dairy farmer from Fresno, California, paid her $100,000 bail with the help of Steve Sparacino, a wealthy business owner. The United Presbyterian Church paid some of her legal defense expenses.[26][37]

A defense motion for a change of venue was granted, and the trial was moved to Santa Clara County. On June 4, 1972, after 13 hours of deliberations,[28] the all-white jury returned a verdict of not guilty.[38] The fact that she owned the guns used in the crime was judged insufficient to establish her role in the plot. She was represented by Leo Branton Jr., who hired psychologists to help the defense determine who in the jury pool might favor their arguments, a technique that has since become more common. He hired experts to discredit the reliability of eyewitness accounts.[39]

Representation in other media

  • The first song released in favor of Davis was "Angela" (1971), written by Italian singer-songwriter and musician Virgilio Savona with his group (Quartetto Cetra). He received some anonymous threats.[40]
  • The Rolling Stones song "Sweet Black Angel," recorded in 1970 and released on their album Exile on Main Street (1972), is dedicated to Davis. It is one of the band's few overtly political releases.[41]
  • Bob Dylan's song "George Jackson" (1971) is concerned with the events of the case.
  • John Lennon and Yoko Ono recorded their song "Angela" on their album Some Time in New York City (1972) in support, and a small photo of her appears on the album's cover at the bottom-left.
  • The jazz musician Todd Cochran, also known as Bayete, recorded his song "Free Angela (Thoughts...and all I've got to say)" that same year.[42]
  • Tribe Records co-founder Phil Ranelin released a song dedicated to Davis, titled "Angela's Dilemma," on Message From The Tribe (1972), a spiritual jazz collectible.[43]

References in other venues

Other activities in the 1970s

Cuba

After her acquittal, Davis went on an international speaking tour in 1972 and included Cuba, where she had previously been received by Fidel Castro in 1969 as a member of a Communist Party delegation.[45] Robert F. Williams, Huey Newton, Stokely Carmichael had also visited there, and Assata Shakur lives there after escaping from U.S. prison. Her reception by Afro-Cubans at a mass rally was so enthusiastic that she was reportedly barely able to speak.[46] Davis perceived Cuba to be a racism-free country, which led her to believe that "only under socialism could the fight against racism be successfully executed." When she returned to the United States, her socialist leanings increasingly influenced her understanding of race struggles.[47] In 1974, she attended the Second Congress of the Federation of Cuban Women.[45]

Soviet Union

Davis and Valentina Tereshkova, 1972

In 1971 the CIA estimated that five percent of Soviet propaganda efforts were directed towards the Angela Davis campaign. In August 1972, Davis visited the USSR at the invitation of the Central Committee, and received an honorary doctorate from Moscow State University.[48]

On May 1, 1979, she was awarded the Lenin Peace Prize from the Soviet Union.[49] She visited Moscow later that month to accept the prize, where she praised "the glorious name" of Lenin and the "great October Revolution".[50]

East Germany

Davis and Erich Honecker in GDR, 1972

The East German government organized an extensive campaign on behalf of Davis.[51] In September 1972, Davis visited East Germany, where she met Erich Honecker, received an honorary degree from the University of Leipzig and the Star of People's Friendship from Walter Ulbricht. On September 11 in East Berlin she delivered a speech, "Not Only My Victory", praising the GDR and USSR and denouncing American racism, and visited the Berlin Wall.[52][53][54] In 1973 she returned to East Berlin leading the U.S. delegation to the 10th World Festival of Youth and Students.[55]

Jonestown and Peoples Temple

In the mid-1970s, Jim Jones, who developed the cult Peoples Temple, initiated friendships with progressive leaders in the San Francisco area including Dennis Banks of the American Indian Movement AIM and Davis.[56] On September 10, 1977, 14 months before the Temple's mass murder-suicide, Davis spoke via amateur radio telephone "patch" to members of his Peoples Temple living in Jonestown in Guyana.[57][58] In her statement during the "Six Day Siege", she expressed support for the People's Temple anti-racism efforts and told members there was a conspiracy against them. She said, "when you are attacked, it is because of your progressive stand, and we feel that it is directly an attack against us as well."[59]

Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn/Czechoslovakia

In a New York City speech on July 9, 1975, Russian dissident and Nobel Laureate Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn told an AFL-CIO meeting that Davis was derelict in having failed to support prisoners in various socialist countries around the world, given her strong opposition to the US prison system. He claimed a group of Czech prisoners had appealed to Davis for support, which Solzhenitsyn said she had declined.[60] In fact, Jiří Pelikán wrote an open letter asking her to support Czech prisoners, which Davis refused, believing that the Czech prisoners were undermining the Husák government and that Pelikán, in exile in Italy, was attacking his own country.[61]

Later academic career

Davis was a Professor of Ethnic Studies at the San Francisco State University from at least 1980 to 1984.[62] She was a professor in the History of Consciousness and the Feminist Studies Departments at the University of California, Santa Cruz and Rutgers University from 1991 to 2008.[63] Since then, she has been Distinguished Professor Emerita.[64]

Davis was a Distinguished Visiting Professor at Syracuse University in Spring 1992[65] and October 2010.[66]

In 2014, Davis returned to UCLA as a Regents' Lecturer. She delivered a public lecture on May 8 in Royce Hall, where she had given her first lecture 45 years earlier.[67]

On May 22, 2016, Davis was awarded an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters in Healing and Social Justice from the California Institute of Integral Studies in San Francisco during its 48th annual commencement ceremony.[68]

Political activism and speeches

Davis left the Communist Party in 1991, founding the Committees of Correspondence for Democracy and Socialism. Her group broke from the Communist Party USA because of the latter's support of the Soviet coup attempt of 1991 following the fall of the Soviet Union and tearing down of the Berlin Wall.[7] She continues to serve on the Advisory Board of the Committees.[69] In 2014, she said she continues to have a relationship with the CPUSA but has not rejoined.[70]

Davis has written several books. A principal focus of her current activism is the state of prisons in the United States. She considers herself an abolitionist, not a "prison reformer." She has referred to the United States prison system as the "prison–industrial complex," aggravated by the establishment of privately owned and run prisons.[71] Davis advocates focusing social efforts on education and building "engaged communities" to solve various social problems now handled through state punishment.[6]

Davis was one of the founders of Critical Resistance, a national grassroots organization dedicated to building a movement to abolish the prison–industrial complex.[72] In recent works, she has argued that the US prison system more closely resembles a new form of slavery than a criminal justice system. According to Davis, between the late 19th century and the mid-20th century, the number of prisons in the United States sharply increased but crime rates continued to fall. She argues that racism in American society during this time was demonstrated by the disproportionate share of the African-American population who were incarcerated. "What is effective or just about this 'justice' system?", she urged people to ask.[73]

Davis has lectured at Rutgers University, San Francisco State University, Stanford University, Smith College, Bryn Mawr College, Brown University, Syracuse University, and other schools. As most of her teaching is at the graduate level, she says that she concentrates more on posing questions that encourage development of critical thinking than on imparting knowledge.[6] In 1997, she identified as a lesbian in Out magazine.[74]

As early as 1969, Davis began public speaking engagements. She expressed her opposition to the Vietnam War, racism, sexism, and the prison–industrial complex, and her support of gay rights and other social justice movements. In 1969, she blamed imperialism for the troubles oppressed populations suffer:

We are facing a common enemy and that enemy is Yankee Imperialism, which is killing us both here and abroad. Now I think anyone who would try to separate those struggles, anyone who would say that in order to consolidate an anti-war movement, we have to leave all of these other outlying issues out of the picture, is playing right into the hands of the enemy, she declared.[75]

In 2001 she publicly spoke against the war on terror following the 9/11 attacks, continued to criticize the prison–industrial complex, and discussed the broken immigration system. She said that to solve social justice issues, people must "hone their critical skills, develop them and implement them." Later, in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina in 2005, she declared that the "horrendous situation in New Orleans" was due to the country's structural racism, capitalism, and imperialism.[76]

Davis opposed the 1995 Million Man March, arguing that the exclusion of women from this event promoted male chauvinism. She said that Louis Farrakhan and other organizers appeared to prefer that women take subordinate roles in society. Together with Kimberlé Crenshaw and others, she formed the African American Agenda 2000, an alliance of Black feminists.[77]

Davis at the University of Alberta, March 28, 2006.

Davis has continued to oppose the death penalty. In 2003, she lectured at Agnes Scott College, a liberal arts women's college in Atlanta, Georgia, on prison reform, minority issues, and the ills of the criminal justice system.[78]

At the University of California, Santa Cruz, Davis participated in a 2004 panel concerning Kevin Cooper. She also spoke in defense of Stanley "Tookie" Williams on panels in 2005[79] and 2009.[80]

In 2008, Davis was a keynote speaker at Vanderbilt University's conference, "Who Speaks for the Negro?".[81] She has visited Vanderbilt twice since then, most recently to give the Commemorative Murray Lecture on February 25, 2015, on college activism.[82]

On April 16, 2009, she was the keynote speaker at the University of Virginia Carter G. Woodson Institute for African American and African Studies symposium on The Problem of Punishment: Race, Inequity, and Justice.[83]

On October 31, 2011, Davis spoke at the Philadelphia and Washington Square Occupy Wall Street assemblies. Due to restrictions on electronic amplification, her words were human microphoned.[84][85] In 2012 Davis was awarded the 2011 Blue Planet Award, an award given for contributions to humanity and the planet.[86]

At the 27th Empowering Women of Color Conference in 2012, Davis said she was a vegan.[87] She has called for the release of Rasmea Odeh, associate director at the Arab American Action Network, who was convicted of immigration fraud.[88][89][90][91][92][93]

On January 23, 2012, Davis was the Rhode Island School of Design's MLK Celebration Series keynote speaker and 2012 Honoree.[94]

Davis supports the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions campaign against Israel.[95]

Davis was an honorary co-chair of the January 21, 2017 Women's March on Washington, which occurred the day after President Trump's inauguration. The organizers' decision to make her a featured speaker was criticized from the right by Humberto Fontova[96] and National Review.[97] Libertarian journalist Cathy Young wrote that Davis's "long record of support for political violence in the United States and the worst of human rights abusers abroad" undermined the march.[98]

Representation in other media

In Renato Guttuso's painting The Funerals of Togliatti (1972), Davis is depicted, among other figures of communism, in the left framework, near the author's self-portrait, Elio Vittorini, and Jean-Paul Sartre.[99]

In the movie Network (1976), Marlene Warfield's character Laureen Hobbs appears to be modeled on Davis.[100]

In 2018, the British jazz group Sons of Kemet released a song from their album Your Queen Is a Reptile called "My Queen is Angela Davis".

Bibliography

Books

  • If They Come in the Morning: Voices of Resistance (New York: Third Press, 1971), ISBN 0-893-88022-1.
  • Angela Davis: An Autobiography, Random House (September 1974), ISBN 0-394-48978-0.
  • Joan Little: The Dialectics of Rape (New York: Lang Communications, 1975)[101]
  • Women, Race, & Class (February 12, 1983), ISBN 0-394-71351-6.
  • Women, Culture & Politics, Vintage (February 19, 1990), ISBN 0-679-72487-7.
  • The Angela Y. Davis Reader (ed. Joy James), Wiley-Blackwell (December 11, 1998), ISBN 0-631-20361-3.
  • Blues Legacies and Black Feminism: Gertrude "Ma" Rainey, Bessie Smith, and Billie Holiday, Vintage Books (January 26, 1999), ISBN 0-679-77126-3.
  • Are Prisons Obsolete?, Seven Stories Press (April 2003), ISBN 1-58322-581-1.
  • Abolition Democracy: Beyond Prisons, Torture, and Empire, Seven Stories Press (October 1, 2005), ISBN 1-58322-695-8.
  • The Meaning of Freedom: And Other Difficult Dialogues (City Lights, 2012), ISBN 978-0872865808.
  • Freedom Is a Constant Struggle: Ferguson, Palestine, and the Foundations of a Movement, Haymarket Books (2015), ISBN 978-1-60846-564-4.
  • Herbert Marcuse, Philosopher of Utopia: A Graphic Biography (foreword, City Lights, 2019), ISBN 9780872867857.

Interviews and appearances

  • 1971
    • An Interview with Angela Davis. Cassette. Radio Free People, New York, 1971.
    • Myerson, M. "Angela Davis in Prison." Ramparts Magazine, March 1971: 20–21.
    • Seigner, Art. Angela Davis: Soul and Soledad. Phonodisc. Flying Dutchman, New York, 1971.
    • Walker, Joe. Angela Davis Speaks. Phonodisc. Folkways Records, New York, 1971.[102]
  • 1972–1985
    • "Angela Davis Talks about her Future and her Freedom." Jet, July 27, 1972: 54–57.
    • Davis, Angela Y. I am a Black Revolutionary Woman (1971). Phonodisc. Folkways, New York, 1977.
    • Phillips, Esther. Angela Davis Interviews Esther Phillips. Cassette. Pacifica Tape Library, Los Angeles, 1977.
    • Cudjoe, Selwyn. In Conversation with Angela Davis. Videocassette. ETV Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, 1985. 21-minute interview.
  • 1992–1997
    • Davis, Angela Y. "Women on the Move: Travel Themes in Ma Rainey's Blues" in Borders/diasporas. Sound Recording. University of California, Santa Cruz: Center for Cultural Studies, Santa Cruz, 1992.
    • Davis, Angela Y. Black is... Black Ain't. Documentary film. Independent Television Service (ITVS), 1994.
    • Interview Angela Davis (Public Broadcasting Service, Spring 1997)[103]
  • 2000–2002
    • Davis, Angela Y. The Prison Industrial Complex and its Impact on Communities of Color. Videocassette. University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, WI, 2000.
    • Barsamian, D. "Angela Davis: African American Activist on Prison-Industrial Complex." Progressive 65.2 (2001): 33–38.
    • "September 11 America: an Interview with Angela Davis." Policing the National Body: Sex, Race, and Criminalization. Cambridge, Ma.: South End Press, 2002.
  • 2011–2016

Archives

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Angela Davis". NNDB.
  2. ↑ "Angela Davis, Sweetheart of the Far Left, Finds Her Mr. Right". People. July 21, 1980. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
  3. ↑ "Angela Davis Now". Los Angeles Times. March 8, 1989. Retrieved January 6, 2015.
  4. ↑ "Angela Davis". CCCB. Retrieved October 4, 2017.
  5. ↑ Timothy, Mary (1974). Jury Woman. Palo Alto, California: Emty Press. Retrieved October 31, 2014.
  6. 1 2 3 4 "Interview with Angela Davis". BookTV. October 3, 2004.
  7. 1 2 Lind, Amy; Stephanie Brzuzy (2008). Battleground: Women, Gender, and Sexuality. 1. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 406. ISBN 0-313-34038-2. Retrieved February 24, 2012.
  8. ↑ Davis, Angela Yvonne (March 1989). "Rocks". Angela Davis: An Autobiography. New York City: International Publishers. ISBN 0-7178-0667-7.
  9. ↑ Aptheker, Bettina (1999). The Morning Breaks: The Trial of Angela Davis (2nd ed.). Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0801485975.
  10. ↑ Kum-Kum Bhavnani, Bhavnani; Davis, Angela (Spring 1989). "Complexity, Activism, Optimism: An Interview with Angela Y. Davis". Feminist Review (31): 66–81. JSTOR 1395091.
  11. ↑ "The Radicalization of Angela Davis," Ebony July 1971: n. pag., Mag.
  12. ↑ Horowitz, David (November 10, 2006). "The Political Is Personal". Front Page Magazine. Retrieved February 11, 2011.
  13. ↑ Barbarella Fokos (August 23, 2007). "The Bourgeois Marxist". sandiegoreader.com. Retrieved October 21, 2010.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 Davis, Angela Yvonne (March 1989). "Waters". Angela Davis: An Autobiography. New York City: International Publishers. ISBN 0-7178-0667-7.
  15. ↑ Davis, Angela Yvonne (March 1989). "Flames". Angela Davis: An Autobiography. New York City: International Publishers. ISBN 0-7178-0667-7.
  16. ↑ "Angela Davis Biography: Academic, Civil Rights Activist, Scholar, Women's Rights Activist". biography. A&E Television Networks, LLC. Retrieved May 6, 2015.
  17. ↑ "Angela Davis | The HistoryMakers". www.thehistorymakers.org. Retrieved 2018-02-07.
  18. ↑ Mechthild Nagel (May 2, 2005). "Women Outlaws: Politics of Gender and Resistance in the US Criminal Justice System". SUNY Cortland. Retrieved October 21, 2010.
  19. ↑ Encyclopedia of Alabama. Auburn University. January 8, 2008. Retrieved April 11, 2012.
  20. ↑ Google Books. Google Books. May 25, 1972. Retrieved October 21, 2010.
  21. ↑ Wolfgang Saxon (April 14, 1997). "Jerry Pacht, 75, Retired Judge Who Served on Screening Panel". The New York Times. Retrieved December 4, 2013.
  22. ↑ Turner, Wallace (April 28, 2011). "California Regents Drop Communist From Faculty". The New York Times.
  23. ↑ Davies, Lawrence (April 28, 2011). "UCLA Teacher is Ousted as Red". The New York Times.
  24. ↑ "UCLA Barred from Pressing Red's Ouster". The New York Times. April 28, 2011.
  25. ↑ "Angela Davis Biography: Academic, Civil Rights Activist, Scholar, Women's Rights Activist". biography. A&E Television Networks, LLC. Retrieved May 6, 2015.
  26. 1 2 3 4 Aptheker, Bettina (1997). The Morning Breaks: The Trial of Angela Davis. Cornell University Press.
  27. 1 2 "Search broadens for Angela Davis". Eugene Register-Guard. Associated Press. August 17, 1970. Retrieved September 14, 2009.
  28. 1 2 "Angela Davis Acquitted on All Charges". www.nytimes.com.
  29. ↑ Treviño, Julissa (16 February 2018). "Angela Davis' Archive Comes to Harvard". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 4 October 2018.
  30. ↑ Caldwell, Earl (18 April 1972). "A Shotgun That Miss Davis Purchased Is Linked to the Fatal Shooting of Judge". New York Times. Retrieved 4 October 2018.
  31. ↑ White, Bay, Martain. Freedom on My Mind. Bedford/St. Martin's. p. 725. ISBN 978-0-312-64884-8.
  32. ↑ "Biography". Davis (Angela) Legal Defense Collection, 1970–1972. Retrieved June 14, 2013.
  33. ↑ Charleton, Linda (April 28, 2011). "F.B.I Seizes Angela Davis in Motel Here". The New York Times. Retrieved April 26, 2011.
  34. ↑ Abt, John; Myerson, Michael (1993). Advocate and Activist: Memoirs of an American Communist Lawyer. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-02030-8.
  35. ↑ Davis, Angela Yvonne (March 1989). "Nets". Angela Davis: An Autobiography. New York City: International Publishers. ISBN 0-7178-0667-7.
  36. ↑ Blaney, John. 2005 John Lennon: Listen to this Book. PaperJukebox. p. 117
  37. ↑ Sol Stern (June 27, 1971). "The Campaign to Free Angela Davis and Ruchell Magee". The New York Times.
  38. ↑ Earl Caldwell, Angela Davis acquitted on all charges, The New York Times, June 4, 1972; retrieved August 5, 2016.
  39. ↑ William Yardley (April 27, 2013). "Leo Branton Jr., Activists' Lawyer, Dies at 91". The New York Times. US. Retrieved May 23, 2013.
  40. ↑ Matteo Ceschi. "Singing What We Were to Know What We Are: The Quartetto Cetra and National History Italian TV Entertainment". Accademia.edu. Retrieved June 7, 2014.
  41. ↑ Kurutz, Steve & The Rolling Stones. "Sweet Black Angel". Allmusic.com. Retrieved December 4, 2013.
  42. ↑ "Worlds Around the Sun - Bayeté, Todd Cochran | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic". AllMusic. Retrieved January 19, 2018.
  43. ↑ Message From The Tribe. Tribe Records. AR 2506.
  44. ↑ Killen, Andreas (January 16, 2005). "The First Hijackers". The New York Times Magazine. Retrieved February 1, 2017.
  45. 1 2 Seidman, Sarah. "Feminism and Revolution: Angela Davis in Cuba". American Historical Association. Retrieved March 9, 2017.
  46. ↑ Gott, Richard (2004). Cuba: A New History. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. p. 230. ISBN 0-300-10411-1.
  47. ↑ Sawyer, Mark (2006). Racial Politics in Post-Revolutionary Cuba. Los Angeles: University of California. pp. 95–97.
  48. ↑ Graaf, Beatrice de (2011-03-15). Evaluating Counterterrorism Performance: A Comparative Study. Routledge. p. 199. ISBN 9781136806551.
  49. ↑ "Angela Davis Given Russian Peace Prize". Eugene Register-Guard. May 1, 1979. p. 120. Retrieved May 4, 2014.
  50. ↑ "RUSSIA DAVIS PRIZE | AP Archive". www.aparchive.com.
  51. ↑ Slobodian, Quinn (2015-12-30). Comrades of Color: East Germany in the Cold War World. Berghahn Books. p. 157. ISBN 9781782387060.
  52. ↑ "Unverwechselbarer "Afrolook": Angela Davis, Bürgerrechtskämpferin, erhält am 13. 09. 1972 die Ehrendoktorwürde".
  53. ↑ Kosc, Grzegorz; Juncker, Clara; Monteith, Sharon; Waldschmidt-Nelson, Britta (October 2013). The Transatlantic Sixties: Europe and the United States in the Counterculture Decade. transcript Verlag. ISBN 9783839422168.
  54. ↑ Hansen, Jan; Helm, Christian; Reichherzer, Frank (2015-11-12). Making Sense of the Americas: How Protest Related to America in the 1980s and Beyond. Campus Verlag. pp. 317–332. ISBN 9783593504803.
  55. ↑ Rodden, John (2002-01-03). Repainting the Little Red Schoolhouse: A History of Eastern German Education, 1945-1995. Oxford University Press. p. 143. ISBN 9780195344387.
  56. ↑ Scheers, Julia (2011). A Thousand Lives: the Untold Story of Jonestown. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 33. ISBN 9781451628968. Retrieved September 11, 2015.
  57. ↑ Reiterman, Tim; Jacobs, John (1982). Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton. p. 369. ISBN 978-0-525-24136-2.
  58. ↑ "Angela Davis & the Six Day Siege". Alternative Considerations of Jonestown & Peoples Temple.
  59. ↑ "Statement of Angela Davis (Text)". Alternative Considerations of Jonestown & Peoples Temple. Retrieved September 11, 2015.
  60. ↑ Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr (October 1976). Warning to the West. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. pp. 60–61. ISBN 0-374-51334-1.
  61. ↑ ""An Open Letter to Angela Davis" by Jiri Pelikan, New Politics, March 1972". UNZ.org. Retrieved March 16, 2017.
  62. ↑ Brooke, James (July 29, 1984). "Other Women Seeking Number 2 Spot Speak Out". The New York Times. Retrieved April 26, 2011.
  63. ↑ "Angela Davis". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved April 3, 2012.
  64. ↑ "Angela Davis profile". UC Santa Cruz. Archived from the original on July 12, 2012. Retrieved April 3, 2012.
  65. ↑ "Watson Professorship". Syracuse University. Archived from the original on August 31, 2013. Retrieved April 3, 2012.
  66. ↑ "Davis to Lecture". Syracuse University Press Office. Retrieved April 3, 2012.
  67. ↑ Letisia Marquez, "Angela Davis returns to UCLA classroom 45 years after controversy", UCLA University News; May 5, 2014.
  68. ↑ Olivia Ford, "2016 Honorary Doctorate: Angela Y. Davis at One with Communities of Struggle", CIIS Today, May 13, 2016.
  69. ↑ "Advisory board". Committees of Correspondence for Democracy and Socialism website. Committees of Correspondence for Democracy and Socialism. July 20, 2007. Archived from the original on July 9, 2007. Retrieved July 20, 2007.
  70. ↑ Morrison, Patt (May 6, 2014). "Angela Y. Davis on what's radical in the 21st century". Los Angeles Times.
  71. ↑ Davis, Angela (September 10, 1998). "Masked racism: reflections on the prison-industrial complex". Color Lines.
  72. ↑ Tim Phillips, "On the Birthday of Angela Davis, The New York Times Promotes More Profiling and Police", Activist Defense, January 26, 2013.
  73. ↑ Davis, Angela (2003). Are prisons Obsolete?. Canada: Open Media Series.
  74. ↑ "Angela Davis | Encyclopedia of Alabama". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved May 30, 2017.
  75. ↑ Davis, Angela. "Speech by Angela Davis at a Black Panther Rally in Bobby Hutton Park". East Bay. Retrieved April 26, 2011.
  76. ↑ "Angela Davis making a live public speech". YouTube. Retrieved September 11, 2015.
  77. ↑ E. Frances White (2001). Dark Continent of Our Bodies: Black Feminism and the Politics of Respectability. Temple University Press. ISBN 978-1-56639-880-0.
  78. ↑ "ASC Spotlight–Africana Studies". Agnesscott.edu. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
  79. ↑ "Angela Davis: 'The State of California May Have Extinguished the Life of Stanley Tookie Williams, But They Have Not Managed to Extinguish the Hope for a Better World'". Democracy Now!. December 13, 2005. Archived from the original on October 17, 2010. Retrieved October 21, 2010.
  80. ↑ Bybee, Crystal (November 11, 2009). "Fourth Annual Stanley Tookie Williams Legacy Summit". East Bay. Retrieved October 21, 2010.
  81. ↑ "Who Speaks for the Negro". Jean and Heard Alexander Library, Vanderbilt University.
  82. ↑ Bernstein, Gregory (March 11, 2015). ""A Fireside Chat on Activism" with Angela Davis". Vanderbilt Hustler.
  83. ↑ Bromley, Anne. "Angela Davis to Headline the Woodson Institute's Spring Symposium" Archived April 12, 2009, at the Wayback Machine., The Woodson Institute Newsletter. April 2, 2009; accessed November 3, 2009.
  84. ↑ Nation of Change Archived November 3, 2011, at the Wayback Machine., nationofchange.org; accessed February 28, 2015.
  85. ↑ "Occupy Philly address". Youtube.com. Retrieved December 4, 2013.
  86. ↑ "Censure award for TEPCO Award to be handed over in Tokyo to those responsible for Fukushima (Ethecon)". financegreenwatch.org. June 22, 2012. Retrieved May 31, 2013.
  87. ↑ "Grace Lee Boggs in Conversation with Angela Davis". Making Contact. Retrieved March 15, 2014.
  88. ↑ "Angela Davis: Free Rasmea Odeh, political prisoner". The Detroit News. November 4, 2014. Retrieved December 18, 2014.
  89. ↑ Jason Meisner (October 22, 2013). "Feds: Woman hid terror conviction to get citizenship". Chicago Tribune.
  90. ↑ "Arab-American activist on trial for allegedly concealing terror role in immigration papers". The Guardian. November 5, 2014.
  91. ↑ "Trial set for Jerusalem terror convict who moved to US". The Times of Israel. September 3, 2014.
  92. ↑ "Palestinian convicted of two bombings back in U.S. court over immigration fraud". Haaretz. September 2, 2014.
  93. ↑ Sommer, Allison (March 9, 2017). "The Palestinian Woman Convicted of Terror Casting a Shadow Over 'Day Without Women'". Haaretz. Retrieved March 10, 2017.
  94. ↑ "Davis Calls Students to Action". Archived from the original on September 13, 2015. Retrieved September 11, 2015.
  95. ↑ "Boycott, Divestment, Sanctions: What is BDS?". www.aljazeera.com.
  96. ↑ Fontova, Humberto. "Humberto Fontova - Women's March Celebrates World's Top Torturers of Women". Townhall.
  97. ↑ Crookston, Paul (January 24, 2017). "The Top Five Worst Speeches at the Women's March on Washington". National Review.
  98. ↑ Young, Cathy (January 21, 2017). "Women's March on Washington honors Soviet tool: Column". USA Today. Retrieved January 29, 2017.
  99. ↑ "Detail of the painting". photoshelter.com. Retrieved February 28, 2015.
  100. ↑ Goldsworthy, Rupert (2007). Revolt into style: Images of 1970s West German "terrorists" (Thesis). ProQuest Dissertations Publishing. "In [Network, there is] a figure seemingly based on Angela Davis, called Laureen Hobbs, a verbose young black Communist leader..."
  101. ↑ "Ms. Magazine | From the Archives". www.msmagazine.com. Retrieved 2018-04-27.
  102. ↑ Smithsonian Folkways Recordings
  103. ↑ "Interview With Angela Davis | The Two Nations Of Black America | FRONTLINE | PBS". www.pbs.org. Retrieved 2018-04-27.
  104. ↑ "The Black Power Mixtape 1967-1975". April 1, 2011 – via www.imdb.com.
  105. ↑ "Activist Professor Angela Davis", Woman's Hour, BBC Radio 4, December 3, 2014.
  106. ↑ Criminal Queers: screening & conversation
  107. ↑ The Filmmakers Behind Criminal Queers Explain Why "Queer Liberation is Prison Abolition"
  108. ↑ National United Committee to Free Angela Davis (1970–72). "National United Committee to Free Angela Davis records, circa 1970-1972". searchworks.stanford.edu. Retrieved March 2, 2017.
  109. ↑ "Meiklejohn Civil Liberties Institute | Using the Law | Bancroft Library". www.mcli.org. Retrieved March 2, 2017.
  110. ↑ The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley. "Publications of the Meiklejohn Civil Liberties Institute". bancroft.berkeley.edu. Retrieved March 2, 2017.
  111. ↑ "Angela Davis Donates Papers to Schlesinger Library | Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study". www.radcliffe.harvard.edu. Retrieved February 27, 2018.

    Further reading

    • "Interview with Angela Davis". Frontline. PBS.
    • Davis, Angela (Guest). "Resisting the Prison Industrial Complex". Democracy Now. Round table discussion.
    • "Attacking the Prison Industrial Complex". TIME. 1998. Chat-room users' interview with Davis.
    • "Angela Davis". Harvard Gazette. March 13, 2003.
    • "Practical Activism Conference in Santa Cruz". indybay.org. October 27, 2007. . Audio recording of Davis.
    • Younge, Gary (November 8, 2007). "We used to think there was a black community". Guardian. Interview.
    • "Angela Davis on the 40th Anniversary of Her Arrest and President Obama's First Two Years". Democracy Now!. October 19, 2010. Video interview.
    • "Interview with Angela Davis". C-Span. In Depth. October 3, 2004.
    • Angela Davis at AllMovie
    • "Davis quotations". Black History Daily.
    • Appearances on C-SPAN
    • Angela Davis on IMDb
    • "Angela Davis Biography, The Civil Rights Struggle, African American GIs, and Germany". aacvr-germany.org.
    • "Angela Davis". Encyclopedia of Alabama.
    • "Angela Davis Ephemera Collection, W.S. Hoole Special Collections Library". University Libraries Division of Special Collections, The University of Alabama.
    • "Film clip, Davis speaking at Florida A&M University's Black History Month convocation". Florida Memory. 1979.
    • The New York Times archive of Davis-related articles, nytimes.com;
    Party political offices
    Preceded by
    Jarvis Tyner    		 Communist Party USA Vice Presidential candidate
    1980 (lost), 1984 (lost)    		 Succeeded by
    —


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