Vanderbilt University

Vanderbilt University
Type Private
Established 1873
Academic affiliations
Endowment $4.1 billion (2017)[2]
Chairman Bruce R. Evans
Chancellor Nicholas S. Zeppos
Provost Susan Rae Wente
Academic staff
4,102[3]
Students 12,592[4]
Undergraduates 6,885[4]
Postgraduates 5,707[4]
Location Nashville, Tennessee, U.S.
36°08′55″N 86°48′18″W / 36.148649°N 86.804972°W / 36.148649; -86.804972Coordinates: 36°08′55″N 86°48′18″W / 36.148649°N 86.804972°W / 36.148649; -86.804972
Campus Urban, 330 acres (1.3 km2)
Colors Black and Gold[5]
         
Nickname Commodores
Sporting affiliations
NCAA Division I FBS
Mascot Mr. Commodore (Mr. C)
Website www.vanderbilt.edu

Vanderbilt University (informally Vandy) is a private research university in Nashville, Tennessee. Founded in 1873, it was named in honor of shipping and rail magnate Cornelius Vanderbilt, who provided the school its initial $1 million endowment despite having never been to the South. Vanderbilt hoped that his gift and the greater work of the university would help to heal the sectional wounds inflicted by the Civil War.[6]

Vanderbilt enrolls approximately 12,600 students from all 50 U.S. states and over 100 foreign countries in four undergraduate and six graduate and professional schools. The university is in the process of converting its residence halls into an academic residential college system.[7][8] Several research centers and institutes are affiliated with the university, including the Vanderbilt Institute for Public Policy Studies, Freedom Forum First Amendment Center, and Dyer Observatory. Vanderbilt University Medical Center, formerly part of the university became a separate institution in 2016. With the exception of the off-campus observatory and the Institute, all of the university's facilities are situated on its 330-acre (1.3 km2) campus in the heart of Nashville, 1.5 miles (2.4 km) from downtown. Despite its urban surroundings, the campus itself is a national arboretum and features over 300 different species of trees and shrubs.

The Fugitives and Southern Agrarians were based at the university in the first half of the 20th century and helped revive Southern literature among others.[9][10] The Jean and Alexander Heard Library, the campus library system, contains over 8 million items across ten libraries and stands as one of the nation's top research libraries.[11] Vanderbilt Television News Archive holds the most extensive collection of television news coverage in the world, with over 40,000 hours of content.[12] BioVU, Vanderbilt's DNA databank, is one of the largest of its kind in the world, running over 200 ongoing projects and holding over 225,000 samples.[13] Additionally, Vanderbilt's Institute for Space and Defense Electronics, the largest of its type in the world, provides integral support to several companies, agencies, and governmental units, including Boeing, NASA, and the United States Department of Defense.[14]

Vanderbilt has many distinguished alumni and affiliates, including 28 current and former members of the United States Congress, 13 governors, seven billionaires, seven Nobel Prize laureates, seven United States Ambassadors, two Vice Presidents of the United States, and a U.S. Supreme Court Justice. Other notable alumni include Rhodes Scholars, Pulitzer Prize winners, Emmy Award winners, MacArthur Fellows, CEOs of Fortune 500 companies, heads of state and other leaders in foreign government, academics, musicians, professional athletes, and Olympians.[15] Vanderbilt has more than 139,000 alumni, with 40 alumni clubs established worldwide.[16]

Vanderbilt is a founding member of the Southeastern Conference and has been the conference's only private school for a half-century.[17]

History

Founding and early years

Cornelius Vanderbilt

In the years prior to the American Civil War of 1861–1865, the Methodist Episcopal Church South had been considering the creation of a regional university for the training of ministers in a location central to its congregations.[18] Following lobbying by Nashville bishop Holland Nimmons McTyeire, who was born in a slave-owning family and authored an essay in favor of slavery,[19] church leaders voted to found "The Central University of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South" in Nashville in 1872.[18][20] However, lack of funds and the ravaged state of the Reconstruction Era South delayed the opening of the college.[18]

The following year, McTyeire stayed at the New York City residence of Cornelius Vanderbilt, whose second wife was Frank Armstrong Crawford Vanderbilt (1839–1885), a cousin of McTyeire's wife, Amelia Townsend McTyeire (1827–1891); both women were from Mobile, Alabama.[21][22][23] Mrs Vanderbilt was "a Confederate sympathizer" during the Civil War.[24] Cornelius Vanderbilt, who was the wealthiest man in the United States at the time, was considering philanthropy as he was at an advanced age. He had been planning to establish a university on Staten Island, New York, in honor of his mother.[18] However, McTyeire convinced him to donate $500,000 to endow Central University in order to "contribute to strengthening the ties which should exist between all sections of our common country."[18][25]

Memorial Hall

The endowment was eventually increased to $1 million (roughly $20 million in 2015 dollars[26]) and would be only one of two philanthropic causes financially supported by Vanderbilt. Though he never expressed any desire that the university be named after himself,[18] McTyeire and his fellow trustees rechristened the school in his honor. Vanderbilt died in 1877 without seeing the school named after him.[18][27] They acquired land formerly owned by Texas Senator John Boyd (who chose to patronize the establishment of Trinity University, a Presbyterian university in San Antonio, Texas, instead), later inherited by his granddaughter and her husband, Confederate Congressman Henry S. Foote, who had built Old Central, a house still standing on campus.[28]

One of the founding trustees, Hezekiah William Foote, was a Confederate veteran and the owner of four plantations in Mississippi, including Mount Holly.[29] The Treasurer of the Board of Trust from 1872 to 1875, Alexander Little Page Green, whose portrait hangs in Kirkland Hall,[30] was a Methodist preacher and a former slave owner.[31][32] His son-in-law, Robert A. Young, was a Methodist minister who served as the Financial Secretary on the Board of Trust from 1874 to 1882, retiring from the board in 1902.[33]

The first building, Main Building, later known as Kirkland Hall, was designed by William Crawford Smith, a Confederate veteran who also designed The Parthenon; its construction began in 1874.[33][34] In the fall of 1875, about 200 students enrolled at Vanderbilt, and in October the university was dedicated.[18] Bishop McTyeire was named Chairman of the Board of Trust for life by Vanderbilt as a stipulation of his endowment.[18] McTyeire named Landon Garland (1810–1895), his mentor from Randolph-Macon College in Virginia and then-Chancellor of the University of Mississippi, as chancellor. Garland owned "up to 60 slaves" before the Civil War.[19] As chancellor, he shaped the school's structure and hired the school's faculty, many of whom were renowned scholars in their respective fields.[25] However, most of this faculty left after disputes with Bishop McTyeire, including over pay rates.[18] When the first fraternity chapter, Phi Delta Theta, was established on campus in 1876, it was shut down by the faculty, only to be reestablished as a secret society in 1877.[35] Meanwhile, Old Gym, designed by Dutch-born architect Peter J. Williamson, was built in 1879–1880.[34] By 1883, the Board of Trust passed a resolution allowing fraternities on campus, and more chapters were established in 1884.[35]

The Elliston family, who owned slaves, donated some of their Burlington Plantation to expand the campus.[36]

Split with the Methodist Church

Bishop Holland McTyeire

During the first 40 years, the Board of Trust, and therefore the university, was under the control of the General Conference (the governing body) of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South.[18] Tension grew between the university administration and the Conference over the future of the school, particularly over the methods by which members of the Vanderbilt Board of Trust would be chosen, and the extent that non-Methodists could teach at the school.[18]

Conflicts escalated after James H. Kirkland was appointed chancellor in 1893.[18] Then the Southern Methodist Church congregations raised just $50,000 in a campaign to raise $300,000.[18]

After the Tennessee Centennial Exposition of 1897, a statue of Cornelius Vanderbilt, designed by Italian sculptor Giuseppe Moretti,[37] was moved from the grounds of the Parthenon to the Vanderbilt campus.[38]

In 1905, Kirkland Hall burnt down, only to be rebuilt shortly after.[34] Meanwhile, the Board of Trust voted to limit Methodist representation on the board to just five bishops.[18] Former faculty member and bishop Elijah Hoss led a group attempting to assert Methodist control.[18] In 1910, the board refused to seat three Methodist bishops.[18] The Methodist Church took the issue to court and won at the local level. On March 21, 1914, the Tennessee Supreme Court ruled that the Commodore, and not the Methodist Church, was the university's founder and that the board could therefore seat whomever it wished.[18] The General Conference in 1914 voted 151 to 140 to sever its ties with Vanderbilt; it also voted to establish a new university, Southern Methodist University, and to greatly expand Emory University.[18][39]

Colonel Edmund William Cole, the treasurer of the Board of Trust, was a Confederate veteran and a railroad executive.[40][41] He is the namesake of the annual Cole Lecture; his marble bust and his wife's portrait can be seen in Kirkland Hall.[41][42] His son, Whitefoord Russell Cole, who was the chairman of the Board of Trust from 1915 to 1934, defended Chancellor Kirkland's decision to split with the Methodist Church.[43][44] His portrait hangs in Kirkland Hall, and he is the namesake of Cole Hall, completed in 1949.[44]

Main Campus, looking toward West End Avenue

1920s through World War II

In the 1920s and 1930s, Vanderbilt University hosted two partly overlapping groups of scholars who had a large impact on American thought and letters: the Fugitives and the Agrarians.[18] Meanwhile, Frank C. Rand, who served as the President and later Chairman of the International Shoe Company, donated US$150,000 to the university in 1925;[45] Rand Hall was subsequently named for him.

In 1928, the construction of three more buildings was completed: Garland Hall, named for Chancellor Landon Garland; Buttrick Hall, named for Wallace Buttrick of the General Education Board; and Calhoun Hall, named for William Henry Calhoun, a silversmith, Masonic Grand Master and slave owner.[46]

In 1933, the United Daughters of the Confederacy donated $50,000 (roughly $925,166 in 2015 dollars[26]) for the construction of Confederate Memorial Hall, designed by architect Henry C. Hibbs.[47] It was completed in 1935.[47]

In the 1930s, Ernest William Goodpasture and his colleagues in the School of Medicine invented methods for cultivating viruses and rickettsiae in fertilized chicken eggs.[48] This work made possible the production of vaccines against chicken pox, smallpox, yellow fever, typhus, Rocky mountain spotted fever and other diseases caused by agents that only propagate in living cells.[48] Alfred Blalock, Professor of Surgery, and his assistant Vivian Thomas identified a decrease in blood volume and fluid loss outside the vascular bed as a key factor in traumatic shock and pioneered the use of replacement fluids for its treatment.[49] This treatment saved countless lives in World War II,[49] during which Vanderbilt was one of 131 colleges and universities nationally that took part in the V-12 Navy College Training Program which offered students a path to a Navy commission.[50]

Shortly after the war, from 1945 to 1947, researchers at Vanderbilt University conducted an experiment funded by the Rockefeller Foundation where they gave 800 pregnant women radioactive iron[51][52][53] without their consent.[52][53] In a lawsuit the women received US$9.1 million from Vanderbilt University and US$900,000 from the Rockefeller Foundation in 1998.[52]

1950s and 1960s

Old Mechanical, now part of The Owen Graduate School of Management

In 1953, the School of Religion admitted the first African-American student to the university.[54] In 1960, the School of Religion expelled a student who was one of the leaders of the emerging civil rights movement, James Lawson.[55] James Geddes Stahlman, a Vanderbilt trustee who owned the Nashville Banner, published misleading stories which suggested Lawson had incited others to "violate the law" and led to his expulsion.[55] Dean J. Robert Nelson resigned in protest.[56] Nevertheless, Chancellor Harvie Branscomb enforced the decision, and remained unapologetic as late as 1980.[55] The school was placed on probation for a year by the American Association of Theological Schools, and the power of trustees was curtailed.[55] The university took Stahlman's $5 million donation in 1972-1973,[57] and named a professorship in his honor.[58] In 2005, Lawson was re-hired as a Distinguished University Professor for the 2006–2007 academic year, and named a Distinguished Alumnus for his achievements.[59]

The Vanderbilt Board of Trust in May 1962 voted to accept African Americans in all schools, and the first black undergraduates entered the school in the fall of 1964.[54] The university drew national attention in 1966 when it recruited Perry Wallace, the first African American to play varsity basketball in the Southeastern Conference (SEC).[60] Wallace, from Nashville, played varsity basketball for Vanderbilt from 1967 to 1970, and faced considerable opposition from segregationists when playing at other SEC venues.[61] In 2004, a student-led drive to retire Wallace's jersey finally succeeded.[61][lower-alpha 1]

1970s to present

In March 1978, Vanderbilt hosted the South African tennis team in Memorial Gymnasium for the Davis Cup.[65] The match was disrupted by anti-apartheid protesters who chanted "Don't play with apartheid",[65] and a reporter for The Tennessean was removed by police.[66]

In 1979, Vanderbilt acquired Peabody College, then called the "George Peabody College for Teachers", residing on 53 acres adjacent to the university.[67] Peabody College traces its history to the 1785 Davidson Academy.

Vanderbilt University police car.

In the early 1980s, Vanderbilt University was an investor the Corrections Corporation of America prior to its IPO.[68][69] The company was co-founded by Thomas W. Beasley, a Vanderbilt Law School alumnus who was honored with a Distinguished Alumnus Award.[69][70]

In 1989, the university began offering Posse Foundation scholarships to groups of promising young leaders from urban backgrounds to increase their share of diverse students.[71] By 1995, 4.23% of the undergraduate student body was African-American.[71]

In 2001, the university determined to remodel the undergraduate experience by creating an academic residential college system. Since then Vanderbilt has been constructing new buildings and renovating existing structures to support the college system.[72][73]

In 2002, the university decided to rename Confederate Memorial Hall, a residence hall on the Peabody campus to Memorial Hall.[74] Nationwide attention resulted, in part due to a lawsuit by the Tennessee chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy.[75] The Davidson County Chancery Court dismissed the lawsuit in 2003, but the Tennessee Court of Appeals ruled in May 2005 that the university must pay damages based on the present value of the United Daughters of the Confederacy's contribution if the inscription bearing the name "Confederate Memorial Hall" was removed from the building or altered.[76] The Court of Appeals' decision has been critiqued by legal scholars.[77] In late July 2005, the university announced that although it had officially renamed the building, and all university publications and offices will refer to it solely as Memorial Hall, the university would neither appeal the matter further, nor remove the inscription and pay damages.[78] In August 2016, the university agreed to remove the word "Confederate" from the building after "anonymous donors" donated $1.2 million to repay the United Daughters of the Confederacy.[79]

In 2009, Vanderbilt instituted a no-loan policy. The policy states that any student granted admission and a need-based aid package will have an award that includes no student loans.[80] Following this, in 2015, Vanderbilt implemented Opportunity Vanderbilt, which committed the university to need-blind admissions, meeting 100% of demonstrated financial need of admitted students, and including only grants in awards.[81]

In 2011, the Oakland Institute exposed a university investment in EMVest Asset Management, a private equity firm "accused of 'land grabbing,' or taking over agricultural land used by local communities through exploitative practices for large-scale commercial export farming in five sub-Saharan African countries.[82] The revelation led to student protests in 2012.[82][83] By 2013, Vanderbilt administrators had divested from EMVest.[82]

In 2012, Vanderbilt built Elliston Hall in honor of Elizabeth Boddie Elliston of the Burlington Plantation.[36]

In 2015, Vanderbilt opened a new innovation center, the Wond'ry, as part of its Academic Strategic Plan. The three-story, 13,000-square foot building is meant to serve as an interdisciplinary hub of knowledge for the Vanderbilt community, serving as the location of hackathons, partnerships with the Nashville Entrepreneurship Center, and several social venture programs.[84]

Organization and administration

College/school
Year founded
Arts and Science
1873
Law
1874
Medicine
1874
Divinity
1875
Education and Human Development
1875, incorporated into Vanderbilt 1979
Graduate School
1879
Engineering
1886
Nursing
1908
Music
1964, incorporated into Vanderbilt 1986
Management
1969

Vanderbilt University, as a private corporation, is wholly governed by an independent, self-perpetuating Board of Trust. The board comprises 45 regular members (plus any number of trustees emeriti) and the chancellor, the university's chief executive officer.[85] Each trustee serves a five-year term (except for four recently graduated alumni, who serve two two-year terms). Bruce R. Evans is the board's chairman.[86]

Nicholas S. Zeppos currently serves as chancellor of Vanderbilt University. He was appointed interim chancellor after the departure of Gordon Gee, who left to reassume the presidency of Ohio State University on August 1, 2007,[87] and was named chancellor in his own right on March 1, 2008.[88]

Administration history

Since the opening of the university in 1875, only eight individuals have served as chancellors.[89] Landon Garland was the university's first chancellor, serving from 1875 to 1893.[89] Garland organized the university and hired its first faculty. Garland Hall, an academic building on campus, is named in his honor.[89]

The next chancellor was James Kirkland—serving from 1893 to 1937, he had the longest tenure of any Vanderbilt chancellor.[89] He was responsible for severing the university's ties with the Methodist Church and relocating the medical school to the main campus.[89] Vanderbilt's Main Building was renamed Kirkland Hall after Kirkland left in 1937.[89]

The longest-tenured chancellor was followed by one of the shortest-tenured.[89] Oliver Carmichael served Vanderbilt for just nine years, 1937 to 1946.[89] Carmichael developed the graduate school, and established the Joint University Libraries for Vanderbilt, Peabody, and Scarritt College.[89] Carmichael Towers, a set of high-rise dormitories on the northern edge of campus, were named for Chancellor Carmichael.[89]

Carmichael's successor was Harvie Branscomb.[89] Branscomb presided over a period of major growth and improvement at the university that lasted from 1946 until 1963.[89] He was responsible for opening the admissions policy to all races.[89] Branscomb Quadrangle is a residence hall complex named for the chancellor.[89]

Alexander Heard, for whom the campus's 10-library system (with 3.3 million total volumes) is named, served as chancellor from 1963 to 1982.[89] During his 20-year tenure, the Owen Graduate School of Management was founded, and Vanderbilt's merger with Peabody College was negotiated.[89] He also survived calls for his ouster because of his accommodating stance on desegregation.[89]

After a fire, Old Main hall was rebuilt with one tower and renamed Kirkland Hall. It is currently home to Vanderbilt's administration.

Joe B. Wyatt was the chancellor who served immediately after Heard, from 1982 until 2000.[89] Wyatt oversaw a great increase in the university's endowment, an increase in student diversity, and the renovation of many campus buildings.[89] Wyatt placed great emphasis on improving the quality of faculty and instruction, and during his tenure Vanderbilt rose to the top 25 in the U.S. News & World Report's annual rankings for the first time.[90] The Wyatt Center on Peabody's campus is named for Wyatt and his wife.

Gee was appointed chancellor by the Board of Trust in February 2000.[89] After allegations of lavish spending in 2005, the Board of Trust established a committee to monitor his personal spending more closely.[91]

After Gordon Gee's departure in 2007, Zeppos was named interim chancellor.[92] He was named chancellor suo jure on March 1, 2008, by the university's Board of Trust.[93]

Medical Center

Until April 2016 Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC) was a component of the university, but is now an independent organization. The Medical Center continues to cooperate with the university and many clinical staff serve as faculty members at Vanderbilt University School of Medicine and Vanderbilt University School of Nursing.[94] As of April 2016, VUMC comprised the following units: Vanderbilt University Hospital, Monroe Carell, Jr., Children's Hospital at Vanderbilt, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt Psychiatric Hospital, Vanderbilt Clinic, Vanderbilt Bill Wilkerson Center, Vanderbilt Stallworth Rehabilitation Hospital, Eskind Biomedical Library, Vanderbilt Sports Medicine, Dayani Human Performance Center, Vanderbilt Page Campbell and Heart Institute.[95]

The entrance of Vanderbilt Medical School

Before splitting with VUMC, Vanderbilt was the largest private employer in Middle Tennessee and the second largest in the state with over 23,000 employees.[96][97] Approximately 74% of the university's faculty and staff were employed by the Medical Center.[6] In 2008, the medical center was placed on the Honor Roll of U.S. News & World Report's annual rating of the nation's best hospitals, ranking 15th overall in the country.[98]

Students and faculty

Profile

Benson Science Hall, one of the first campus buildings, houses the English and history departments.

As of 2017, Vanderbilt had an enrollment of 6,885 undergraduate and 5,707 graduate and professional students, for a total of 12,592 students.[4] Students from all 50 states and more than 100 countries attend Vanderbilt, with 65% of the total student body coming from outside the South and 8% from outside of the United States.[4] Moreover, 47.4% of the class of 2021 classified as Caucasian, 10.4% Hispanic/Latino, 10.7% Black or African American, 14.1% Asian, and 5.3% other/two or more races; 7.6% of the class is international.[99] As of 2017, the incoming class was 49% male and 51% female[4] In 2017, Vanderbilt accepted 10.9% of its 31,462 freshman applicants, making it one of the most selective universities in the country.[100]

Vanderbilt lets undergraduates choose between 70 majors, or create their own, in its four undergraduate schools and colleges: the College of Arts and Science, the School of Engineering, Peabody College of Education and Human Development, and Blair School of Music.[6] The university also has six graduate and professional schools, including the Divinity School, Graduate School, Law School, School of Medicine, School of Nursing, and Owen Graduate School of Management.[6] As of 2018, Vanderbilt has a student-to-faculty ratio of 7:1.[16]

The university's undergraduate programs are highly selective: in 2018, the Office of Undergraduate Admissions accepted 7.3% of its 30,146 Regular Decision applicants, thus making Vanderbilt one of the most selective universities in the United States and the most selective university in the state of Tennessee.[101][102] In 2015, Vanderbilt was ranked fifth overall and fourth among private universities in enrollment of National Merit Scholars, according to the National Merit Scholarship Corporation's annual report.[103] In its most recent annual comparison of admissions selectivity, The Princeton Review gave Vanderbilt a rating of 99 out of 99.[104] The class of 2021 included 226 National Merit Scholars and had standardized test scores that were well above average: the interquartile range (25th percentile – 75th percentile) of SAT scores was 700-760 for Reading and Writing and 700-790 for Math, while the interquartile range of ACT scores was 32–35.[105] For students of the class of 2016 whose schools reported exact class rankings, 96.21% ranked in the top 10% of their class, with an average rank of 3.39%.[106]

Research

Vanderbilt investigators work in a broad range of disciplines, and the university consistently ranks among the top 20 research institutions in the United States.[107][108] In 2013, Vanderbilt University was ranked 9th in the country in funding from the National Institutes of Health.[109] Its Institute for Space and Defense Electronics, housed in the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, includes the largest academic facility in the world involved in radiation-effects research.[110]

Peabody Library, Vanderbilt University

Among its more unusual activities, the university has institutes devoted to the study of coffee and of bridge.[111] Indeed, the modern form of the latter was developed by Harold Stirling Vanderbilt, a former president of the university's Board of Trust and a great-grandson of the Commodore.[111] In addition, in mid-2004 it was announced that Vanderbilt's chemical biology research may have serendipitously opened the door to the breeding of a blue rose, something that has long been coveted by horticulturalists and rose lovers.[112]

Vanderbilt scholars have played a role in the development of writing. The Fugitives and Southern Agrarians were based at the university in the first half of the 20th century and helped revive Southern literature among others.[113][114]

Vanderbilt's research record is blemished, however, by a study university researchers, in conjunction with the Tennessee Department of Health, conducted on iron metabolism during pregnancy in the 1940s.[115] Between 1945 and 1949, over 800 pregnant women were given radioactive iron. Standards of informed consent for research subjects were not rigorously enforced at that time,[lower-alpha 2] and many of the women were not informed of the potential risks. The injections were later suspected to have caused cancer in at least three of the children who were born to these mothers.[116] In 1998, the university settled a class action lawsuit with the mothers and surviving children for $10.3 million.[117]

The university is classified by the Carnegie Foundation as a Doctoral University with Highest Research Activity.[118] The university has a comprehensive graduate program, offering doctoral programs in sciences, engineering, mathematics, humanities, social sciences, and religion, along with professional degrees in medicine, business, law, nursing, and education.[119]

Vanderbilt is a member of the SEC Academic Consortium. Now renamed the SECU, the initiative was a collaborative endeavor designed to promote research, scholarship, and achievement among the member universities in the Southeastern Conference. The SECU's goals include highlighting the endeavors and achievements of SEC faculty, students, and universities and advancing the academic reputation of SEC universities.[120][121]

In 2013, Vanderbilt University participated in the SEC Symposium in Atlanta, Georgia, which was organized and led by the University of Georgia and its Bioenergy Systems Research Institute. The topic of the symposium was titled "The Impact of the Southeast in the World's Renewable Energy Future".[122]

Rankings

Vanderbilt is ranked the 108th best university in the world in the Times Higher Education World University Rankings,[123] and 52nd in the United States by the Academic Ranking of World Universities.[124] U.S. News & World Report ranks it the 14th best university nationally,[125] and Reuters ranked it the 10th most innovative university in the world.[126]

Built in 1880 with funding from William Henry Vanderbilt, The Old Gym now houses the Office of Undergraduate Admissions.

In its 2018 edition, U.S. News & World Report ranked Vanderbilt 14th among all national universities.[138] In the same publication's graduate program rankings, the Peabody College of Education was ranked third in the nation among schools of education,[139] and the Vanderbilt Law School was listed at 16th, the School of Medicine was listed at 15th among research-oriented medical schools, the School of Nursing was listed at 15th, the School of Engineering was listed at 34th, and the Owen Graduate School of Management was listed at 25th among business schools.[140] Additionally, U.S. News & World Report ranked Vanderbilt first in the nation in the fields of special education, educational administration, and audiology.[140] In 2014, the Owen Graduate School of Management was ranked 30th by Bloomberg Businessweek among full-time MBA programs.[141]

The Academic Ranking of World Universities ranks Vanderbilt as the 60th-best university in the world. Additionally the ARWU Field rankings in 2015 placed Vanderbilt as 18th best in the world for Clinical Medicine and Pharmacy, and 21st in Social Sciences.[142] In the Times Higher Education 2016 World University Rankings, Vanderbilt is 87th. The 2017/2018 QS World University Rankings ranked Vanderbilt 212th in the world. Human Resources & Labor Review, a national human competitiveness index & analysis, ranked the university as one of 50 Best World Universities in 2011.[143] The 2007 Faculty Scholarly Productivity Index, a measure of the scholarly output of the faculty of nearly 7,300 doctoral programs around the United States, ranked Vanderbilt 8th among large research universities, and 1st in the areas of comparative literature, educational leadership, pharmacology, Portuguese, Spanish, and special education.[144] Poets & Writers ranked Vanderbilt's English Department's MFA Program in Creative Writing 18th among the top 50 writing programs in the United States in 2010 and 14th in the United States in 2011.[145] Fortune magazine ranked Vanderbilt among the top 100 places to work in the United States, the only university on their list[146] In 2017, Money ranked Vanderbilt the 15th best college in the nation among national universities, liberal arts colleges, and service academies[147] In 2018, Kiplinger's listed Vanderbilt as one of the top five private universities in value and one of the top ten overall.[148]

Vanderbilt does well in non-academic rankings as well. In 2017 alone, the university was ranked #1 for happiest students, #2 for quality of life, #5 for most beautiful campus, and #5 for best-run college according to Princeton Review.[149] In 2016, the university was listed by Travel + Leisure as having one of the most beautiful campuses in the country.[150] In 2016, Vanderbilt was ranked the third most intense college in the nation by Business Insider.[151] In 2018, the magazine listed Vanderbilt as the fifth smartest college in America.[152]

In 2018, Niche ranked Vanderbilt the ninth hardest university to get into in America.[153] Additionally, Vanderbilt was the only university in the top 15 on both their Best Greek life and Best Colleges rankings.[154][155]

Campus layout

Vanderbilt's campus is a designated national arboretum.

The Vanderbilt campus is located approximately 1.5 miles (2.4 km) southwest of downtown in the West End neighborhood of midtown Nashville. It has an area of 330 acres (1.3 km2), though this figure includes large tracts of sparsely used land in the southwest part of the main campus, as well as the Medical Center.[156] The historical core of campus encompasses approximately 75 acres (0.3 km2).[157]

The oldest part of the Vanderbilt campus is known for its abundance of trees and green space, which stand in contrast to the surrounding cityscape of urban Nashville.[158] The campus was designated as a national arboretum in 1988 by the Association of Botanical Gardens and Arboreta, and approximately 190 species of trees and shrubs can be found on campus.[158] One tree, the Bicentennial Oak between Rand Hall and Garland Hall, is certified to have lived during the American Revolution and is the oldest living thing on the campus.[158] In December 2015, a hackberry tree fell, leaving 10 students injured with "broken bones and stitches."[159][160]

Main campus

Bicentennial Oak, facing Buttrick Hall, predates the Revolutionary War.

In the northeast corner of the campus (the base of the fan) is the original campus.[161] This section stretches from West End Avenue south to the Stevenson Center and west from 21st Avenue to Alumni Lawn. The majority of the buildings of the arts and humanities departments of the College of Arts and Science, as well as the facilities of the law school, Owen Graduate School of Management, and the divinity school, are located in the original campus. Additionally, the Heard Central Library and Sarratt Student Center/Rand Hall can be found on the original campus.[161]

Flanking the original campus to the south are the Stevenson Center for Science and Mathematics—built on a woodland once known as the Sacred Grove[162]—and the School of Engineering complex (Jacobs Hall-Featheringill Hall). Housing the Science Library, the School of Engineering, and all the science and math departments of the College of Arts and Science, this complex sits between the original campus and the Medical Center.[161] The Vanderbilt University Medical Center itself takes up the southeastern part of the campus.[161] Besides the various associated hospitals and clinics and the facilities of the Schools of Medicine and Nursing, the medical center also houses many major research facilities.

West of the original campus and the Medical Center, Greek Row and the bulk of the Vanderbilt residence halls are found.[161] From north to south, Carmichael Towers, Greek Row, Branscomb Quadrangle, and Highland Quadrangle house the vast majority of on-campus residents in facilities ranging from the double-occupancy, shared-bathroom dorms in Branscomb and Towers to the apartments and lodges in Highland Quadrangle.[161]

The design of the campus and buildings can be described as eclectic, with buildings of various styles and eras. The original 75 acre campus included 11 structures situated along ridge lines with sprawling views of downtown Nashville. The campus gates were located off Vanderbilt Avenue (later to become 21st Avenue). Currently four of the original eleven campus structures still exist. In recent years campus planners have strived to preserve the landscape and buildings of the original core and maintain a compact, walkable campus.[163]

The Wyatt Center on Vanderbilt's Peabody campus

Memorial Gymnasium, Vanderbilt Stadium, Hawkins Field, McGugin Center, and all the other varsity athletic fields and facilities are to be found in the extreme west of campus.[161] The Student Recreation Center and its associated intramural fields are located south of the varsity facilities.[161]

Peabody campus

Directly across 21st Avenue from the Medical Center sits the campus of the Peabody College of Education and Human Development.[161] The design of the Peabody campus was inspired by the classical lines of Thomas Jefferson's design for the University of Virginia and the architecture of the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, Illinois. The National Historic Landmarks program designated the central lawn and surrounding buildings as a historic district in 1965.[164] The Peabody campus is the location of the Martha Rivers Ingram Commons freshman residences.

Student life

Residential college system

Kissam Hall was a men's dormitory from 1901 until it was demolished in 1958. The baths were all in the basement.

In the early 2000s Vanderbilt made a decision to convert its residence halls into an academic residential college system.[72][7] The intent is to form "a cohesive and growing network of residences that spark creativity, build community, support student success, and extend educational opportunities beyond the classroom."[8] The first phase of this conversion was opening in 2008 of The Martha Rivers Ingram Commons, which brought together all first-year students in 10 adjacent houses, each house guided by a faculty head of house, living among the students in a faculty apartment. It is planned that in their sophomore year, students will enter a Residential College that will be their home for the remainder of their undergraduate years. This residential option expands on the experience provided during students' first year on The Commons. The first two upperclass colleges are Warren College and Moore College, which opened in 2014.[8] They were constructed on the site of pre-existing dormitories known as the Kissam Quadrangle[165] E. Bronson Ingram College, on the site of the former Vanderbilt and Barnard Halls, opened in 2018.[8][73] Additional colleges are being constructed at the site of Carmichael Towers so that all upperclass students will reside in college.[8][73] The new College Halls are intended to complement the earlier communities, The McGill Project, Mayfield Lodges, and McTyeire International House.[8]

Two of the new residence halls have received LEED silver certification and the new Commons Dining Center has received gold certification, making Vanderbilt the only university in the state to be recognized by the U.S. Green Building Council.[166][167] The university expects all five of the new residence halls and one renovated residence hall to eventually receive LEED recognition.[168] The total cost of The Commons construction project is expected to be over $150 million.[169]

Generally, undergraduate students are required to live in dorms on campus, with first-year students all living in the ten resident halls of The Martha Rivers Ingram Commons and all upperclassmen living on the main campus.[170] Exceptions are made for students living with relatives in Davidson County, students with health exemptions, married students, and some students with senior standing.[170]

The Commons Center dining hall

Organizations

The university has many student organizations, ranging from academic major societies and honoraries to recreational sports clubs, the oldest of which is the Vanderbilt Sailing Club.[171]

Sailing Club Regatta

One publication, The Vanderbilt Hustler, was established in 1888 and is the oldest continuously published newspaper in Nashville.[172] In Langford v. Vanderbilt University (1956), a student sued the university for libel;[173] the Tennessee court dismissed the lawsuit, concluding the university was not the owner of the newspaper.[174] Additional student publications include those published by the College of Arts & Science, such as the Vanderbilt Political Review and the Vanderbilt Historical Review, as well as the Vanderbilt University Law School, which publishes three law reviews; the flagship journal is the Vanderbilt Law Review. The on-campus radio station, WRVU, represents the student body by playing a range of music from bluegrass to choral, with a focus on non-mainstream music.[175]

Occupy Vanderbilt encampment, March 2012.

Vanderbilt also has a large performing arts community spanning every genre of the arts with multiple organizations representing each category. There are dance groups covering contemporary, tap, hip hop, Latin, and Bhangra styles as well as numerous theatre, improvisation, spoken word, music and singing groups including the 2014 Sing-Off champion male a cappella group, The Melodores.[176] Performing arts organizations comprise over 1,000 students and are represented by the Vanderbilt Performing Arts Community, which supports groups by sponsoring performances and awards.

Vanderbilt's Programming Board, a student-run organization, is known for producing and running the Rites of Spring Music Festival, a tradition spanning over 30 years.[177]

In 2012, students took part in the Occupy movement on campus. They pitched tents outside Kirkland Hall.

In 2016, students took part in the Sanctuary Campus movement, calling on Vanderbilt not to take part in mass deportations or Muslim registries. The administration eventually complied with such demands.

The student body is governed by Vanderbilt Student Government, which includes Senate, Judicial, and Executive Branches. This organization is responsible for the distribution of nearly $2 million in funds set aside by the university to fund student organizations. The VSG passed a bill in 2017 calling on Vanderbilt to divest from private prisons.[178]

Greek life

The university is home to 17 fraternities and 15 sororities as of Spring 2018.[179] As of 2016–2017, 34% of men were members of fraternities and 50% of women were members of sororities, or 42% of the total undergraduate population.[180]

Honor code

Vanderbilt students are required to sign an Honor Code, agreeing to conform to a certain set of behaviors.[181][182] The honor code dates to 1875.[181] The Honor Committee, later renamed the Honor Council, was created in 1900.[181] The Honor Council comprises a student executive board and representatives from each class year; it enforces the Honor Code and informs members of the Vanderbilt community about the Honor System.[183] Violations can lead to discipline or expulsion from the university.[184] In 2009, a student sued the university over his expulsion.[184]

Dean of Students Madison Sarratt explained the honor code:

Today I am going to give you two examinations, one in trigonometry and one in honesty. I hope you will pass them both, but if you must fail one, let it be trigonometry, for there are many good men in this world today who cannot pass an examination in trigonometry, but there are no good men in the world who cannot pass an examination in honesty.[185]

Student controversies

In 1980, several Vanderbilt students, one of whom was African-American, decided to hold Nat Turner Day to protest Kappa Alpha Order's celebration of Old South Day, when KA brothers dressed as Confederate States Army personnel.[186] The university administrators sided with KA, banned Nat Turner Day, and let KA parade in their Confederate costumes.[187] The African-American student was called a homophobic slur and beaten up by the KA chapter.[187]

On September 9, 2007, a gay bashing occurred in the Towers West Quiznos on campus.[188] A student, Robert Gutierrez, and a non-student hurled homophobic abuse at two gay students and beat one of them up.[188] A report was filed with the Vanderbilt University Police Department, and Gutteriez was reportedly suspended, although it could not be confirmed.[189] Gutteriez dismissed it as "just a fight",[189] but the Dean of Students suggested it was "a premeditated, unprovoked attack."[188] The victims were not named to protect their anonymity.[189]

On November 4, 2010, two anonymous former members of the Vanderbilt chapter, an alumnus and a senior student, alleged they were evicted from Beta Upsilon Chi, a Christian fraternity, for being gay.[190][191][192][193]

In the wake of a U.S. Supreme Court decision in 2011, four Christian student organizations were placed on probation due to non-compliance with the university's nondiscrimination policy, which requires student groups to accept all students and forbids them from requiring that their officers share the "beliefs, goals and values" embodied in the group.[194] Controversy continued to surround this issue throughout 2011 and 2012, culminating in a proposed state law exempting student organizations from nondiscrimination policies. Although the bill passed both houses of the Tennessee Legislature, it was vetoed by Governor Bill Haslam.[195]

In March 2015, three swastikas, a symbol of Nazi antisemitism, were found spray-painted in the elevator and basement inside the house of Alpha Epsilon Pi, one of the historically Jewish fraternities on campus.[196][197][198] The campus Hillel chapter called it "a malicious attack intended to bring to mind the horrors of the Holocaust, to force us to feel different, endangered and isolated."[199] The news, characterized as a "hate crime" by university officials, made national and international headlines, including in Israel.[196][197][198]

A 2015 survey reported that 20% of undergraduate students were sexually assaulted in 2014–2015.[200] Meanwhile, as of 2015, The Tennessean reports that the university is "under review by federal education officials, spurred by six current and former female students who filed a complaint about how Vanderbilt has handled cases of sexual misconduct."[200]

In April 2016 and June 2016, two former Vanderbilt football players were found guilty of charges related to the videotaped rape of an unconscious woman in a dorm room.[201] Cory Batey was convicted of aggravated rape, aggravated sexual battery, facilitation of aggravated rape, and attempted aggravated rape,[202] while Brandon Vandenburg was convicted of aggravated rape, aggravated sexual battery, and unlawful photography.[201][203] The two are among four former football players charged with crimes related to the case.[204]

Athletics

Varsity sports
Men's Women's
Baseball Bowling
Basketball Basketball
Cross country Cross country
Football Lacrosse
Golf Golf
Tennis Tennis
Soccer
Track & field
Swimming
Vanderbilt's basketball teams play in Memorial Gymnasium.

Vanderbilt is a charter member of the Southeastern Conference and for a half-century has been the conference's only private school.[205] The university fields six men's and nine women's intercollegiate teams.[206][207] With fewer than 6,900 undergraduates, the school is also the smallest in the conference; the SEC's next-smallest school, the University of Mississippi, has nearly twice as many undergraduate students. Additionally, the school has outside conference memberships in two women's sports that the SEC does not sponsor. The women's lacrosse team plays in the Big East Conference through the 2018 season, after which that team will move to the American Athletic Conference.[208] In bowling, a sport which the NCAA sanctions only for women, Vanderbilt is a member of the single-sport Southland Bowling League.[209] Conversely, Vanderbilt is the only SEC school not to field teams in softball and volleyball, but has discussed adding either or both sports in the future.[210]

Men's and women's tennis and men's and women's basketball are traditionally Vanderbilt's strongest sports. Both basketball teams play in quirky Memorial Gym, built in 1952.[211] The homecourt advantage Vanderbilt has enjoyed has been nicknamed "Memorial Magic".[212] The women's tennis team won the NCAA national championship in 2015.

In February 2016, the university was fined $100,000 by the Southeastern Conference after fans stormed the basketball court following a win.[213]

Athletics restructuring

Hawkins Field in June 2007

The university is unique in NCAA Division I in that for several years the athletics department was not administered separately from other aspects of campus life; Vice Chancellor David Williams, who was over intercollegiate athletics, also was university counsel and in charge of other aspects of undergraduate campus life such as intramural sports.[214] Despite fears that Vanderbilt would lose coaches and recruits or would be forced out of the SEC, the university experienced considerable success after the change; 2006–07 was one of the best in the school's athletic history. At one point, seven of Vanderbilt's 16 teams were concurrently ranked in the Top 25 of their respective sports.[215] Women's bowling won the NCAA championship, bringing the university its first team championship since the advent of the NCAA.[216] The baseball team qualified for the NCAA Super Regionals in 2004, had the nation's top recruiting class in 2005 according to Baseball America,[217] made the NCAA field again in 2006, and won the 2007 SEC regular-season and tournament championships and won the NCAA college world series in 2014 (the university's only men's NCAA national championship). Vanderbilt was ranked first in most polls for a large portion of the 2007 season, and the team secured the top seed in the 2007 NCAA tournament.[218]

Mascot

Vanderbilt's intercollegiate athletics teams are nicknamed the Commodores, in honor of the nickname given to Cornelius Vanderbilt, who made his fortune in shipping.[219] The term commodore was used by the Navy during the mid-to-late 19th century. A commodore was the commanding officer of a task force of ships, and therefore higher in rank than a captain but lower in rank than an admiral. The rank is still used by the British Royal Navy and other Commonwealth countries, but the equivalent modern-day rank in the U.S. Navy is rear admiral lower half. Since the term was used most during the 19th century, Vanderbilt's mascot, "Mr. C", is usually portrayed as a naval officer from the late 19th century, complete with mutton chops, cutlass, and uniform.

In addition to Mr. C, Vanderbilt fans often use the cheer "Anchor down!" accompanied by the "VU" hand sign, created by extending the thumb along with the index and middle fingers (essentially identical to the Serbian three-finger salute).[220]

Notable former faculty and alumni

Public service

Many Vanderbilt alumni have gone on to make significant contributions in politics. Lamar Alexander (B.A. 1962) is a current U.S. Senator, former Governor of Tennessee, former United States Secretary of Education, and former U.S. presidential candidate; he filled the Senate seat left vacant by the retirement of Fred Dalton Thompson (J.D. 1971).[221] There has been at least one Vanderbilt graduate occupying a U.S. Senate seat for Tennessee since 1977. Other alumni who are current members of Congress include John Neely Kennedy (B.A. 1973), a Senator from Louisiana; French Hill (B.S. 1978), a Representative from Arkansas; Luke Messer (J.D. 1994), a Representative from Indiana; Leonard Lance (J.D. 1977), a Representative from New Jersey; and Steve Cohen (B.A. 1971), a Representative from Tennessee. Additionally, Greg Abbott, the 48th and current Governor of Texas, received his law degree from Vanderbilt in 1984. Two U.S. vice presidents, John Nance Garner and Al Gore, attended the university, but did not graduate.[222][223] However, Gore's ex-wife, Tipper, is herself an alumna, receiving a master's degree from Peabody in 1975.[224] In total, Vanderbilt has graduated 12 current and former governors and 21 current and former Congressmen. Other alumni who are or have been involved in politics include former United States Supreme Court Associate Justice and former Attorney General James Clark McReynolds (B.S. 1882), Executive Vice President of the Cato Institute David Boaz (B.A. 1975),[221][225] White House Chief of Staff John R. Steelman (M.A. 1924), Civil Rights Movement activist James Lawson (M.Div. 1960), and U.S. Secretary of Commerce Mickey Kantor (B.A. 1951).[226][227] Allan B. Hubbard (B.A. 1969) is a former Director of the National Economic Council.[228] William Hagerty (B.A. 1981, J.D. 1984) is the current U.S. Ambassador to Japan.[229] Bill Frist, a cardiothoracic surgeon and former U.S. Senate Majority Leader, is a faculty member at Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Hiram Wesley Evans, who served as the Imperial Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan from 1922 to 1939, was also a Vanderbilt graduate.[230] Floyd M. Riddick, a master's alum, served as Parliamentarian of the United States Senate.[231] William Yandell Elliott (B.A. 1918) served as a political advisor to six Presidents of the United States.[232] John J. Tigert (B.A. 1904) was the seventh United States Commissioner of Education.[233] Jack Watson (B.A. 1960) served as Jimmy Carter's campaign finance chairman and then as his Chief of Staff.[234] Six leaders in foreign government are alumni. Abdiweli Mohamed Ali, former Prime Minister of Somalia and current President of Puntland received his master's degree from Vanderbilt; Chung Won-shik, former Prime Minister of South Korea, is a master's and doctorate alum; Yeda Crusius, former governor of the Brazilian state Rio Grande do Sul, received a master's degree in economics from Vanderbilt; Redley A. Killion, former Vice President of Micronesia, and Pedro Pinto Rubianes, former Vice President of Ecuador, are both Vanderbilt master's alums.[235][236] Vanderbilt is also represented in other leadership positions in foreign nations. Abdallah Kigoda, a master's alum, served as the Minister of Industry and Trade of Tanzania; Süreyya Serdengeçti, a master's alum, is a former Governor of the Central Bank of Turkey; and Kwon Hyouk-se is the current governor of the Financial Supervisory Service of South Korea.[237][236][238] Baso Sangqu, a master's alum, is a former President of the United Nations Security Council and currently serves as the permanent representative of South Africa to the United Nations.[239]

Business

Within the business world, Vanderbilt counts seven billionaire alumni, among many others who have gone on to serve in a number of key leadership roles; alumni include Ann S. Moore (B.A. 1971), former Chairman and CEO of Time Inc.; Emily White (B.A. 2000), former COO of Snapchat; Doug Parker (M.B.A. 1986), President and CEO of American Airlines Group; Matthew J. Hart (B.A. 1974), former CEO of Hilton Hotels; Cotter Cunningham (M.B.A. 1991), current CEO of RetailMeNot; Jeffrey J. Rothschild (B.A. 1977, M.S. 1979), founding engineer of Facebook; Alexander C. Taylor (B.S. 1997), President and CEO of Cox Enterprises; and David Farr (M.B.A. 1981), CEO of Emerson Electric.[240][241][242][243] Vanderbilt also has an intimate connection to the contemporary management consulting industry. In particular, the founders of two of the three most prominent management consulting firms graduated with undergraduate degrees from the university. Bruce Henderson, founder of The Boston Consulting Group, graduated with a degree in mechanical engineering in 1937 and taught at the Owen Graduate School of Management,[244] while Bill Bain, founder of Bain and Company, graduated in 1959 with Phi Beta Kappa honors in history. Thomas W. Beasley, the co-founder of the Corrections Corporation of America, graduated from the Vanderbilt Law School; he has been honored as a Distinguished Alumnus.[68][245] Adena Friedman, a graduate of Vanderbilt's business school, is the CEO of NASDAQ. Thomas F. Frist Jr. (B.A. 1960) is a co-founder of Hospital Corporation of America and the wealthiest person in Tennessee.[246][247] Ralph Owen (B.A. 1928) served as Chairman of American Express.[248] John D. Arnold (B.A 1995) is a former hedge fund manager and the youngest self-made billionaire in Texas.[249] Igor Ansoff, Founding Dean of Vanderbilt's business school, is known as the father of strategic management.[250] Ross Perot Jr. (B.A. 1981) is the former owner of the Dallas Mavericks and chairman of Perot Systems. Michael Burry (M.D. 1997) is a former hedge fund manager and one of the first investors to recognize and profit from the subprime mortgage crisis.[251] Leonard Hyde (B.E. 1979) is a real estate developer and the wealthiest person in Alaska.[252]

Academia

Richard Weaver (M.A. 1934), a famed political philosopher, taught English at the University of Chicago.[253] D. M. Smith (B.A. 1908, M.A. 1910) chaired the mathematics department at Georgia Institute of Technology and was a charter member of the American Mathematical Society.[254] Henry Manne (B.A. 1950), a writer and academic, was considered one of the founders of the law and economics movement.[255] Sheldon Hackney (B.A. 1955) is a former President of the University of Pennsylvania and Chairman of the National Endowment for the Humanities.[256] Charles Plosser (B.A. 1950) served as the dean of the Simon Graduate School of Business Administration at the University of Rochester and as the President of the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia.[257] Herman Daly (Ph.D. 1967) worked for the World Bank as a Senior Economist and taught public policy at the University of Maryland, College Park.[258] Roger Groot (B.A. 1962) was a legal consultant and professor of law at Washington and Lee University.[259] Cleanth Brooks (B.A. 1928) was a renowned literary critic and Professor of English at Yale University.[260] Antonio Gotto (B.A. 1957, M.D. 1965) served as the Dean of Weill Medical College of Cornell University.[261] Sheryll Cashin (B.A. 1984) acted as an advisor to the Clinton Administration and currently serves as a law professor at Georgetown University.[262] Elyn Saks (B.A. 1977), a mental health law expert and MacArthur Fellow, teaches law at the University of Southern California.[263]

The sciences

Three alumni, biochemist Stanford Moore (B.A. 1935), economist and microcredit pioneer Muhammad Yunus (Ph.D. 1971), and former Vice President Al Gore have won the Nobel Prize.[264][265] Four current or former members of the faculty also share that distinction: biochemist Stanley Cohen, physiologist Earl Sutherland, and pioneer molecular biologist Max Delbrück;[6] Nobel laureate and neuroscientist Paul Greengard was a visiting scholar. Alain Connes and Vaughan Jones, both Fields Medalists, are Distinguished Professors of Mathematics at the university. Norman Shumway (M.D. 1949) taught at Stanford Medical School and was the first person to perform a successful heart transplant in the United States. Kenneth C. Catania, a current member of Vanderbilt's biological sciences faculty, was awarded a MacArthur Fellowship in 2006 and a Guggenheim Fellowship in 2014; since then, much of his work has been covered in the popular press. Nicholas Hobbs, former provost, served as president of the American Psychological Association. Edward Emerson Barnard (B.A. 1887) found Barnard's Star, Jupiter's fifth moon, nearly a dozen comets, and nebulous emissions in supernovae. J. Ridley Stroop (B.A. 1924, M.S. 1925) discovered the Stroop effect, which has been used in a variety of pop cultural formats and in academic and clinical testing. William R. Lucas (M.S., Ph.D.) served as the fourth Director of the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center.[266] Kimberly Bryant (B.E. 1989) is the founder of Black Girls Code.[267] G. Scott Hubbard (B.S. 1970), former director of NASA's Ames Research Center, is a professor of aeronautics and astronautics at Stanford University.[268]

Literature and journalism

In addition, the university has a rich literary and journalistic legacy. Most notably, the Southern Agrarians were a group of influential American writers and poets in the 1920s and 1930s based at Vanderbilt. Three U.S. Poets Laureate are Vanderbilt alums: Allen Tate (B.A. 1922), Robert Penn Warren (B.A. 1925), and Randall Jarrell (M.A. 1938). Warren later went on to win the Pulitzer Prize for fiction and for poetry. Novelists James Dickey (B.A. 1949) and James Patterson (M.A. 1970) also graduated from Vanderbilt.[269] Louis R. Harlan (M.S. 1948) won the 1984 Pulitzer Prize and the Bancroft Prize in both 1973 and 1984.[270] Ralph McGill (B.A. 1916), a noted anti-segregationist editor, won a Pulitzer Prize in 1959.[271] Two well-known sportswriters, Grantland Rice (B.A. 1901) and Fred Russell (B.A. 1927), have a scholarship named after them at the university,[272] and Buster Olney (B.A. 1988) writes for ESPN.com and The New York Times.[273] Journalist David Brinkley attended briefly.[274] Skip Bayless (B.A. 1974), formerly of ESPN First Take, attended Vanderbilt as a recipient of the Russell-Rice scholarship.[273] Willie Geist (B.A. 1997) is a host of MSNBC's Morning Joe. Vanderbilt alumna Hildy Kuryk is the director of communications at Vogue and former senior New York finance consultant for Barack Obama's 2008 presidential campaign.[275][276][277] Zhubin Parang (B.A. 2003) is the head writer of The Daily Show.[278]

Athletics

Miami Dolphins quarterback Jay Cutler (B.S. 2005) is also a Vanderbilt alum and was drafted in the first round of the 2006 NFL Draft by the Denver Broncos. Other Vanderbilt alumni in the NFL include Philadelphia Eagles wide receiver Jordan Matthews (B.A. 2014), Los Angeles Chargers defensive back Casey Hayward (B.A. 2012), Arizona Cardinals wide receiver Trent Sherfield (B.A. 2018), and Houston Texans linebacker Zach Cunningham.[279][280][281][282] Bill Wade (B.A. 1952), the first overall pick in the 1952 NFL Draft, led the Chicago Bears to a win in the 1963 NFL Championship.[283] Vanderbilt also produced the first overall draft picks of Major League Baseball in 2007 and 2015, with David Price and Dansby Swanson, the second overall draft pick of Major League Baseball in 2008 with Pedro Alvarez and the seventh overall draft pick in 2009 with Mike Minor. Price, Alvarez and Minor were drafted by the then-named Tampa Bay Devil Rays, Pittsburgh Pirates and Atlanta Braves, respectively. Pitcher Josh Zeid made his major league debut with the Houston Astros in 2013. Sonny Gray (B.A. 2012) is a starting pitcher for the New York Yankees. ESPN basketball analyst Carolyn Peck was a standout member of the Commodores' basketball program from 1985–1988, eventually becoming a head coach and leading the Purdue Boilermakers women's basketball team to a national championship in 1999. Festus Ezeli (B.A. 2012) won an NBA championship with the Golden State Warriors. Vanderbilt alumni in the NBA include Golden State Warriors power forward and center Damian Jones (B.A. 2017), Portland Trail Blazers point guard Wade Baldwin IV (B.A. 2018), and New York Knicks power forward and center Luke Kornet (B.A. 2017).[284][285][286] Will Perdue (B.A. 1988) won four NBA championships with the Chicago Bulls in the 1990s. Brandt Snedeker (B.A. 2002) was the PGA Tour Rookie of the Year in 2007. Jeff Turner (B.A. 1984) played for the New Jersey Nets and the 1984 United States men's Olympic basketball team, which won the gold medal.[287] Shannon Vreeland won a gold medal in the 4×200-meter freestyle relay at the 2012 Summer Olympics with the United States.[288]

Music and entertainment

Many of its alumni became involved in the music industry, likely given the university's location in Nashville. Dinah Shore (B.A. 1938), Rosanne Cash (B.A. 1979), Amy Grant (B.A. 1982), and Dierks Bentley (B.A. 1997) are all alumni.[269] Shore later went on to star in a variety of films and radio and television series; other Vanderbilt alumni with Hollywood connections include Academy Award-winners Delbert Mann (B.A. 1941) and Tom Schulman (B.A. 1972) and Joe Bob Briggs (B.A. 1974).[269][273] Amy Ray (B.A. 1986) is a singer-songwriter and a member of the Indigo Girls. Scott Siman (B.A. 1976) is a music executive who oversaw the rise of Tim McGraw and Julianne Hough. R. Stevie Moore (B.A. 1974) pioneered lo-fi and modern indie music and is one of the most recognized artists of the cassette underground.

See also

Notes

A As of December 31, 2011.

  1. Contrary to widely stated belief, however, Wallace was not the first African-American athlete in the SEC:
    • Stephen Martin, who was attending Tulane University on an academic scholarship, walked on to Tulane's baseball team in his sophomore season of 1966 (1965–66 school year), and earned letters in that season as well as the 1967 and 1968 seasons. Martin is often overlooked as an SEC integration pioneer because his first season of 1966 was Tulane's last as an SEC member.[62]
    • At the same time that Wallace and another African-American basketball player, Godfrey Dillard (who transferred from Vanderbilt before playing in a varsity game),[63] enrolled as scholarship athletes at Vanderbilt, the University of Kentucky enrolled two African-American scholarship football players, Nate Northington and Greg Page. Since freshmen were not eligible to play varsity sports at the time, players who enrolled in school in 1966 could not play on varsity teams until 1967. Because the football season precedes the basketball season within the school year, both were set to become the first African-American scholarship athletes in the SEC, but Page suffered a paralyzing spinal cord injury in a 1967 preseason practice and died from the complications on September 29, the night before Northington became the SEC's first black scholarship athlete when he played his first (and ultimately only) game for Kentucky.[64]
  2. See article on the Declaration of Helsinki.

References

  1. NAICU – Member Directory Archived November 9, 2015, at the Wayback Machine.
  2. As of October 6, 2017. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-10-06/vanderbilt-s-11-5-endowment-annual-gain-led-by-global-stocks
  3. "ReVU: Quick Facts About Vanderbilt". Vanderbilt University. November 2013. Retrieved September 12, 2014.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "The Vanderbilt Profile - Undergraduate Admissions - Vanderbilt University". admissions.vanderbilt.edu.
  5. "Primary Identification Colors". Vanderbilt University. Retrieved April 12, 2017.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 Vanderbilt University News Service (January 2008). "RE:VU: Quick Facts about Vanderbilt". Vanderbilt University. Archived from the original on June 25, 2007. Retrieved January 10, 2008.
  7. 1 2 Weber, Bruce. The Residential Collage New York Times, July 29, 2007.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Vanderbilt University, College Halls.
  9. "Teaching the American 20s: Americans Encounter the Modern: Regionalism: Reacting to the Modern". www.hrc.utexas.edu. Retrieved October 20, 2017.
  10. aapone (February 4, 2014). "A Brief Guide to the Fugitives". A Brief Guide to the Fugitives. Retrieved October 20, 2017.
  11. "History of the Library". Jean and Alexander Heard Libraries. Retrieved 2018-08-21.
  12. "Vanderbilt Television News". vanderbilt.edu.
  13. "VICTR - BioVU & Synthetic Derivative". victr.vanderbilt.edu. Retrieved October 20, 2017.
  14. "VU Space-Defense institute growing on Music Row". Venture Nashville. July 6, 2009. Retrieved December 3, 2017.
  15. "The Rhodes Trust". rhodesscholar.org. Retrieved November 28, 2010.
  16. 1 2 "The Vanderbilt Profile | Undergraduate Admissions | Vanderbilt University". admissions.vanderbilt.edu. Retrieved February 9, 2018.
  17. Walker, Teresa M. "SEC's only private school, Vanderbilt, thriving without athletic director | Lubbock Online | Lubbock Avalanche-Journal". lubbockonline.com. Retrieved October 10, 2017.
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Carey, Bill (2003). Chancellors, Commodores & Coeds: A History of Vanderbilt University. Nashville, TN: Clearbrook Press Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9725680-0-5.
  19. 1 2 Fuselier, Kathryn; Yee, Robert (October 17, 2016). "The Legacy of Slavery at Vanderbilt: Our Forgotten Past". Vanderbilt Historical Review. Retrieved September 19, 2017.
  20. Stowell, Daniel W. (1998). Rebuilding Zion: The Religious Reconstruction of the South, 1863–1877. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-514981-4.
  21. Lyle Lankford, Women to the Rescue, Vanderbilt Magazine, Summer 2009
  22. "Tennessee Portrait Project: Amelia Townsend McTyeire". Tnportraits.org. Retrieved April 23, 2014.
  23. "Tennessee Portrait Project: Frank Crawford Vanderbilt". Tnportraits.org. Retrieved April 23, 2014.
  24. Mediratta, Avi; Bub, Sydney (October 5, 2016). "The Legacy of Slavery at Vanderbilt". Vanderbilt Political Review. Retrieved June 16, 2018. Although Cornelius Vanderbilt originally supported the Union, it was Frank Armstrong Crawford Vanderbilt, the Commodore's wife and a Confederate sympathizer, who supposedly convinced him to donate money for the founding of Vanderbilt University. The university named Crawford House, on the Martha Rivers Ingram Commons, in her honor.
  25. 1 2 "The History of Vanderbilt". Vanderbilt University. Archived from the original on May 23, 2007. Retrieved May 24, 2007.
  26. 1 2 "The Inflation Calculator". Archived from the original on July 18, 2011. Retrieved May 18, 2016.
  27. Renehan, Edward J., Jr. (2007). Commodore: The Life of Cornelius Vanderbilt. Basic Books. pp. XV.
  28. Carey, Bill (April 8, 2002). "Old Central built by former governor who slugged Jefferson Davis". Vanderbilt Register. Archived from the original on November 15, 2002. Retrieved November 5, 2015.
  29. Glenn, Justin (2015). The Washingtons: A Family History: Volume 1: Seven Generations of the Presidential Branch. El Dorado Hills, California: Savas Beatie. p. 1895. ISBN 978-1-61121-285-3. OCLC 898163692.
  30. "Vanderbilt Collection — Kirkland Hall: A.L.P. Green 1806–1875". Tennessee Portrait Project. Colonial Dames of America in Tennessee. Retrieved November 9, 2015.
  31. "Dr Alexander Little Green". Find a Grave. Retrieved November 9, 2015.
  32. "SLAVES BURIED BETWEEN 1846–1865". Nashville City Cemetery. Retrieved November 9, 2015.
  33. 1 2 "The Vanderbilt. Laying of the Corner Stone of the Great University Yesterday. Interesting Ceremonies and a Large Attendance. Addressed by Bishops McTyeire and Wrightman, Gov. Brown and Chancellor Morgan". Nashville Union and American. Nashville, Tennessee. April 29, 1874. p. 8. Retrieved November 22, 2015 via Newspapers.com.
  34. 1 2 3 Hoobler, James A. (2008). A Guide to Historic Nashville, Tennessee. Charleston, South Carolina: The History Press. p. 145.
  35. 1 2 "The Story of the Frats at Vanderbilt University". The Tennessean. Nashville, Tennessee. January 12, 1908. p. 16. Retrieved January 5, 2016 via Newspapers.com.
  36. 1 2 Epstein Ojalvo, Holly (February 13, 2017). "Beyond Yale: These other university buildings have ties to slavery and white supremacy". USA Today. Retrieved April 7, 2018. But in 2012, a new college hall was dedicated to Elizabeth Boddie Elliston, whose family owned slaves and who, according to the university website, "donated segments of her plantation for the formation of the Vanderbilt campus."
  37. Goff, Reda C. (Spring 1972). "The Confederate Veteran Magazine". Tennessee Historical Quarterly. 31 (1): 60. JSTOR 42623281.
  38. ""Cornelius Vanderbilt" G. Moretti". Vanderbilt University. Retrieved December 23, 2015.
  39. Gulley, Frank. "Vanderbilt University and Southern Methodism". Archived from the original on August 22, 2010. Retrieved February 20, 2008.
  40. Burt, Jesse C., Jr. (June 1954). "Anna Russell Cole: A Study of a Grande Dame". Tennessee Historical Quarterly. 13 (2): 127–155. JSTOR 42621182.
  41. 1 2 "Cole Lectures". Divinity School. Vanderbilt University. Retrieved September 19, 2017.
  42. "Vanderbilt Collection - Kirkland Hall: Anna Virginia Russell (Mrs. E.W.) Cole 1846 - 1926". Tennessee Portrait Project. National Society of Colonial Dames of America in Tennessee. Retrieved September 30, 2017.
  43. Burt, Jesse C., Jr (January 1954). "Whitefoord Russell Cole: A Study in Character". Filson Club History Quarterly. 28: 28–48.
  44. 1 2 "Whitefoord Russell Cole 1874 - 1934". Tennessee Portrait Project. National Society of Colonial Dames of America in Tennessee. Retrieved October 24, 2017.
  45. Hale Rand, Nettie (1940). Rand-Hale, Strong and Allied Families: A Genealogical Study with the Autobiography of Nettie Hale Rand. New York City: The American Historical Company, Inc. pp. 15–20.
  46. "Buildings Bear Leaders' Names. Garland, Buttrick and Calhoun To Be Honored at Vanderbilt". The Tennessean. March 25, 1928. p. 7 via Newspapers.com. (Registration required (help)).
  47. 1 2 Jaschik, Scott (May 5, 2005). "Confederates Defeat Vanderbilt: Appeals court says university must pay -- if it wants to change controversial name of a dormitory". Inside Higher Ed. Retrieved November 21, 2015.
  48. 1 2 Obituary (AP): Dr. Ernest Goodpasture Dead; Developed Vaccine for Mumps: Pathologist's Chicken Embryo Virus Led to Immunization Against Many Diseases. New York Times (1923-Current file); September 22, 1960; ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The New York Times (1851–2010) pg. 27.
  49. 1 2 McCabe, Katie "Like Something the Lord Made." The Washingtonian, 1999.
  50. "U.S. Naval Administration in World War II". HyperWar Foundation. 2011. Retrieved September 29, 2011.
  51. Pacchioli, David, (March 1996) "Subjected to Science" Archived January 10, 2013, at the Wayback Machine., Research/Penn State, Vol. 17, no. 1
  52. 1 2 3 Miller, Karin (July 28, 1998). "Experiment subjects to get $10.3 million from university". The Santa Cruz Sentinel. Santa Cruz, California. p. 7. Retrieved October 12, 2015 via Newspapers.com.
  53. 1 2 "1940s study gave radioactive pills to 751 pregnant women". The Galveston Daily News. Galveston, Texas. December 21, 1993. p. 3. Retrieved October 12, 2015 via Newspapers.com.
  54. 1 2 Carey, Bill (February 12, 2003). "First African-American student left many legacies". Vanderbilt University. Archived from the original on December 28, 2015. Retrieved May 10, 2015.
  55. 1 2 3 4 Sumner, David E. (Spring 1997). "The Publisher and the Preacher: Racial Conflict at Vanderbilt University". Tennessee Historical Quarterly. 56 (1): 34–43. JSTOR 42627327.
  56. Cass, Michael (July 15, 2004). "Former Vanderbilt dean J. Robert Nelson dies at 84". The Tennessean. p. 3B. Retrieved December 17, 2017 via Newspapers.com. (Registration required (help)).
  57. Fontenay, Charles L. (May 1, 1976). "Stahlman Suffers Stroke; Condition Termed Critical". The Tennessean. pp. 1, 8. Retrieved December 17, 2017 via Newspapers.com. (Registration required (help)).
  58. "Jefferson Cowie, James G. Stahlman Professor of History". Department of History. Vanderbilt University.
  59. Patterson, Jim (January 30, 2006). "The Rev James Lawson to return as visiting professor". The Vanderbilt Register. Retrieved January 10, 2007.
  60. "Perry Wallace". Tennessee Sports Hall of Fame. 2003. Archived from the original on July 24, 2011. Retrieved August 17, 2007.
  61. 1 2 "Wallace was first black player in SEC". Retrieved August 3, 2015.
  62. "Tulane Mourns the Passing of Integration Pioneer Stephen Martin Sr" (Press release). Tulane Green Wave. May 16, 2013. Retrieved January 30, 2018.
  63. Carey, Jack (February 19, 2004). "An SEC trailblazer gets his due". USA Today. Retrieved March 7, 2010.
  64. Story, Mark (September 22, 2016). "UK reveals sculpture honoring first black football players". Lexington Herald-Leader. Retrieved January 30, 2018.
  65. 1 2 Lorge, Barry (February 1, 1978). "USTA: No Choice On Davis Clash With S. Africa". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 10, 2017.
  66. Amdur, Neil (March 20, 1978). "U.S. Davis Cup Team Beats South Africa". The New York Times. Retrieved July 10, 2017.
  67. "History of Vanderbilt University". Retrieved March 23, 2015.
  68. 1 2 Harmon L. Wray, Jr., Cells for Sale Archived February 1, 2016, at the Wayback Machine., Southern Changes: The Journal of the Southern Regional Council, Volume 8, Number 3, 1989
  69. 1 2 Donna Selman and Paul Leighton (2010). Punishment for Sale: Private Prisons, Big Business, and the Incarceration Binge. New York City: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 81–82. Pre-IPO shareholders included Vanderbilt University, where Thomas Beasley received a law degree (and which has done some research favorable to private prisons).
  70. "Distinguished Award Recipients". Vanderbilt Law School. Retrieved June 16, 2018.
  71. 1 2 "How VU tackles tough job of lasooing more diversity". The Tennessean. November 19, 1995. p. 58. Retrieved June 16, 2018 via Newspapers.com. (Registration required (help)).
  72. 1 2 Dobie, Bruce. Campus Revolution: Vanderbilt may be in for a $100 million-to-$200 million overhaul. Nashville Scene April 18, 2002.
  73. 1 2 3 AP News. Vanderbilt to add 4 residential colleges in $600M project. January 24, 2018.
  74. Vanderbilt University (September 19, 2002). "Confederate Memorial Hall renamed Memorial Hall". The Vanderbilt Register. Archived from the original on February 12, 2012. Retrieved May 24, 2007.
  75. Latt, Elizabeth P (October 1, 2003). "Court ruling supports Vanderbilt decision to change name of building". The Vanderbilt Register. Archived from the original on February 12, 2012. Retrieved May 24, 2007.
  76. Vanderbilt University (May 5, 2005). "Appeals court rules on Memorial Hall dispute". The Vanderbilt Register. Archived from the original on February 12, 2012. Retrieved May 24, 2007.
  77. Brophy, Alfred L. (2010). "The Law and Morality of Building Renaming" (PDF). South Texas Law Review. Brophy's article "concludes with a caution that renaming can lead to the forgetting of historical context and an observation that memory is more important than renaming" (p. 37).
  78. Vanderbilt University (July 25, 2005). "Vanderbilt drops suit over Memorial Hall". The Vanderbilt Register. Archived from the original on February 12, 2012. Retrieved May 24, 2007.
  79. Tamburin, Adam (August 15, 2016). "Vanderbilt to remove 'Confederate' from building name". The Tennessean. Retrieved August 15, 2016. Anonymous donors recently gave the university the $1.2 million needed for that purpose; the Vanderbilt Board of Trust authorized the move this summer.
  80. "Need-Based Financial Aid at Vanderbilt". Vanderbilt.edu. Retrieved July 24, 2015.
  81. "Donors give $200 million to support Vanderbilt financial aid program". The Tennessean. May 14, 2015. p. A5. Retrieved June 16, 2018 via Newspapers.com. (Registration required (help)).
  82. 1 2 3 Vanderbilt University Divests from "Land Grab" in Africa, Oakland Institute, February 13, 2013
  83. John Vidal, Claire Provost, US universities in Africa 'land grab', The Guardian, June 8, 2011
  84. "Vanderbilt's Wond'ry spurs school-wide innovation". The Tennessean. Retrieved December 28, 2016.
  85. "Membership and Procedures of the Board of Trust". Vanderbilt University. November 21, 2008. Archived from the original on February 1, 2009. Retrieved January 7, 2009.
  86. "Members". Board of Trust. Retrieved December 2, 2017.
  87. Loos, Ralph (July 11, 2007). "Gee to leave Vanderbilt for Ohio State". The Tennessean. Retrieved July 11, 2007.
  88. Middlebrooks, Elizabeth (March 1, 2008). "No longer 'iChancellor,' Zeppos confirmed to permanent position". The Vanderbilt Hustler. Archived from the original on July 13, 2011. Retrieved March 1, 2008.
  89. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Office of the Chancellor. "History of the Office". Vanderbilt University. Archived from the original on September 8, 2006. Retrieved January 10, 2007.
  90. "Joe B. Wyatt 1982–2000". Vanderbilt University. Archived from the original on April 2, 2012. Retrieved December 13, 2008.
  91. Duncan, Walker (September 26, 2006). "WSJ: Vandy Making Sure Gee isn't Puffing Away Millions". The Nashville Post. Archived from the original on January 14, 2010. Retrieved January 10, 2007.
  92. "Register". Vanderbilt.edu. Archived from the original on October 23, 2013. Retrieved April 23, 2014.
  93. "Longtime Vanderbilt academic Nicholas Zeppos appointed chancellor". Wate.com. Archived from the original on March 9, 2014. Retrieved March 5, 2013.
  94. Fletcher, Holly. VUMC's split ushers in 'bright' era of change, growth. Tennesseean, April 30, 2016.
  95. "Vanderbilt University Medical Center". Vanderbilt University. Retrieved July 2, 2007.
  96. "Major Employers". Retrieved August 3, 2015.
  97. "Middle Tennessee's Largest Private Employer Bolsters Veteran Hiring Initiative with Paychecks for Patriots — TN.gov Newsroom". Archived from the original on July 14, 2015. Retrieved August 3, 2015.
  98. "Best Hospitals Honor Roll 2008". US News & World Report. Retrieved August 3, 2015.
  99. "Vanderbilt University". Vanderbilt University. Retrieved October 20, 2017.
  100. Editor, Sam Zern, Campus (October 16, 2017). "By the numbers: Vanderbilt Class of 2021 "most diverse, accomplished" in history". Vanderbilt Hustler. Retrieved November 30, 2017.
  101. "Class of 2022 – Regular Decision Summary Statistics". Vanderbilt University. Retrieved March 30, 2018.
  102. "Top Tennessee Colleges – 11 of the Top Colleges and Universities in Tennessee". Collegeapps.about.com. December 1, 2012. Retrieved March 5, 2013.
  103. "National Merit Scholarship Corporation Annual Report, 2015-2016" (PDF). National Merit Scholarship Corporation.
  104. The Princeton Review. "Vanderbilt University: General Info". The Princeton Review 2006. Retrieved April 25, 2007.
  105. "The Vanderbilt Profile". Vanderbilt University. Retrieved December 24, 2014.
  106. "Class of 2016 Regular Decisions Mailed Today | The Vandy Admissions Blog | Vanderbilt University". Admissions.vanderbilt.edu. March 23, 2012. Retrieved March 5, 2013.
  107. Salisbury, David F (February 5, 2007). "VU gains ground in competition for federal research dollars". The Vanderbilt Register. Archived from the original on March 28, 2013. Retrieved July 1, 2007.
  108. "Best Medical Schools: Research".
  109. "Vanderbilt University, United Health Foundation and Yale University Launch Group Prenatal Care Pilot in Nashville: Expect With Me".
  110. "Nuclear & Plasma Sciences Society". Retrieved August 3, 2015.
  111. 1 2 "Harold Stirling Vanderbilt". Archived from the original on March 6, 2016. Retrieved August 3, 2015.
  112. Harrison, David (May 23, 2004). "A true scientific breakthrough: the blue rose". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved June 30, 2011.
  113. aapone (February 4, 2014). "A Brief Guide to the Fugitives". A Brief Guide to the Fugitives. Retrieved October 10, 2017.
  114. "Teaching the American 20s: Americans Encounter the Modern: Regionalism: Reacting to the Modern". www.hrc.utexas.edu. Retrieved October 10, 2017.
  115. "$10 Million Settlement In Radiation Suit". The New York Times. May 29, 1998. Retrieved September 20, 2007.
  116. Schneider, Keith (March 2, 1994). "Scientists Share in Pain Of Experiment Debates". The New York Times. Retrieved July 5, 2007.
  117. "Vanderbilt University Radiation Class Action". Lieff Cabraser Heimann and Bernstein, LLP. July 27, 1998. Archived from the original on April 5, 2014. Retrieved April 22, 2014.
  118. "Carnegie Classifications | Institution Lookup". carnegieclassifications.iu.edu. Retrieved October 10, 2017.
  119. "Vanderbilt University". Vanderbilt University. Retrieved October 10, 2017.
  120. "SECU". SEC. Retrieved February 13, 2013.
  121. "SECU: The Academic Initiative of the SEC". SEC Digital Network. Archived from the original on November 5, 2013. Retrieved February 13, 2013.
  122. "SEC Symposium to address role of Southeast in renewable energy". University of Georgia. Retrieved February 13, 2013.
  123. "World University Rankings 2016-2017: 108 Vanderbilt University". Times Higher Education. Retrieved November 30, 2017.
  124. "Academic Ranking of World Universities 2017: 52 Vanderbilt University". Shanghai Ranking. Retrieved November 30, 2017.
  125. "National University Rankings". U.S. News and World Report. Retrieved December 2, 2017.
  126. "Reuters Top 100: The World's Most Innovative Universities - 2017". Reuters. September 27, 2017. Retrieved October 20, 2017.
  127. "Academic Ranking of World Universities 2017: USA". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. Retrieved August 29, 2017.
  128. "America's Top Colleges". Forbes. July 5, 2016.
  129. "U.S. College Rankings 2018". Wall Street Journal/Times Higher Education. Retrieved November 23, 2017.
  130. "Best Colleges 2017: National Universities Rankings". U.S. News & World Report. September 12, 2016.
  131. "2016 Rankings - National Universities". Washington Monthly. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  132. "Academic Ranking of World Universities 2017". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. 2017. Retrieved August 29, 2017.
  133. "QS World University Rankings® 2018". Quacquarelli Symonds Limited. 2017. Retrieved 25 July 2017.
  134. "World University Rankings 2016-17". THE Education Ltd. Retrieved September 21, 2016.
  135. "Best Global Universities Rankings: 2017". U.S. News & World Report LP. Retrieved October 25, 2016.
  136. "Vanderbilt University - U.S. News Best Grad School Rankings". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved September 27, 2017.
  137. "Vanderbilt University - U.S. News Best Global University Rankings". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved September 27, 2017.
  138. "Vanderbilt University".
  139. "Vanderbilt University (Peabody)".
  140. 1 2 "Vanderbilt University". U.S. News & World Report. 2014.
  141. "Full-Time MBA Programs". Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved June 5, 2014.
  142. "Academic Ranking of World Universities: Vanderbilt University". ShanghaiRanking Consultancy. Retrieved August 27, 2016.
  143. "50 Best World Universities 2011". ChaseCareer Network. Archived from the original on May 11, 2011.
  144. Fogg, Piper (January 12, 2007). "A New Standard for Measuring Doctoral Programs". The Chronicle of Higher Education. p. A8. Retrieved January 10, 2007.
  145. Abramson, Seth (November–December 2009). "The Top Fifty MFA Programs in the United States: A Comprehensive Guide". pw.org. Retrieved November 28, 2010.
  146. Levering, Robert; Moskowitz, Milton (February 2, 2009). "100 Best Companies To Work For". Fortune. 159 (2): 78. Retrieved April 22, 2018.
  147. "MONEY's 2017-2018 Best Colleges Ranking". Time.com. Retrieved April 22, 2018.
  148. "Kiplinger's Best College Values". www.kiplinger.com. Retrieved February 22, 2018.
  149. "Vanderbilt University - The Princeton Review College Rankings & Reviews". www.princetonreview.com. Retrieved August 3, 2017.
  150. https://plus.google.com/+travelandleisure/posts. "America's Most Beautiful College Campuses". Travel + Leisure. Retrieved February 22, 2018.
  151. "WORK HARD, PLAY HARD: The 30 most intense colleges in America". Business Insider. Retrieved October 10, 2017.
  152. "Here are the 50 smartest colleges in America". Business Insider. Retrieved 2018-08-24.
  153. "2018 Hardest Colleges to Get Into". Niche. Retrieved March 18, 2018.
  154. "2018 Best Colleges in America". Niche. Retrieved March 18, 2018.
  155. "2018 Colleges with the Best Greek Life". Niche. Retrieved March 18, 2018.
  156. "Land Use". Retrieved August 3, 2015.
  157. "History". vanderbilt.edu. Retrieved March 22, 2015.
  158. 1 2 3 "Facts about the Arboretum". Vanderbilt University. Retrieved March 12, 2014.
  159. Sherman, Najahe (December 22, 2015). "Broken bones and stitches: Parents injured by tree falling at Vanderbilt". WKRN-TV. Retrieved December 24, 2015.
  160. "10 Hurt When Tree Falls During Vanderbilt Tour". Inside Higher Ed. December 22, 2015. Retrieved December 24, 2015.
  161. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 12, 2014. Retrieved August 22, 2014.
  162. Lagemann, Robert T.; Holladay, Wendell G. (2000). To Quarks and Quasars: A History of Physics and Astronomy at Vanderbilt University. p. 32. They agreed that the preferred location would be the popularly named "Sacred Grove," a wooded, open area east of the Engineering School and north of the Medical School, more or less where the Stevenson Center now stands.
  163. Campus Land Use / Master Planning History at Vanderbilt. Downloaded February 9, 2018.
  164. NY Architects Design Vanderbilt University’s Historic Peabody College for Teachers. Education Update Online, downloaded February 9, 2018.
  165. "About the College Halls". Archived from the original on July 22, 2015. Retrieved August 3, 2015.
  166. "Vanderbilt first university in Tennessee recognized for "green" building" (Press release). Vanderbilt University. August 17, 2007. Archived from the original on February 9, 2012. Retrieved September 2, 2007.
  167. "Vanderbilt University goes for the gold and wins for 'green' building efforts" (Press release). Vanderbilt University. June 18, 2008. Archived from the original on September 6, 2008. Retrieved June 18, 2008.
  168. Sisk, Chas (September 3, 2007). "Seven Vanderbilt buildings to get 'green' certification". The Tennessean. Retrieved September 3, 2007.
  169. Lewis, Princine (June 13, 2005). "Living and learning at Vanderbilt to undergo major transformation". The Vanderbilt Register. Archived from the original on March 28, 2013. Retrieved July 1, 2007.
  170. 1 2 "Residential Requirement". vanderbilt.edu. Retrieved March 22, 2015.
  171. "Vanderbilt Sailing Club - Historical Background". Vanderbilt Sailing Club. Archived from the original on August 8, 2016. Retrieved July 8, 2016.
  172. "Vanderbilt Hustler". Retrieved August 3, 2015.
  173. Langford v. Vanderbilt University, Justia
  174. Russell, Kirk (January 15, 1969). "Who is responsible for student press?". The Argus (Fremont, California). p. 4. Retrieved July 16, 2015 via Newspapers.com.
  175. Taylor, Kelly; Sam Patton (April 4, 2007). "Letter: Greer column fails to mention diversity of campus radio station". The Vanderbilt Hustler. Archived from the original on November 28, 2011. Retrieved April 26, 2007.
  176. Kara Furlong. "Melodores are 'Sing-Off' champs". Vanderbilt University. Retrieved August 3, 2015.
  177. "History". Rites of Spring. 2011-02-01. Retrieved 2018-06-08.
  178. Associated Press (March 9, 2017). "Students urge Vanderbilt against private prison investment". The Washington Times. Retrieved June 16, 2018.
  179. "Interfraternity Council". Vanderbilt University. Retrieved October 2, 2017.
  180. "2016–2017 Group Membership Statistics" (PDF). Retrieved April 22, 2018.
  181. 1 2 3 Jessica Howard (December 23, 2002). "127-year old honor code promotes academic integrity in an Enron world". Daily Register. Vanderbilt University. Archived from the original on May 20, 2016. Retrieved July 18, 2017.
  182. Perry L. Glanzer & Todd C. Ream, Christianity and Moral Identity in Higher Education (Palgrave Macmillan, 2009), p. 164.
  183. "Undergraduate Honor Council". Archived from the original on July 25, 2015. Retrieved August 3, 2015.
  184. 1 2 Walker Duncan, Former VU student sues university: Claims to have been improperly expelled over honor code violation Archived February 2, 2015, at the Wayback Machine., Nashville Post, February 3, 2009
  185. Sarratt, Madison. "Honor Quotes". Vanderbilt University Undergraduate Honor Council. Archived from the original on October 1, 2011. Retrieved June 30, 2011.
  186. Shoulders, Carolyn (April 2, 1980). "Black To Lead Protest of Fraternity Dixie Ball". The Tennessean. Retrieved June 16, 2018.
  187. 1 2 Suddath, Claire (August 26, 2004). "Where the Freaks Are". Nashville Scene. Retrieved June 2, 2018.
  188. 1 2 3 Towle, Andy (September 17, 2007). "Gay Students Assaulted in Anti-Gay Hate Crime at Vanderbilt". Towleroad. Retrieved June 5, 2018.
  189. 1 2 3 Jones, Jerry (September 20, 2007). "Vanderbilt student involved in alleged anti-gay assault says punishment 'too harsh'". Out & About. Retrieved June 5, 2018.
  190. Liz Furlow, 'Former Beta Upsilon Chi members allege unfair treatment based on sexual orientation', in Vanderbilt Hustler, November 4, 2010
  191. 'Vanderbilt Christian fraternity removes gays', in Out & About Newspaper, November 9, 2010
  192. 'Vanderbilt Christian Frat Ousted Gays', in The Advocate, November 9, 2010
  193. Wright, Melissa (November 10, 2010). "US fraternity comes under fire for expelling gay members". Pink Paper. Archived from the original on March 19, 2012.
  194. "Professor Says Vanderbilt Suppressing Christian Student Groups Amid Shutdown Threats". Fox News. September 26, 2011.
  195. "Tennessee Senate Bill 3597 History". Retrieved July 25, 2012.
  196. 1 2 Adam Tamburin, Swastikas painted in Jewish fraternity at Vanderbilt, The Tennessean, March 17, 2015
  197. 1 2 Reuters, Three swastikas were spray-painted in a Jewish fraternity at Vanderbilt University, Business Insider, March 27, 2015
  198. 1 2 Reuters, Vanderbilt University investigating Swastikas painted in Jewish fraternity, The Jerusalem Post, March 17, 2015
  199. Swastikas painted on Jewish frat house at Vanderbilt, Jewish Telegraphic Agency, February 8, 2017
  200. 1 2 Tamburin, Adam (January 26, 2016). "Vanderbilt survey: Hundreds encounter sexual assault". The Tennessean. Retrieved January 30, 2016.
  201. 1 2 Barchenger, Stacey (June 19, 2016). "Brandon Vandenburg guilty on all counts in Vanderbilt rape retrial". The Tennessean. Retrieved June 20, 2016.
  202. Barchenger, Stacey (April 9, 2016). "Cory Batey found guilty of aggravated rape in retrial". The Tennessean. Retrieved June 20, 2016.
  203. "Brandon Vandenburg found guilty on all charges in Vanderbilt rape case". WREG-TV. June 18, 2016. Retrieved June 20, 2016.
  204. "Former Vanderbilt football player again convicted of rape". Los Angeles Times. June 18, 2016. Retrieved June 20, 2016.
  205. Walker, Teresa M. "SEC's only private school, Vanderbilt, thriving without athletic director - Lubbock Online - Lubbock Avalanche-Journal". lubbockonline.com.
  206. "Sports". Vanderbilt University Athletics. Archived from the original on March 16, 2009. Retrieved May 20, 2009.
  207. "College Navigator – Varsity Athletic Teams". National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Retrieved May 20, 2009.
  208. "American Athletic Conference to Sponsor Women's Lacrosse Beginning in 2019" (Press release). American Athletic Conference. October 11, 2017. Retrieved October 16, 2017.
  209. "New Southland Bowling League Established" (Press release). Southland Conference. January 20, 2015. Retrieved April 2, 2015.
  210. Patton, Maurice (May 14, 2007). "Success may add teams at Vandy". The Tennessean. Archived from the original on July 15, 2012. Retrieved May 24, 2007.
  211. "Vanderbilt Official Athletic Site — Facilities". Vucommodores.com.
  212. "The Magic of Memorial is Historical". Vucommodores.com. Retrieved March 5, 2013.
  213. Curtis, Cory (February 29, 2016). "Vanderbilt University fined $100,000". WKRN-TV. Retrieved March 9, 2016.
  214. Bechtel, Mark (June 6, 2007). "A Process of Elimination: Vanderbilt has found greater sports success since losing its athletics department". Sports Illustrated.
  215. "Seven Vanderbilt teams ranked in Top 25" (Press release). Vanderbilt University. February 23, 2007. Archived from the original on March 27, 2008. Retrieved May 24, 2007.
  216. Vanderbilt Athletic Department. "Vanderbilt Bowlers Make History". Vanderbilt University. Retrieved April 14, 2007.
  217. Kimmey, Will (October 11, 2005). "Vandy Recruits Stay For Top Recruiting Class". Baseball America. Retrieved January 10, 2007.
  218. "Vanderbilt Awarded No. 1 National Seed" (Press release). Vanderbilt University. May 28, 2007. Retrieved May 29, 2007.
  219. "Commodore Vanderbilt's Life" (PDF). New York Times. January 5, 1877.
  220. "VU Football Traditions 101". Retrieved August 3, 2015.
  221. 1 2 Office of Undergraduate Admissions. "Notable Alumni: Politics/Government". Vanderbilt University. Retrieved May 24, 2007.
  222. Patenaude, Lionel V. (March 8, 2002). "Garner, John Nance". The Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved April 5, 2007.
  223. Gore, Al. "Al's Bio". Archived from the original on May 17, 2007. Retrieved May 24, 2007.
  224. The Executive Office of the President. "White House Biography". U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved May 24, 2007.
  225. Presidential Scholars Foundation. "Presidential Scholars 1971". The Commission on Presidential Scholars. Archived from the original on February 9, 2012. Retrieved April 5, 2007.
  226. Bradsher;, Keith (December 12, 1993). "Mickey Kantor". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 5, 2017.
  227. Emery, Theo (October 4, 2006). "Activist Ousted From Vanderbilt Is Back, as a Teacher". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 5, 2017.
  228. "Allan Hubbard is a Lumina Foundation Board Member". www.luminafoundation.org. Retrieved November 30, 2017.
  229. "Bill Hagerty '84 appointed as U.S. Ambassador to Japan". Vanderbilt University. Retrieved January 13, 2018.
  230. "Imperial Wizard of K.K.K. Will Speak Tonight At 8:30: Former Texan Dentist Now Heads National Invisible Empire: Is C. P. U. Guest". The Daily Tar Heel (Chapel Hill, North Carolina). November 17, 1937. p. 17. Retrieved July 15, 2015 via Newspapers.com.
  231. "Floyd M. Riddick". Wikipedia. October 30, 2017.
  232. Smith, J. Y. (1979-01-12). "William Y. Elliott Dies". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2018-08-04.
  233. Arndorfer, Bob. "John J. Tigert IV, educator". Gainesville Sun. Retrieved 2018-08-21.
  234. "Jack Hearn Watson Jr. (1938–) - Encyclopedia of Arkansas". www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net. Retrieved 2018-08-21.
  235. "Vanderbilt Graduates | Undergraduate Admissions | Vanderbilt University". admissions.vanderbilt.edu. Retrieved April 28, 2017.
  236. 1 2 "Vanderbilt University Daily Register". news.vanderbilt.edu. Retrieved October 21, 2017.
  237. "Live Off The Land". The Business Year. Retrieved October 21, 2017.
  238. "Kwon Hyouk-se". Wikipedia. October 10, 2017.
  239. "NEW PERMANENT REPRESENTATIVE OF SOUTH AFRICA PRESENTS CREDENTIALS | Meetings Coverage and Press Releases". www.un.org. Retrieved 2018-08-21.
  240. "Vanderbilt Graduates | Undergraduate Admissions | Vanderbilt University". Admissions.vanderbilt.edu. Retrieved March 5, 2013.
  241. "Evans, Rothschild to assume leadership posts with Board of Trust in July". Vanderbilt University. Retrieved December 5, 2017.
  242. "Alex Taylor | Cox Enterprises". www.coxenterprises.com. Retrieved 2018-08-23.
  243. "David N. Farr | Emerson US". www.emerson.com. Retrieved 2018-09-24.
  244. "Vanderbilt Business » Fall 2011 Special Section » Taking Shape". Vanderbilt.edu. November 16, 2011. Archived from the original on January 17, 2013. Retrieved March 5, 2013.
  245. "Distinguished Award Recipients". Retrieved August 3, 2015.
  246. "Chattanooga businessman makes Forbes richest Americans list". timesfreepress.com. September 29, 2015. Retrieved November 5, 2017.
  247. Communications, Vanderbilt News and. "Vanderbilt names Frist Distinguished Alumni". Vanderbilt University. Retrieved November 5, 2017.
  248. "Vanderbilt University Daily Register". news.vanderbilt.edu.
  249. "The billionaire trader who's retiring at 38: Hedge fund trader and former Enron whizkid reveals he's giving it all up (but he has got $3.5bn in the bank)".
  250. "Igor Ansoff".
  251. "These Doctors Mean Business | Vanderbilt Medicine Magazine". www.mc.vanderbilt.edu. Retrieved February 10, 2018.
  252. "Leonard Hyde & family". Forbes. Retrieved 2018-08-21.
  253. http://mangowebdesign.com, Website design and web development by Mango Web Design. "Richard M. Weaver, Jr. (1910-1962) - North Carolina History Project". North Carolina History Project. Retrieved 2018-08-21.
  254. "D.M. Smith · Georgia Tech History Digital Portal". history.library.gatech.edu. Retrieved 2018-08-21.
  255. "Henry G. Manne Program in Law & Economics Studies – Law & Economics Center". masonlec.org. Retrieved 2018-08-21.
  256. "Passages: F. Sheldon Hackney, BA'55". Vanderbilt University. Retrieved 2018-08-21.
  257. "Charles I. Plosser | Federal Reserve History". www.federalreservehistory.org. Retrieved 2018-08-21.
  258. "The Social Contract - Herman Daly's Ecological Economics - An Introductory Note". www.thesocialcontract.com. Retrieved 2018-08-21.
  259. "Roger Groot". law2.wlu.edu. Retrieved 2018-08-21.
  260. "Cleanth Brooks | Tennessee Encyclopedia". Tennessee Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2018-08-21.
  261. "Dean Antonio Gotto of Weill Cornell Medical College Honored With Vanderbilt University's 'Distinguished Alumnus' Award". WCM Newsroom. Retrieved 2018-08-21.
  262. "Sheryll Cashin – PRRAC — Connecting Research to Advocacy". prrac.org. Retrieved 2018-08-21.
  263. "Vanderbilt alumna Elyn Saks recipient of MacArthur Fellow 'genius grant'". Vanderbilt University. Retrieved 2018-08-21.
  264. Office of Undergraduate Admissions. "Notable Alumni: Science/Medicine". Vanderbilt University. Retrieved May 24, 2007.
  265. Office of Undergraduate Admissions. "Notable Alumni: Philanthropy/Social Activism". Vanderbilt University. Retrieved May 24, 2007.
  266. "William Lucas, the director of the embattled NASA rocket..." UPI. Retrieved April 8, 2018.
  267. "Kimberly Bryant, BE'89, Is Changing the Face of High-Tech with Black Girls Code". Vanderbilt University. Retrieved 2018-10-10.
  268. "Six alumni join Vanderbilt Student Media Hall of Fame in 2018". Vanderbilt University. Retrieved 2018-10-10.
  269. 1 2 3 Office of Undergraduate Admissions. "Notable Alumni: Arts & Entertainment". Vanderbilt University. Retrieved May 24, 2007.
  270. "Louis R. Harlan (1922-2010) | AHA". www.historians.org. Retrieved April 8, 2018.
  271. "Vanderbilt Student Media Hall of Fame's 2010 class named". Vanderbilt University. Retrieved 2018-08-04.
  272. Office of Undergraduate Admissions. "Merit-based Aid". Vanderbilt University. Archived from the original on March 9, 2009. Retrieved May 24, 2007.
  273. 1 2 3 Office of Undergraduate Admissions. "Notable Alumni: Media". Vanderbilt University. Retrieved May 24, 2007.
  274. Severo, Richard (June 12, 2003). "David Brinkley, Elder Statesman of TV News, Dies at 82". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 23, 2009. Retrieved April 5, 2007.
  275. Hilary Moss (April 24, 2013). "Vogue's New Director of Communications Used to Work for Obama, the DNC". New York Magazine. Retrieved January 27, 2014.
  276. "Hildy Kuryk, Jarrod Bernstein". The New York Times. June 24, 2007. Retrieved January 27, 2014.
  277. Misty Sidell (June 25, 2013). "Anna Wintour Hires From Within Democratic National Committee". The Daily Beast. Retrieved January 28, 2014.
  278. "Zhubin Parang". ucbcomedy.com. Retrieved October 17, 2017.
  279. "Miami Dolphins: Two places in U.S. where everybody's a Jay Cutler fan | Dave's Digital Domain". Retrieved April 7, 2018.
  280. "Report: New England Patriots sign former Vanderbilt wide receiver Jordan Matthews". SEC Country. April 5, 2018. Retrieved April 7, 2018.
  281. "Chargers, Hayward agree to 3-year, $36M deal". ESPN.com. Retrieved April 7, 2018.
  282. "Vanderbilt's Ladler gets another NFL opportunity | Nashville Post". Nashville Post. Retrieved April 7, 2018.
  283. Biggs, Brad. "Bill Wade, QB of Bears' 1963 NFL championship team, dies at 85". chicagotribune.com. Retrieved 2018-10-11.
  284. "Official NBA bio of Damian Jones | NBA.com". NBA.com. Retrieved April 4, 2018.
  285. "Portland Trail Blazers Roster". Portland Trail Blazers. Retrieved April 8, 2018.
  286. "New York Knicks Roster". New York Knicks. Retrieved April 8, 2018.
  287. "USA Basketball: 1984 U.S. Men's Olympic Basketball Team Trials Roster". archive.usab.com. Archived from the original on June 13, 2017. Retrieved November 5, 2017.
  288. "How college swimming prepared a gold medalist for law school". Vox Creative. Retrieved 2018-05-20.
  • Official website Edit this at Wikidata
  • Vanderbilt Athletics website
  •  "Vanderbilt University". Encyclopedia Americana. 1920.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.