1867

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1867 (MDCCCLXVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar, the 1867th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 867th year of the 2nd millennium, the 67th year of the 19th century, and the 8th year of the 1860s decade. As of the start of 1867, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

Events

January–March

January 1: Roebling's is the longest suspension bridge.

February 17: Suez Canal in use.

March 30: Alaska bought by check.

• January 1 – The Covington–Cincinnati Suspension Bridge opens between Cincinnati, Ohio and Covington, Kentucky in the United States, becoming the longest single-span bridge in the world. It will be renamed after its designer, John A. Roebling, in 1983.
• January 8 – African-American men are granted the right to vote, in the District of Columbia.
• January 11 – Benito Juárez becomes Mexican president again.
• January 30 – Emperor Kōmei of Japan dies suddenly, age 36, leaving his 14-year-old son to succeed as Emperor Meiji.
• January 31 – Maronite nationalist leader Youssef Bey Karam leaves Lebanon aboard a French ship, for Algeria.
• February 3 – Shōgun Tokugawa Yoshinobu abdicates, and the late Emperor Kōmei's son, Prince Mutsuhito becomes Emperor Meiji of Japan in a brief ceremony in Kyoto, ending the Late Tokugawa shogunate.
• February 7 – West Virginia University is established in Morgantown, West Virginia.
• February 13 – The Covering of the Senne in Brussels begins.^[1]
• February 14 – Augusta Institute is founded in Augusta, Georgia, now known as Morehouse College.^[2].
• February 15 – Johann Strauss II's waltz The Blue Danube (An der schönen blauen Donau) is first performed, at a concert of the Vienna Men's Choral Association. Strauss adapts it into its popular purely orchestral version, for the International Exposition in Paris, later this year.
• February 17 – The first ship passes through the Suez Canal.
• February 19 – Battle of Inlon River: The Qing Dynasty defeats the Nien rebels in Hubei, China.
• February 22 – The Indiana Daily Student is established at Indiana University, in Bloomington.
• February 28 – After almost 20 years (1848), the United States Congress forbids taxpayer funding of diplomatic envoys to the Holy See (Vatican), and breaks off relations. Funding resumes, along with relations, in 1984.
• March – The University of Illinois at Urbana/Champaign is established (opened one year later).
• March 1 – Nebraska is admitted as the 37th U.S. state.
• March 5 – The Fenian Rising breaks out in Ireland.^[3]
• March 16 – An article by Joseph Lister, outlining the discovery of antiseptic surgery, is first published in The Lancet.
• March 23 – William III of the Netherlands accepts an offer of 5,000,000 guilders from Napoleon III, for the sale of Luxembourg, leading to the Luxembourg Crisis.
• March 29 – The British North America Act receives royal assent, forming the Dominion of Canada, in an event known as the Confederation. This unites the Province of Canada (Quebec and Ontario), New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia on July 1. Ottawa becomes the capital, and John A. Macdonald becomes the Dominion's first prime minister.
• March 30 – Alaska is purchased for $7.2 million from Alexander II of Russia, about 2 cent/acre ($4.19/km²), by United States Secretary of State William H. Seward. The news media call this Seward's Folly.

October–December

Europe in 1867, after the forming of the North German Confederation, the Italian unification (with the exception of the Roman part of the Papal States) and the Austro-Hungarian Compromise.

• October 21 – Manifest destiny – Medicine Lodge Treaty: Near Medicine Lodge Creek, Kansas, a landmark treaty is signed by southern Great Plains Indian leaders. The treaty requires Native American Plains tribes to relocate to a reservation in western Oklahoma.
• October 27 – Giuseppe Garibaldi's troops march into Rome.
• November 9 – The last shōgun of Japan, Tokugawa Yoshinobu, tenders his resignation to Emperor Meiji.
• November 21 – American temperance crusader Carrie Nation marries Dr. Charles Gloyd.
• November 23 – The so-called Manchester Martyrs are hanged in Manchester, England for the murder of a policeman, whilst attempting to rescue two members of the Irish Republican Brotherhood from jail.
• December 2 – In a New York City theater, English author Charles Dickens gives his first public reading in the United States.
• December 18 – Angola Horror (Buffalo, New York-area train wreck): The fiery death of 49 people leads John D. Rockefeller to develop and sell his Mineral Seal 300 °F Fire-Tested Burning Oil, and George Westinghouse to invent the railway air brake, which is mandated in the United States in 1893.^[9]

Births

January–March

Carl Laemmle

• January 1 – Lew Fields, American vaudeville performer (d. 1941)
• January 5 – Dimitrios Gounaris, 94th Prime Minister of Greece (d. 1922)
• January 6 – Takejirō Tokonami, Japanese politician, Home Minister, Railway Minister, and Minister of Communication (d. 1935)
• January 8
  • Emily Greene Balch, American writer, pacifist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1961)
  • Thomas Coward, English ornithologist (d. 1933)
• January 17 – Carl Laemmle, German-born film executive (d. 1939)
• January 18 – Rubén Darío, Nicaraguan poet (d. 1916)
• January 20 – Yvette Guilbert, French singer, actress (d. 1944)
• January 21
  • James Marcus, American actor (d. 1937)
  • Ludwig Thoma, German writer (d. 1921)
  • Maxime Weygand, French general (d. 1965)
• January 25 – Adelaide Cabete, Portuguese women's rights activist (d. 1935)
• January 29 – Carl L. Boeckmann, Norwegian-American artist (d. 1923)
• February 3 – Charles Henry Turner, African-American entomologist (d. 1923)
• February 4 – Alexander Godley, British general (d. 1957)
• February 7 – Laura Elizabeth Wilder, née Ingalls, American children's author (d. 1957)
• February 8 – William Michael Crose, United States Navy Commander and the seventh Naval Governor of American Samoa (d. 1929)
• February 10 – Charles W. Bryan, American politician (d. 1945)
• February 21 – Otto Hermann Kahn, German-born American millionaire, philanthropist (d. 1934)
• February 27
  • Irving Fisher, American economist (d. 1947)
  • Nina Boucicault, English actress (first ever to play Peter Pan), daughter of Dion Boucicault (d. 1950)
  • Wilhelm Peterson-Berger, Swedish composer (d. 1942)
• March 4 – Charles Pelot Summerall, American general (d. 1955)
• March 6 – Samuel Cody, American aviation pioneer (d. 1913)
• March 19 – Sakichi Toyoda, Japanese inventor, industrialist (d. 1930)
• March 21 – Florenz Ziegfeld, Jr., American theatrical producer (d. 1932)
• March 25 – Arturo Toscanini, Italian conductor (d. 1957)
• March 26 – Arnold Theiler, founder of the Onderstepoort Veterinary Research Institute in South Africa (d. 1936)
• March 29 – Cy Young, American baseball player (d. 1955)

April–June

Chris Watson

Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim

Queen Mary

Frank Lloyd Wright

• April 2 – Eugen Sandow, German-born body builder, circus performer (d. 1925)
• April 7 – Holger Pedersen, Danish linguist (d. 1953)
• April 9 – Chris Watson, 3rd Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1941)
• April 10 – George William Russell, Irish nationalist, poet and artist (d. 1935)
• April 11 – Mark Keppel, Superintendent of Los Angeles County Schools (d. 1928)
• April 13 – Sammy Woods, English cricketer (d. 1931)
• April 16
  • René Boylesve, French author (d. 1926)
  • Wilbur Wright, American aviation pioneer, co-inventor of the airplane with brother Orville (d. 1912)
• April 23 – Johannes Fibiger, Danish scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1928)
• May 3 – J. T. Hearne, English cricketer (d. 1944)
• May 7 – Władysław Reymont, Polish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1925)
• May 14 – Kurt Eisner, German politician, publicist (d. 1919)
• May 26 – Queen Mary, wife of George V of Great Britain (d. 1953)
• June 2 – William Goodenough, British admiral (d. 1945)
• June 4 – Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim, President of Finland (d. 1951)
• June 6 – David T. Abercrombie, American businessman, co-founder of Abercrombie & Fitch (d. 1931)
• June 8 – Frank Lloyd Wright, American architect (d. 1959)
• June 9 – Clarence Geldart, Canadian-American actor (d. 1935)
• June 14 – Joseph John Englehart, American Northwest Frontier painter (d. 1915)
• June 17 – Flora Finch, British-American silent film comedian (d. 1940)
• June 24 – J. Gordon Edwards, American film director (d. 1925)
• June 28 – Luigi Pirandello, Italian writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1936)
• June 30
  • Edward L. Beach, Sr., American naval officer, author (d. 1943)
  • Napoléon Turcot, Canadian politician (d. 1939)

October–December

Marie Curie

• October 2 – James Stevenson-Hamilton, 1st warden of South Africa's Kruger National Park (d. 1957)
• October 12 – Lyn Harding, Welsh actor (d. 1952)
• October 14 – Masaoka Shiki, Japanese haiku poet (d. 1902)
• October 16 – Mario Ruspoli, 2nd Prince of Poggio Suasa (d. 1963)
• October 25
  • Hiranuma Kiichirō, 35th Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1952)
  • Józef Dowbor-Muśnicki, Polish general (d. 1937)
• October 31 – David Graham Phillips, American journalist, novelist (d. 1911)
• November 7
  • Marie Curie, Polish-born scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry and physics (d. 1934)
  • George Paish, English economist (d. 1957)
• November 8 – Sadakichi Hartmann, German/Japanese critic, poet (d. 1944)
• November 9 – Shrimad Rajchandra, prominent Indian Jain philosopher, scholar, poet & spiritual mentor of Mahatma Gandhi (d. 1901)
• November 17 – Henri Gouraud, French general (d. 1946)
• December 1 – Ignacy Mościcki, former President of Poland (d. 1946)
• December 2 – Alec B. Francis, English actor (d. 1934)
• December 5 – Józef Piłsudski, Polish statesman, field marshal (d. 1935)
• December 13 – Kristian Birkeland, Norwegian physicist (d. 1917)
• December 14 – Ingibjörg H. Bjarnason, Icelandic politician (d. 1941)
• December 16 – Amy Carmichael, Irish Protestant missionary (d. 1951)
• December 23 – Madam C. J. Walker, first African-American millionaire (d. 1919)
• December 23 – Clotilde Apponyi, Hungarian women's rights activist, diplomat (d. 1942)
• December 26 – Yordan Milanov, Bulgarian architect (d. 1932)

Date unknown

Elena Meissner

• Laura Anning Bell, English artist (d. 1950)
• Lilian Bell, American novelist and travel writer (d. 1929)
• Habib Pacha Es-Saad, 3rd Prime Minister and 2nd President of Lebanon (d. 1942)
• Florence Fuller, South African-born Australian artist (d. 1946)
• Zhang Haipeng, Chinese general (d. 1949)
• probable – Scott Joplin, American musician and composer (d. 1917)^[12]
• Elena Meissner, Romanian women's rights activist (d. 1940)

Deaths

January–June

Emperor Kōmei

Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico

• January 14 – Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, French painter (b. 1780)
• January 30 – Emperor Kōmei, 121st Emperor of Japan (b. 1831)
• March 8 – Artemus Ward, American humorist (b. 1834) (tuberculosis)
• March 25 – Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge, German chemist (b. 1795)
• April 1 – Louis du Couret, French explorer, writer and military officer (b. 1812)
• April 12 – David Canabarro, Brazilian general, Gaúcho revolutionary (b. 1796)
• April 27 – Benjamin Hall, 1st Baron Llanover, after whom Big Ben may be named (b. 1802)
• May 12 – Friedrich Wilhelm Eduard Gerhard, German archaeologist (b. 1795)
• May 23 – William Crawshay II, Welsh industrialist (b. 1788)
• May 29 – Margaretta Morris, American entomologist (b. 1797)
• June 19 – Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico (executed) (b. 1832)

July–December

King Otto of Greece

Michael Faraday

Metropolitan Abuna Salama III

Filaret, Metropolitan of Moscow

• July – Thomas Baker, Methodist missionary to Fiji (b. 1832)
• July 26 – King Otto of Greece (b. 1815)
• July 31
  • Benoît Fourneyron, French engineer, inventor of the turbine (b. 1802)
  • Catharine Maria Sedgwick, American "domestic fiction" novelist (b. 1789)
• August 6 – David R. Porter, American politician (b. 1788)
• August 8 – Maria Theresa of Austria, second Queen consort of Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies (b. 1816)
• August 25 – Michael Faraday, English chemist, physicist (b. 1791)
• August 31 – Charles Baudelaire, French writer (b. 1821)
• September 10 – Simon Sechter, Austrian music teacher (b. 1788)
• September 26 – James Ferguson, Scotland-born American astronomer (b. 1797)
• October 9 – Ignacy Feliks Dobrzyński, Polish composer (b. 1807)
• October 11 – Gunatitanand Swami, Indian paramahamsa of the Hindu Swaminarayan Sampraday sect (b. 1785)
• October 23 – Franz Bopp, German linguist (b. 1791)
• October 25 – Abuna Salama III, metropolitan of the Ethiopian Church
• October 31 – William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse, Irish astronomer (b. 1800)
• November 19 – Fitz-Greene Halleck, American poet (b. 1790)
• November 19 – Ren Zhu, Chinese leader of the Nian Rebellion (b. 1830?)
• December 1 – Filaret, Metropolitan of Moscow, Russian Orthodox leader (b. 1782)
• December 10 – Sakamoto Ryōma, Japanese samurai, politician and businessman (b. 1836)
• December 26 – József Kossics, Hungarian-Slovenian Catholic priest, writer and ethnologist (b. 1788)
• December 30 – Sarah Booth, English actress (b. 1793)

References