100 metres

Athletics
100 metres
Start of the men's 100 metres final at the 2012 Olympic Games.
Men's records
World Jamaica Usain Bolt 9.58 (2009)
Olympic Jamaica Usain Bolt 9.63 (2012)
Women's records
World United States Florence Griffith-Joyner 10.49[lower-alpha 1] (1988)
Olympic United States Florence Griffith-Joyner 10.62 (1988)

The 100 metres, or 100 metre dash, is a sprint race in track and field competitions. The shortest common outdoor running distance, it is one of the most popular and prestigious events in the sport of athletics. It has been contested at the Summer Olympics since 1896 for men and since 1928 for women.

The reigning 100 m Olympic champion is often named "the fastest man in the world". The World Championships 100 metres has been contested since 1983. Americans Justin Gatlin and Tori Bowie are the reigning world champions; Usain Bolt and Elaine Thompson are the Olympic champions in the men's and women's 100 metres, respectively.

On an outdoor 400 metres running track, the 100 m is run on the home straight, with the start usually being set on an extension to make it a straight-line race. Runners begin in the starting blocks and the race begins when an official fires the starter's pistol. Sprinters typically reach top speed after somewhere between 50 and 60 m. Their speed then slows towards the finish line.

The 10-second barrier has historically been a barometer of fast men's performances, while the best female sprinters take eleven seconds or less to complete the race. The current men's world record is 9.58 seconds, set by Jamaica's Usain Bolt in 2009, while the women's world record of 10.49 seconds set by American Florence Griffith-Joyner in 1988 remains unbroken.[note 1]

The 100 m (109.361 yards) emerged from the metrication of the 100 yards (91.44 m), a now defunct distance originally contested in English-speaking countries. The event is largely held outdoors as few indoor facilities have a 100 m straight.

US athletes have won the men's Olympic 100 metres title more times than any other country, 16 out of the 28 times that it has been run. US women have also dominated the event winning 9 out of 21 times.

Race dynamics

Start

Male sprinters await the starter's instructions

At the start, some athletes play psychological games such as trying to be last to the starting blocks.[3][4][5]

At high level meets, the time between the gun and first kick against the starting block is measured electronically, via sensors built in the gun and the blocks. A reaction time less than 0.1 s is considered a false start. The 0.2-second interval accounts for the sum of the time it takes for the sound of the starter's pistol to reach the runners' ears, and the time they take to react to it.

For many years a sprinter was disqualified if responsible for two false starts individually. However, this rule allowed some major races to be restarted so many times that the sprinters started to lose focus. The next iteration of the rule, introduced in February 2003, meant that one false start was allowed among the field, but anyone responsible for a subsequent false start was disqualified.

This rule led to some sprinters deliberately false-starting to gain a psychological advantage: an individual with a slower reaction time might false-start, forcing the faster starters to wait and be sure of hearing the gun for the subsequent start, thereby losing some of their advantage. To avoid such abuse and to improve spectator enjoyment, the IAAF implemented a further change in the 2010 season – a false starting athlete now receives immediate disqualification.[6] This proposal was met with objections when first raised in 2005, on the grounds that it would not leave any room for innocent mistakes. Justin Gatlin commented, "Just a flinch or a leg cramp could cost you a year's worth of work."[7] The rule had a dramatic impact at the 2011 World Championships, when current world record holder Usain Bolt was disqualified.[8][9]

Mid-race

Runners normally reach their top speed just past the halfway point of the race and they progressively decelerate in the later stages of the race. Maintaining that top speed for as long as possible is a primary focus of training for the 100 m.[10] Pacing and running tactics do not play a significant role in the 100 m, as success in the event depends more on pure athletic qualities and technique.

Finish

The winner, by IAAF Competition Rules, is determined by the first athlete with his or her torso (not including limbs, head, or neck) over the nearer edge of the finish line.[11] There is therefore no requirement for the entire body to cross the finish line. When the placing of the athletes is not obvious, a photo finish is used to distinguish which runner was first to cross the line.

Climatic conditions

Climatic conditions, in particular air resistance, can affect performances in the 100 m. A strong head wind is very detrimental to performance, while a tail wind can improve performances significantly. For this reason, a maximum tail wind of 2.0 m/s is allowed for a 100 m performance to be considered eligible for records, or "wind legal".

Furthermore, sprint athletes perform a better run at high altitudes because of the thinner air, which provides less air resistance. In theory, the thinner air would also make breathing slightly more difficult (due to the partial pressure of oxygen being lower), but this difference is negligible for sprint distances where all the oxygen needed for the short dash is already in the muscles and bloodstream when the race starts. While there are no limitations on altitude, performances made at altitudes greater than 1000 m above sea level are marked with an "A".[12]

10-second barrier

Ethnicity

Only male sprinters have beaten the 100 m 10-second barrier, nearly all of them being of West African descent. Namibian (formerly South-West Africa) Frankie Fredericks became the first man of non-West African heritage to achieve the feat in 1991 and in 2003 Australia's Patrick Johnson (an Indigenous Australian with Irish heritage) became the first sub-10-second runner without an African background.[13][14][15][16]

In 2010, French sprinter Christophe Lemaitre became the first Caucasian to break the 10-second barrier, in 2017, Azerbaijani-born naturalized Turkish Ramil Guliyev followed.[17] In the Prefontaine Classic 2015 Diamond League meet at Eugene, Su Bingtian of China ran a time of 9.99 seconds, becoming the first East Asian athlete to officially break the 10-second barrier. On 22 June 2018, Su improved his time in Madrid with a time of 9.91.[18] On 9 September 2017, Yoshihide Kiryū became the first man from Japan to break the 10-second barrier in the 100 meters, running a 9.98 (+1.8) at an intercollegiate meet in Fukui. In the 2015 Birmingham Grand Prix Diamond League meet, British athlete Adam Gemili, who is of mixed Iranian and Moroccan descent, ran a time of 9.97 seconds on home soil, becoming the first athlete with either North African or Middle Eastern heritage to break the ten-second barrier.

Colin Jackson, an athlete with mixed ethnic background and former world record holder in the 110 metre hurdles,[19] noted that both his parents were talented athletes and suggested that biological inheritance was the greatest influence, rather than any perceived racial factor. Furthermore, successful black role models in track events may reinforce the racial disparity.[20]

Record performances

Major 100 m races, such as at the Olympic Games, attract much attention, particularly when the world record is thought to be within reach.

The men's world record has been improved upon twelve times since electronic timing became mandatory in 1977.[21] The current men's world record of 9.58 s is held by Usain Bolt of Jamaica, set at the 2009 World Athletics Championships final in Berlin, Germany on 16 August 2009, breaking his own previous world record by 0.11 s.[22] The current women's world record of 10.49 s was set by Florence Griffith-Joyner of the US, at the 1988 United States Olympic Trials in Indianapolis, Indiana, on 16 July 1988[23] breaking Evelyn Ashford's four-year-old world record by .27 seconds. The extraordinary nature of this result and those of several other sprinters in this race raised the possibility of a technical malfunction with the wind gauge which read at 0.0 m/s- a reading which was at complete odds to the windy conditions on the day with high wind speeds being recorded in all other sprints before and after this race as well as the parallel long jump runway at the time of the Griffith-Joyner performance. All scientific studies commissioned by the IAAF and independent organizations since have confirmed there was certainly an illegal tailwind of between 5 m/s - 7 m/s at the time. This should have annulled the legality of this result, although the IAAF has chosen not to take this course of action. The legitimate next best wind legal performance would therefore be Griffith-Joyner's 10.61s performance in the final the next day.[24]

Some records have been marred by prohibited drug use – in particular, the scandal at the 1988 Summer Olympics when the winner, Canadian Ben Johnson was stripped of his medal and world record.

Jim Hines, Ronnie Ray Smith and Charles Greene were the first to break the 10-second barrier in the 100 m, all on 20 June 1968, the Night of Speed. Hines also recorded the first legal electronically timed sub-10 second 100 m in winning the 100 metres at the 1968 Olympics. Bob Hayes ran a wind-assisted 9.91 seconds at the 1964 Olympics.

Continental records

Updated 5 January 2018.[25]

Area Men Women
Time (s) Wind Athlete Nation Time (s) Wind Athlete Nation
Africa (records)9.85+1.7Olusoji Fasuba Nigeria10.78+1.6Murielle Ahoure Ivory Coast
Asia (records)9.91+1.8Femi Ogunode Qatar10.790.0Li Xuemei People's Republic of China
9.91 +0.6 Femi Ogunode  Qatar
9.91 +0.2 Su Bingtian  People's Republic of China
9.91 +0.8 Su Bingtian  People's Republic of China
Europe (records)9.86+0.6Francis Obikwelu Portugal10.73+2.0Christine Arron France
9.86+1.3Jimmy Vicaut France
9.86+1.8Jimmy Vicaut France
North, Central America
and Caribbean (records)		9.58 WR+0.9Usain Bolt Jamaica10.49 WR0.0Florence Griffith-Joyner United States
Oceania (records)9.93+1.8Patrick Johnson Australia11.11+1.9Melissa Breen Australia
South America (records)10.00[A]+1.6Robson da Silva Brazil10.91-0.2Rosângela Santos Brazil

Notes

All-time top 25 men

Usain Bolt breaking the world and Olympic records at the 2008 Beijing Olympics
  • Correct as of August 2018.[27]
Rank Time Wind (m/s) Athlete Country Date Place Ref
1 9.58+0.9Usain Bolt Jamaica16 August 2009Berlin
2 9.69+2.0Tyson Gay United States20 September 2009Shanghai
−0.1Yohan Blake Jamaica23 August 2012Lausanne
4 9.72+0.2Asafa Powell Jamaica2 September 2008Lausanne
5 9.74+0.9Justin Gatlin United States15 May 2015Doha
6 9.78+0.9Nesta Carter Jamaica29 August 2010Rieti
7 9.79+0.1Maurice Greene United States16 June 1999Athens
−0.3 Christian Coleman  United States 31 August 2018 Brussels [28]
9 9.80+1.3Steve Mullings Jamaica4 June 2011Eugene
10 9.82+1.7Richard Thompson Trinidad and Tobago21 June 2014Port of Spain
11 9.84+0.7Donovan Bailey Canada27 July 1996Atlanta
+0.2Bruny Surin Canada22 August 1999Seville
+1.3 Trayvon Bromell  United States 25 June 2015 Eugene
+1.6 3 July 2016 [29]
14 9.85+1.2Leroy Burrell United States6 July 1994Lausanne
+1.7Olusoji Fasuba Nigeria12 May 2006Doha
+1.3Mike Rodgers United States4 June 2011Eugene
17 9.86+1.2Carl Lewis United States25 August 1991Tokyo
−0.7Frankie Fredericks Namibia3 July 1996Lausanne
+1.8Ato Boldon Trinidad and Tobago19 April 1998Walnut
+0.6Francis Obikwelu Portugal22 August 2004Athens
+1.4Keston Bledman Trinidad and Tobago23 June 2012Port of Spain
+1.3Jimmy Vicaut France4 July 2015Saint-Denis
23 9.87+0.3Linford Christie United Kingdom15 August 1993Stuttgart
−0.2Obadele Thompson [A] Barbados11 September 1998Johannesburg
−0.1 Ronnie Baker  United States 22 August 2018 Chorzów [30]

More facts about these male runners

  • Usain Bolt also holds the record for the fastest 100 metres with a running start at 8.70 (41 km/h). This was achieved during a 150 metres race in Manchester 2009, completed in 14.35 (also a World Record). He also ran times of 9.63 (2012), 9.69, 9.72 (2008), 9.76 (2008, 2011, 2012), 9.77 (2008, 2013), 9.79 (2009, 2012, 2015), 9.80 (2013), 9.81 (2009, 2016), 9.82 (2010, 2012), 9.83 (2008), 9.84 (2010), 9.85 (2008, 2011, 2013), 9.86 (2009, 2010, 2012, 2016) and 9.87 (2012, 2015). 2016)
  • Justin Gatlin ran 9.77 in Doha on 12 May 2006, which was at the time ratified as a world record. However, the record was rescinded in 2007 after he failed a doping test in April 2006. He also ran times of 9.74 (2015), 9.75 (2015), 9.77 (2014), 9.78 (2015), 9.79 (2012), 9.80 (2014, 2015, 2016), 9.82 (2014), 9.83 (2014, 2015), 9.85 (2004, 2013) and 9.86 (2014).
  • Tim Montgomery's time of 9.78 at Paris on 14 September 2002 was rescinded following his indictment in the BALCO scandal on drug use and drug trafficking charges. The time had stood as the world record until Asafa Powell first ran 9.77.
  • Ben Johnson ran 9.79 at Seoul on 24 September 1988, but he was disqualified after he tested positive for stanozolol after the race. He subsequently admitted to drug use between 1981 and 1988, and his time of 9.83 at Rome on 30 August 1987 was rescinded.
  • Ato Boldon ran four 9.86 races (two in 1998, two in 1999).
  • Dwain Chambers time of 9.87 (+2.0) on 14 September 2002 in Paris was later annulled due to a doping offence.
  • Steve Mullings is serving a lifetime ban for doping.
  • Christian Coleman also ran 9.82 (2017).
  • Jimmy Vicaut also ran 9.86 (2016).

Assisted marks

Any performance with a following wind of more than 2.0 metres per second is not counted for record purposes. Below is a list of the fastest wind-assisted times (9.80 or better). Only times that are superior to legal bests are shown.

  • Justin Gatlin ran 9.45 (+20 m/s) in 2011 on the Japanese TV show Kasupe! assisted by wind machines blowing at speeds over 25 meters per second.[31]
  • Tyson Gay (USA) ran 9.68 (+4.1 m/s) on 29 June 2008 during the U.S. Olympic Trials at Hayward Field in Eugene, Oregon[32]
  • Andre De Grasse (CAN) ran 9.69 (+4.8 m/s) on 18 June 2017 during Diamond League in Stockholm[33] and 9.75 (+2.7 m/s) on 12 June 2015 at the NCAA Championships in Eugene, Oregon.
  • Obadele Thompson (BAR) ran 9.69 (+5.7 m/s) in El Paso, Texas in April 1996, which stood as the fastest ever 100 metres time for 12 years.
  • Richard Thompson (TTO) ran a wind-assisted 9.74 (exact wind unknown) in Clermont on 31 May 2014.
  • Darvis Patton (USA) ran 9.75 (+4.3 m/s) in Austin, Texas on 30 March 2013.
  • Churandy Martina (AHO) ran 9.76 at altitude (+6.1 m/s) in El Paso on 13 May 2006.
  • Trayvon Bromell (USA) ran 9.76 (+3.7 m/s) in Eugene, Oregon on 26 June 2015.
  • Ronnie Baker (USA) ran 9.78 (+2.4 m/s) in Eugene, Oregon on 26 May 2018.
  • Carl Lewis (USA) ran 9.78 (+5.2 m/s) at the 1988 U.S. Olympic Trials in Indianapolis.
  • Andre Cason (USA) twice ran 9.79 (+4.5 m/s) and (+5.3 m/s) in Eugene, Oregon on 16 June 1993.

All-time top 25 women

Christine Arron (left) wins the 100 m at the Weltklasse meeting.
  • Correct as of June 2017.[34]
Rank Time Wind (m/s) Athlete Nation Date Location Ref
1 10.490.0[lower-alpha 1]Florence Griffith-Joyner United States16 July 1988Indianapolis
2 10.64+1.2Carmelita Jeter United States20 September 2009Shanghai
3 10.65 [A]+1.1Marion Jones United States12 September 1998Johannesburg
4 10.70+0.6Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce Jamaica29 June 2012Kingston
+0.3 Elaine Thompson  Jamaica 1 July 2016 Kingston [35]
6 10.73+2.0Christine Arron France19 August 1998Budapest
7 10.74+1.3Merlene Ottey Jamaica7 September 1996Milan
+1.0 English Gardner  United States 3 July 2016 Eugene [29]
9 10.75+0.4Kerron Stewart Jamaica10 July 2009Rome
10 10.76+1.7Evelyn Ashford United States22 August 1984Zürich
+1.1Veronica Campbell-Brown Jamaica31 May 2011Ostrava
12 10.77+0.9Irina Privalova Russia6 July 1994Lausanne
+0.7Ivet Lalova Bulgaria19 June 2004Plovdiv
14 10.78 [A]+1.0Dawn Sowell United States3 June 1989Provo
10.78+1.8Torri Edwards United States26 June 2008Eugene
+1.6Murielle Ahoure Ivory Coast11 June 2016Montverde[36]
+1.0 Tianna Bartoletta  United States 3 July 2016 Eugene [29]
+1.0 Tori Bowie  United States 3 July 2016 Eugene [29]
19 10.790.0Li Xuemei People's Republic of China18 October 1997Shanghai
−0.1Inger Miller United States22 August 1999Seville
+1.1Blessing Okagbare Nigeria27 July 2013London
22 10.81+1.7Marlies Göhr East Germany8 June 1983Berlin
−0.3 Dafne Schippers  Netherlands 24 August 2015 Beijing [37]
24 10.82 −1.0 Gail Devers United States1 August 1992Barcelona
+1.57 July 1993Lausanne
-0.316 August 1993Stuttgart
+0.4Gwen Torrence United States3 September 1994Paris
−0.3Zhanna Block Ukraine6 August 2001Edmonton
−0.7Sherone Simpson Jamaica24 June 2006Kingston
+0.9 Michelle-Lee Ahye  Trinidad and Tobago 24 June 2017 Port of Spain [38]

More facts about these female runners

  • Florence Griffith-Joyner's world record has been the subject of a controversy due to strong suspicion of a defective anemometer measuring a tailwind lower than actually present;[39] since 1997 the International Athletics Annual of the Association of Track and Field Statisticians has listed this performance as "probably strongly wind assisted, but recognised as a world record".[40] It can be reasonable to assume a wind reading of about +4.7 m/s for Griffith-Joyner's quarter-final. Her legal 10.61 the following day and 10.62 at the 1988 Olympics would still make her the world record holder.[41]

Below is a list of all other legal times equal or superior to 10.77:

  • As well as the 10.61 (1988) and 10.62 (1988) mentioned in the more facts section, Florence Griffith-Joyner also ran 10.70 (1988).
  • Carmelita Jeter also ran 10.67 (2009), 10.70 (2011).
  • Marion Jones also ran 10.70 (1999), 10.71 (1998), 10.71 (1998), 10.71 (1998), 10.72 (1998), 10.72 (1998), 10.75 (1998), 10.76 (1997, 1999), 10.77 (1998).
  • Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce also ran 10.71 (2013), 10.72 (2013), 10.73 (2009), 10.74 (2015), 10.75 (2012), 10.76 (2015), 10.77 (2013).
  • Elaine Thompson also ran 10.71 (2016, 2017), 10.72 (2016).
  • Kerron Stewart also ran 10.75 (August 2009).

Assisted marks

Any performance with a following wind of more than 2.0 metres per second is not counted for record purposes. Below is a list of the fastest wind-assisted times (10.82 or better). Only times that are superior to legal bests are shown.

  • Tori Bowie of the USA ran a wind-assisted 10.72 (+3.2) in Eugene, Oregon on 26 June 2015 and 10.74 (+3.1) on July 3 2016.
  • Tawanna Meadows of the USA ran a wind-assisted 10.72 (+4.5) in Lubbock, Texas on 6 May 2017.
  • Blessing Okagbare of Nigeria ran a wind-assisted 10.72 (+2.7) in Austin, Texas on 31 March 2018 and 10.75 (+2.2) in Eugene, Oregon on 1 June 2013.
  • Marshevet Hooker of the USA ran a wind-assisted 10.76 (+3.4) in Eugene, Oregon on 27 June 2008.
  • Gail Devers of the USA ran a wind-assisted 10.77 (+2.3) in San Jose, California on 28 May 1994.
  • Ekateríni Thánou of Greece ran a wind-assisted 10.77 (+2.3) in Rethimnó, Greece on 29 May 1999.
  • Gwen Torrence of the USA ran a wind-assisted 10.78 (+5.0) in Indianapolis, Indiana on 16 July 1988.
  • Muna Lee of the USA ran a wind-assisted 10.78 (+3.3) in Eugene, Oregon on 26 June 2009.
  • Marlies Göhr of East Germany ran a wind-assisted 10.79 (+3.3) in Cottbus, East Germany on 16 July 1980.
  • Kelli White of the USA ran a wind assisted 10.79 (+2.3) in Carson, California on June 1, 2001. This performance was later annulled due to doping offence.
  • Pam Marshall of the USA ran a wind-assisted 10.80 (+2.9) in Eugene, Oregon on 20 June 1986.
  • Jenna Prandini of the USA ran a wind-assisted 10.81 (+3.6) in Eugene, Oregon on 2 July 2016.
  • Silke Gladisch of East Germany ran a wind-assisted 10.82 (+2.2) in Rome, Italy on 30 August 1987.

Season's bests

Top 12 Junior (under-20) men

Updated 24 June 2017[42]

Rank Time Wind (m/s) Athlete Nation Date Location Age Ref
1 9.97+1.8Trayvon Bromell United States13 June 2014Eugene 18 years, 338 days
2 10.00+1.6Trentavis Friday United States5 July 2014Eugene
3 10.01+0.0Darrel Brown Trinidad and Tobago24 August 2003Saint-Denis
+1.6Jeff Demps United States28 June 2008Eugene
+0.9 [43]Yoshihide Kiryu Japan29 April 2013Hiroshima
6 10.03 +0.7 Marcus Rowland  United States 31 July 2009 Port of Spain
+0.7 Filippo Tortu  Italy 23 May 2018 Savona 19 years, 342 days [44]
8 10.04+1.7D'Angelo Cherry United States10 June 2009Fayetteville
+0.2Christophe Lemaitre France24 July 2009Novi Sad
+1.9Abdullah Abkar Mohammed Saudi Arabia15 April 2016Norwalk [45]
11 10.05 +0.1 Adam Gemili  Great Britain 11 July 2012 Barcelona
+0.5 Abdul Hakim Sani Brown  Japan 24 June 2017 Osaka 18 years, 110 days [46]
-0.6 4 August 2017 London 18 years, 151 days [47]

Notes

  • British sprinter Mark Lewis-Francis recorded a time of 9.97 seconds on 5 August 2001 (aged 18 years, 334 days) but the wind gauge malfunctioned, invalidating the run.
  • Nigerian sprinter Davidson Ezinwa ran 10.05 (4 January 1990), but without wind gauge.
  • Trayvon Bromell recorded a time of 9.77 s with a strong tailwind of +4.2 m/s on May 2014 during the Big 12 Outdoor Track Championships[48]

.

Top 12 Junior (under-20) women

Updated 25 April 2018

Rank Time Wind (m/s) Athlete Nation Date Location Age Ref
1 10.88+2.0Marlies Göhr East Germany1 July 1977Dresden
2 10.89+1.8Katrin Krabbe East Germany20 July 1988Berlin
3 10.98+2.0Candace Hill United States20 June 2015Shoreline [49]
4 10.99 +0.9 Ángela Tenorio  Ecuador 22 July 2015 Toronto [50]
+1.7 Twanisha Terry  United States 21 April 2018 Torrance 19 years, 148 days [51]
6 11.02+1.8Tamara Clark United States12 May 2018Knoxville
7 11.03+1.7Silke Gladisch-Möller East Germany8 June 1983Berlin
+0.6English Gardner United States14 May 2011Tucson
9 11.04+1.4Angela Williams United States5 June 1999Boise
10 11.06 +0.9 Khalifa St. Fort  Trinidad and Tobago 24 June 2017 Port of Spain 19 years, 131 days [52]
11 11.07+0.7Bianca Knight United States27 June 2008Eugene
12 11.08+2.0Brenda Morehead United States21 June 1976Eugene

Top 15 Youth (under-18) boys

Updated 27 March 2018

Rank Fastest time (s) Wind (m/s) Athlete Country Date Location Ref
1 10.15 +2.0 Anthony Schwartz  United States 31 March 2017 Gainesville [53]
2 10.18+1.1Khairul Hafiz Jantan Malaysia27 July 2016Kuching [54]
3 10.19+0.5Yoshihide Kiryu Japan3 November 2012Fukuroi
4 10.20 +1.5Tlotliso Leotlela South Africa7 September 2015Apia[55]
+2.0 Sachin Dennis  Jamaica 23 March 2018 Kingston [56]
6 10.23+0.8Tamunosiki Atorudibo Nigeria23 March 2002Enugu
+1.2Rynell Parson United States21 June 2007Indianapolis
7 10.24+0.0Darrel Brown Trinidad and Tobago14 April 2001Bridgetown
9 10.25+1.5J-Mee Samuels United States11 July 2004Knoxville
+1.6Jeff Demps United States1 August 2007Knoxville
+0.9Jhevaughn Matherson Jamaica5 March 2016Kingston[57]
12 10.26+1.2Deworski Odom United States21 July 1994Lisboa
−0.1Sunday Emmanuel Nigeria18 March 1995Bauchi
14 10.27+0.2Henry Thomas United States19 May 1984Norwalk
+1.6Curtis Johnson United States30 June 1990Fresno
+1.0Ivory Williams United States8 June 2002Sacramento
−0.2Jazeel Murphy Jamaica23 April 2011Montego Bay
+1.9Raheem Chambers Jamaica20 April 2014Fort-de-France

Top 14 Youth (under-18) girls

Updated 4 April 2018

RankFastest time (s)Wind (m/s)AthleteNationDateLocationRef
1 10.98+2.0Candace Hill United States20 June 2015Shoreline[49]
2 11.10+0.9Kaylin Whitney United States5 July 2014Eugene[58]
3 11.13+2.0Chandra Cheeseborough United States21 June 1976Eugene
+1.7Brianna Williams Jamaica17 March 2018Jacksonville
5 11.14+1.7Marion Jones United States6 June 1992Norwalk
−0.5Angela Williams United States21 June 1997Edwardsville
7 11.16+1.2Gabrielle Mayo United States22 June 2006Indianapolis
+0.9Kevona Davis Jamaica23 March 2018Kingston
9 11.17 A+0.6Wendy Vereen United States3 July 1983Colorado Springs
10 11.190.0Khalifa St. Fort Trinidad and Tobago16 July 2015Cali
11 11.20 A+1.2Raelene Boyle Australia15 October 1968Mexico City
12 11.24-1.0Ewa Swoboda Poland4 June 2015Sankt Pölten
13 11.24+1.2Jeneba Tarmoh United States22 June 2006Indianapolis
+0.8Jodie Williams Great Britain31 May 2010Bedford

Paralympic men

Jason Smyth (in lane five) breaking the men's T13 world record at the 2012 Paralympic Games in London.

Updated to 19 September 2018[59]

Class Record Wind (m/s) Athlete Nationality Date Place Ref
T11 10.92 +1.8 David Brown  United States 18 April 2014 Walnut
T12 10.66 −0.4 Elchin Muradov  Azerbaijan 19 June 2010 Imola
T13 10.46 +0.6 Jason Smyth  Ireland 1 September 2012 London
T32 23.25 0.0 Martin McDonagh  Ireland 13 August 1999 Nottingham
T33 16.46 +1.0 Ahmad Almutairi  Kuwait 3 June 2017 Nottwil
= 16.46 +1.3 Ahmad Almutairi  Kuwait 3 June 2017 Doha
T34 14.80 +0.7 Rheed McCracken  Australia 26 May 2018 Nottwil
T35 12.22 +0.7 Ihor Tsvietov  Ukraine 9 September 2016 Rio de Janeiro [60]
T36 11.90 -0.5 Evgenii Shvetcov  Russia 22 July 2013 Lyon
T37 11.42 +0.2 Charl du Toit  South Africa 10 September 2016 Rio de Janeiro [61]
T38 10.74 –0.3 Hu Jianwen  China 13 September 2016 Rio de Janeiro [62]
T42 vacant
T43 vacant
T44 vacant
T45 10.94 +0.2 Yohansson Nascimento  Brazil 6 September 2012 London
T46/47 10.50 +0.5 Petrucio Ferreira dos Santos  Brazil 15 June 2018 Paris
T51 19.89 +1.3 Peter Genyn  Belgium 31 May 2018 Nottwill
T52 16.46 +1.4 Raymond Martin  United States 4 June 2018 Arbon
T53 14.10 +0.7 Brent Lakatos  Canada 27 May 2017 Arbon
T54 13.63 +1.0 Leo-Pekka Tähti  Finland 1 September 2012 London
T61 vacant
T62 vacant
T63 vacant
T64 10.61 +1.4 Richard Browne  United States 29 October 2015 Doha

Paralympic women

Updated to April 2017[63]

Classification Record Wind (m/s) Athlete Nationality Date Place Ref
T11 11.91 +0.7 Libby Clegg  Great Britain 9 September 2016 Rio de Janeiro [64]
T12 11.40 +0.2 Omara Durand  Cuba 9 September 2016 Rio de Janeiro [65]
T13 11.79 +0.5 Leilia Adzhametova  Ukraine 11 September 2016 Rio de Janeiro [66]
T32 37.67 0.0 Lindsay Wright  United Kingdom 25 July 1997 Nottingham
T33 21.59 −0.4 Kristen Messer  United States 31 August 2012 London
T34 17.31 +1.0 Hannah Cockroft  United Kingdom 17 May 2014 Nottwil
T35 13.63 +2.0 Isis Holt  Australia 29 October 2015 Doha [67]
T36 13.82 +0.3 Wang Fang  People's Republic of China 16 September 2008 Beijing
T37 13.13 +1.6 Georgina Hermitage  Great Britain 9 September 2016 Rio de Janeiro [68]
T38 12.60 +1.6 Sophie Hahn  Great Britain 22 October 2015 Doha [69]
T42 14.61 -0.2 Martina Caironi  Italy 30 October 2015 Doha [70]
T43 12.80 +1.0 Marlou van Rhijn  Netherlands 29 October 2015 Doha [71]
T44 12.93 –0.4 Sophie Kamlish  Great Britain 17 September 2016 Rio de Janeiro [72]
T45 14.00 0.0 G Cole  Canada 2 June 1980 Arnhem
T46 11.95 −0.2 Yunidis Castillo  Cuba 4 September 2012 London
T51 32.08 0.0 V Hill  United States 27 August 1989 Stoke Mandeville
T52 18.67 +1.7 Michelle Stilwell  Canada 14 July 2012 Windsor
T53 16.19 +1.0 Huang Lisha  China 8 September 2016 Rio de Janeiro [73]
T54 15.82 +0.5 Wenjun Liu  People's Republic of China 8 September 2012 London

Olympic medallists

Men

Games Gold Silver Bronze
1896 Athens
  Thomas Burke (USA)  Fritz Hofmann (GER)  Francis Lane (USA)
 Alajos Szokolyi (HUN)
1900 Paris
  Frank Jarvis (USA)  Walter Tewksbury (USA)  Stan Rowley (AUS)
1904 St. Louis
  Archie Hahn (USA)  Nathaniel Cartmell (USA)  William Hogenson (USA)
1908 London
  Reggie Walker (RSA)  James Rector (USA)  Robert Kerr (CAN)
1912 Stockholm
  Ralph Craig (USA)  Alvah Meyer (USA)  Donald Lippincott (USA)
1920 Antwerp
  Charley Paddock (USA)  Morris Kirksey (USA)  Harry Edward (GBR)
1924 Paris
  Harold Abrahams (GBR)  Jackson Scholz (USA)  Arthur Porritt, Baron Porritt (NZL)
1928 Amsterdam
  Percy Williams (CAN)  Jack London (GBR)  Georg Lammers (GER)
1932 Los Angeles
  Eddie Tolan (USA)  Ralph Metcalfe (USA)  Arthur Jonath (GER)
1936 Berlin
  Jesse Owens (USA)  Ralph Metcalfe (USA)  Tinus Osendarp (NED)
1948 London
  Harrison Dillard (USA)  Barney Ewell (USA)  Lloyd LaBeach (PAN)
1952 Helsinki
  Lindy Remigino (USA)  Herb McKenley (JAM)  McDonald Bailey (GBR)
1956 Melbourne
  Bobby Morrow (USA)  Thane Baker (USA)  Hector Hogan (AUS)
1960 Rome
  Armin Hary (EUA)  Dave Sime (USA)  Peter Radford (GBR)
1964 Tokyo
  Bob Hayes (USA)  Enrique Figuerola (CUB)  Harry Jerome (CAN)
1968 Mexico City
  Jim Hines (USA)  Lennox Miller (JAM)  Charles Greene (USA)
1972 Munich
  Valeriy Borzov (URS)  Robert Taylor (USA)  Lennox Miller (JAM)
1976 Montreal
  Hasely Crawford (TRI)  Don Quarrie (JAM)  Valeriy Borzov (URS)
1980 Moscow
  Allan Wells (GBR)  Silvio Leonard (CUB)  Petar Petrov (BUL)
1984 Los Angeles
  Carl Lewis (USA)  Sam Graddy (USA)  Ben Johnson (CAN)
1988 Seoul[74][75]
  Carl Lewis (USA)  Linford Christie (GBR)  Calvin Smith (USA)
1992 Barcelona
  Linford Christie (GBR)  Frankie Fredericks (NAM)  Dennis Mitchell (USA)
1996 Atlanta
  Donovan Bailey (CAN)  Frankie Fredericks (NAM)  Ato Boldon (TRI)
2000 Sydney
  Maurice Greene (USA)  Ato Boldon (TRI)  Obadele Thompson (BAR)
2004 Athens
  Justin Gatlin (USA)  Francis Obikwelu (POR)  Maurice Greene (USA)
2008 Beijing
  Usain Bolt (JAM)  Richard Thompson (TRI)  Walter Dix (USA)
2012 London
  Usain Bolt (JAM)  Yohan Blake (JAM)  Justin Gatlin (USA)
2016 Rio de Janeiro
  Usain Bolt (JAM)  Justin Gatlin (USA)  Andre De Grasse (CAN)

Women

Games Gold Silver Bronze
1928 Amsterdam
 Betty Robinson
 United States		 Fanny Rosenfeld
 Canada		 Ethel Smith
 Canada
1932 Los Angeles
 Stanisława Walasiewicz
 Poland		 Hilda Strike
 Canada		 Wilhelmina von Bremen
 United States
1936 Berlin
 Helen Stephens
 United States		 Stanisława Walasiewicz
 Poland		 Käthe Krauß
 Germany
1948 London
 Fanny Blankers-Koen
 Netherlands		 Dorothy Manley
 Great Britain		 Shirley Strickland
 Australia
1952 Helsinki
 Marjorie Jackson
 Australia		 Daphne Hasenjager
 South Africa		 Shirley Strickland de la Hunty
 Australia
1956 Melbourne
 Betty Cuthbert
 Australia		 Christa Stubnick
 United Team of Germany		 Marlene Matthews
 Australia
1960 Rome
 Wilma Rudolph
 United States		 Dorothy Hyman
 Great Britain		 Giuseppina Leone
 Italy
1964 Tokyo
 Wyomia Tyus
 United States		 Edith McGuire
 United States		 Ewa Kłobukowska
 Poland
1968 Mexico City
 Wyomia Tyus
 United States		 Barbara Ferrell
 United States		 Irena Szewińska
 Poland
1972 Munich
 Renate Stecher
 East Germany		 Raelene Boyle
 Australia		 Silvia Chivás
 Cuba
1976 Montreal
 Annegret Richter
 West Germany		 Renate Stecher
 East Germany		 Inge Helten
 West Germany
1980 Moscow
 Lyudmila Kondratyeva
 Soviet Union		 Marlies Göhr
 East Germany		 Ingrid Auerswald
 East Germany
1984 Los Angeles
 Evelyn Ashford
 United States		 Alice Brown
 United States		 Merlene Ottey
 Jamaica
1988 Seoul
 Florence Griffith-Joyner
 United States		 Evelyn Ashford
 United States		 Heike Drechsler
 East Germany
1992 Barcelona
 Gail Devers
 United States		 Juliet Cuthbert
 Jamaica		 Irina Privalova
 Unified Team
1996 Atlanta
 Gail Devers
 United States		 Merlene Ottey
 Jamaica		 Gwen Torrence
 United States
2000 Sydney
 Vacant[76] Ekaterini Thanou
 Greece		 Merlene Ottey
 Jamaica
Tayna Lawrence
 Jamaica
2004 Athens
 Yulia Nestsiarenka
 Belarus		 Lauryn Williams
 United States		 Veronica Campbell
 Jamaica
2008 Beijing
 Shelly-Ann Fraser
 Jamaica		 Sherone Simpson
 Jamaica		 none awarded
Kerron Stewart
 Jamaica
2012 London
 Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce
 Jamaica		 Carmelita Jeter
 United States		 Veronica Campbell-Brown
 Jamaica
2016 Rio de Janeiro
 Elaine Thompson
 Jamaica		 Tori Bowie
 United States		 Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce
 Jamaica

World Championship medallists

Men

Championships Gold Silver Bronze
1983 Helsinki
  Carl Lewis (USA)  Calvin Smith (USA)  Emmit King (USA)
1987 Rome
  Carl Lewis (USA)  Raymond Stewart (JAM)  Linford Christie (GBR)
1991 Tokyo
  Carl Lewis (USA)  Leroy Burrell (USA)  Dennis Mitchell (USA)
1993 Stuttgart
  Linford Christie (GBR)  Andre Cason (USA)  Dennis Mitchell (USA)
1995 Gothenburg
  Donovan Bailey (CAN)  Bruny Surin (CAN)  Ato Boldon (TRI)
1997 Athens
  Maurice Greene (USA)  Donovan Bailey (CAN)  Tim Montgomery (USA)
1999 Seville
  Maurice Greene (USA)  Bruny Surin (CAN)  Dwain Chambers (GBR)
2001 Edmonton
  Maurice Greene (USA)  Bernard Williams (USA)  Ato Boldon (TRI)
2003 Saint-Denis
  Kim Collins (SKN)  Darrel Brown (TRI)  Darren Campbell (GBR)
2005 Helsinki
  Justin Gatlin (USA)  Michael Frater (JAM)  Kim Collins (SKN)
2007 Osaka
  Tyson Gay (USA)  Derrick Atkins (BAH)  Asafa Powell (JAM)
2009 Berlin
  Usain Bolt (JAM)  Tyson Gay (USA)  Asafa Powell (JAM)
2011 Daegu
  Yohan Blake (JAM)  Walter Dix (USA)  Kim Collins (SKN)
2013 Moscow
  Usain Bolt (JAM)  Justin Gatlin (USA)  Nesta Carter (JAM)
2015 Beijing
  Usain Bolt (JAM)  Justin Gatlin (USA)  Trayvon Bromell (USA)
 Andre De Grasse (CAN)
2017 London
  Justin Gatlin (USA)  Christian Coleman (USA)  Usain Bolt (JAM)

Women

Championships Gold Silver Bronze
1983 Helsinki
  Marlies Oelsner-Göhr (GDR)  Marita Koch (GDR)  Diane Williams (USA)
1987 Rome
  Silke Gladisch-Möller (GDR)  Heike Daute-Drechsler (GDR)  Merlene Ottey (JAM)
1991 Tokyo
  Katrin Krabbe (GER)  Gwen Torrence (USA)  Merlene Ottey (JAM)
1993 Stuttgart
  Gail Devers (USA)  Merlene Ottey (JAM)  Gwen Torrence (USA)
1995 Gothenburg
  Gwen Torrence (USA)  Merlene Ottey (JAM)  Irina Privalova (RUS)
1997 Athens
  Marion Jones (USA)  Zhanna Pintusevich (UKR)  Savatheda Fynes (BAH)
1999 Seville
  Marion Jones (USA)  Inger Miller (USA)  Ekaterini Thanou (GRE)
2001 Edmonton
  Zhanna Pintusevich-Block (UKR)  Ekaterini Thanou (GRE)  Chandra Sturrup (BAH)
2003 Saint-Denis
  Torri Edwards (USA)  Chandra Sturrup (BAH)  Ekaterini Thanou (GRE)
2005 Helsinki
  Lauryn Williams (USA)  Veronica Campbell (JAM)  Christine Arron (FRA)
2007 Osaka
  Veronica Campbell-Brown (JAM)  Lauryn Williams (USA)  Carmelita Jeter (USA)
2009 Berlin
  Shelly-Ann Fraser (JAM)  Kerron Stewart (JAM)  Carmelita Jeter (USA)
2011 Daegu
  Carmelita Jeter (USA)  Veronica Campbell-Brown (JAM)  Kelly-Ann Baptiste (TRI)
2013 Moscow
  Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce (JAM)  Murielle Ahouré (CIV)  Carmelita Jeter (USA)
2015 Beijing
  Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce (JAM)  Dafne Schippers (NED)  Tori Bowie (USA)
2017 London
  Tori Bowie (USA)  Marie-Josée Ta Lou (CIV)  Dafne Schippers (NED)

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ It is widely believed that the anemometer was faulty for the race in which Florence Griffith Joyner set the official world record for the women's 100 m of 10.49 s.[1] A 1995 report commissioned by the IAAF estimated the true wind speed was between +5.0 m/s and +7.0 m/s, rather than the 0.0 recorded.[1] If this time, recorded in the quarter-final of the 1988 U.S. Olympic trials, were excluded, the world record would be 10.61 s, recorded the next day at the same venue by the same athlete in the final.[1][2]
  1. 1 2 It is widely believed that the anemometer was faulty for the race in which Florence Griffith Joyner set the official world record for the women's 100 m of 10.49 s.[1] A 1995 report commissioned by the IAAF estimated the true wind speed was between +5.0 m/s and +7.0 m/s, rather than the 0.0 recorded.[1] If this time, recorded in the quarter-final of the 1988 U.S. Olympic trials, were excluded, the world record would be 10.61 s, recorded the next day at the same venue by the same athlete in the final.[1][2]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Linthorne, Nicholas P. (June 1995). "The 100-m World Record by Florence Griffith-Joyner at the 1988 U.S. Olympic Trials" (PDF). Brunel University. Retrieved 24 March 2012.
  2. 1 2 "Women's outdoor 100m". All-time top lists. IAAF. 17 September 2011. Retrieved 24 March 2012.
  3. ↑ BTEC First Sport By Bob Harris, R. Mills, S. Parker-Bennet
  4. ↑ The Day – 23 January 1983
  5. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 29 July 2014. Retrieved 23 August 2012.
  6. ↑ "IAAF keeps one false-start rule". BBC. 3 August 2005. Retrieved 15 August 2008.
  7. ↑ "Gatlin queries false start change". BBC News. 6 May 2005. Retrieved 15 August 2008.
  8. ↑ Christopher Clarey (28 August 2011). "Who Can Beat Bolt in the 100? Himself". The New York Times. Retrieved 28 August 2011.
  9. ↑ "The disqualification of Usain Bolt". IAAF. 28 August 2011. Archived from the original on 14 September 2011. Retrieved 28 August 2011.
  10. ↑ "Usain Bolt 100m 10 meter Splits and Speed Endurance". Speedendurance.com. 22 August 2008. Retrieved 7 August 2012.
  11. ↑ Sandre-Tom <!-i- BOT GENERATED AUTHOR -->. "IAAF Competition Rules 2009, Rule 164" (PDF). IAAF. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 September 2009. Retrieved 23 August 2009.
  12. ↑ 100 metres IAAF
  13. ↑ Will Swanton and David Sygall, (2007-07-15). Holy Grails. Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved on 2009-06-18. Archived 2009-06-20.
  14. ↑ The above source fails to mention that Namibian Frankie Fredericks was the first runner of non-West African descent to break the barrier.
  15. ↑ Athlete Profiles – Patrick Johnson. Athletics Australia. Retrieved 2009-06-19. Archived 2009-06-20.
  16. ↑ Jad, Adrian (July 2011). "Christophe Lemaitre 100m 9.92s +2.0 (Video) – Officially the Fastest White Man in History". adriansprints.com. Retrieved 2011-07-31.
  17. ↑ https://www.iaaf.org/athletes/turkey/ramil-guliyev-226874
  18. ↑ http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-06/23/c_137274534.htm
  19. ↑ Who Do You Think You Are – Colin Jackson. BBC Sport. Retrieved on 2009-06-18.
  20. ↑ Barling, Kurt (2000-09-04). Runaway success in the sports arena is never simply a question of race. The Independent. Retrieved on 2009-06-18.
  21. ↑ "Progression of 100 meters world record". ESPN. Associated Press. Retrieved 28 June 2011.
  22. ↑ "100 Metres Results" (PDF). IAAF. 16 August 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 August 2009. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
  23. ↑ 100 Metres All Time. IAAF (9 March 2009). Retrieved 6 May 2009. Archived 8 May 2009.
  24. ↑ Linthorne,N.(PHD)(1995)The 100m World Record by Florence Griffith Joyner at the 1988 U.S Olympic Trials. Report for the International Amateur Athletic Federation Department of Physics, University of Western Australia
  25. ↑ 100 metres records. IAAF (6 September 2011). Retrieved 9 June 2011. Archived 6 September 2011.
  26. ↑ 60 Metres Records. IAAF (4 April 2009). Retrieved 4 April 2009.
  27. ↑ "Top List – 100m". IAAF. Retrieved 24 August 2015.
  28. ↑ "100m Results" (PDF). sportresult.com. 31 August 2018. Retrieved 5 September 2018.
  29. 1 2 3 4 Roy Jordan (4 July 2016). "Six world leads on third day of US Olympic Trials". IAAF. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
  30. ↑ Bob Ramsak; Alfons Juck (22 August 2018). "Baker clocks 9.87 world lead in Chorzow". IAAF. Retrieved 23 August 2018.
  31. ↑ "Justin Gatlin Ran 9.45 With Crazy Wind-Aid on Japanese TV". flotrack.org. 29 February 2016. Retrieved 23 February 2017.
  32. ↑ Zinser, Lynn (30 June 2008),"Shattering Limits on the Track, and in the Pool" The New York Times
  33. ↑ Ewing, Lori (The Canadian Press) (18 June 2017), National Post
  34. ↑ "All-time women's best 100m". IAAF. 13 May 2017. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
  35. ↑ Sherdon Cowan (1 July 2016). "#NatlTrials: Elaine Thompson storms to 10.70s win in 100m". jamaicaobserver.com. Retrieved 3 July 2016.
  36. ↑ Cathal Dennehy (11 June 2016). "Ahoure powers to African 100m record of 10.78 in Florida". IAAF. Retrieved 11 June 2016.
  37. ↑ "100m Results" (PDF). IAAF. 24 August 2015. Retrieved 24 August 2015.
  38. ↑ "100m Results". NAAATT. 24 June 2017. Retrieved 25 June 2017.
  39. ↑ Pritchard, W. G. (July 2006). "Mathematical Models of Running". Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics. Retrieved 1 October 2012.
  40. ↑ Linthorne, Nick (March 2003). "Wind Assistance". Brunel University. Archived from the original on 3 September 2009. Retrieved 25 August 2008.
  41. ↑ http://www.iaaf.org/statistics/toplists/inout=o/age=n/season=0/sex=W/all=y/legal=A/disc=100/detail.html
  42. ↑ "Top List – 100m". IAAF. Retrieved 3 April 2014.
  43. ↑ Kiryu's 10.01 (+0.9 m/s) in 2013 is invalidated due to the type of wind-measuring .Jon Mulkeen (29 April 2013). "Kiryu equals World junior 100m record". IAAF. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
  44. ↑ "Tortu just misses Mennea's Italian 100m record in Savona". european-athletics.org. 24 May 2018. Retrieved 29 June 2018.
  45. ↑ "Mt. SAC Relays 2016 – Friday Track Results" (PDF). mtsacrelays.com. 15 April 2016. Retrieved 16 April 2016.
  46. ↑ "Sprinter Sani Brown outlcasses field in 100-meter final for first national title". japantimes.co.jp. 24 June 2017. Retrieved 24 June 2017.
  47. ↑ "100m Heats Results" (PDF). IAAF. 4 August 2017. Retrieved 4 August 2017.
  48. ↑ Bromell Blazing! World Leading 9.77w (4.2) To Win Big 12 Championship
  49. 1 2 Jon Mulkeen (20 June 2015). "Hill breaks world youth 100m best and American junior record with 10.98". IAAF. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  50. ↑ "100m Results" (PDF). results.toronto2015.org. 22 July 2015. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
  51. ↑ Jon Mulkeen (22 April 2018). "Terry breezes to 10.99 at Mt SAC Relays". IAAF. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
  52. ↑ "100m Results". NAAATT. 24 June 2017. Retrieved 30 June 2017.
  53. ↑ "100m Results". deltatiming.com. 31 March 2017. Retrieved 31 March 2017.
  54. ↑ "Malaysia's fastest man: Khairul Hafiz Jantan breaks Watson Nyambek's 100m record with 10.18s". nst.com.my. 27 July 2016. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
  55. ↑ Phil Minshull (7 September 2015). "Leotlela clocks second fastest ever youth 100m with 10.20 in Samoa". IAAF. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
  56. ↑ Noel Francis (25 March 2018). "Taylor and Davis delight at Jamaica's Boys and Girls Champs". IAAF. Retrieved 27 March 2018.
  57. ↑ Raymond Graham (6 March 2016). "Matherson sprints to National Youth record". jamaica-gleaner.com. Retrieved 3 June 2016.
  58. ↑ "Florida's Whitney sets world junior 200 record". www.newsobserver.com. 7 July 2014. Archived from the original on 15 July 2014. Retrieved 8 July 2014.
  59. ↑ "IPC Athletics World Records". IPC. 8 April 2017. Retrieved 8 April 2017.
  60. ↑ "Men's T35 100m Round 1 Heat 2 Results" (PDF). Rio 2016 official website. 9 September 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 September 2016. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  61. ↑ "Men's 100m T37 Round 1 Heat 2 Results" (PDF). Rio 2016 official website. 10 September 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 September 2016. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  62. ↑ "Men's 100m T38 Results" (PDF). Rio 2016 official website. 13 September 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 September 2016. Retrieved 18 September 2016.
  63. ↑ "IPC Athletics World Records". International Paralympic Committee. 8 April 2017. Retrieved 8 April 2017.
  64. ↑ "Women's 100m T11 Semifinal 2 Results" (PDF). Rio 2016 official website. 9 September 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 September 2016. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  65. ↑ "Women's 100m T12 Results" (PDF). Rio 2016 official website. 9 September 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 September 2016. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  66. ↑ "Women's 100m T13 Results" (PDF). Rio 2016 official website. 11 September 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 September 2016. Retrieved 15 September 2016.
  67. ↑ "Women's 100m T35 Results" (PDF). IPC. 29 October 2015. Retrieved 29 October 2015.
  68. ↑ "Women's 100m T37 Results" (PDF). Rio 2016 official website. 9 September 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 September 2016. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  69. ↑ "Women's 100m T38 Results" (PDF). IPC. 22 October 2015. Retrieved 22 October 2015.
  70. ↑ "Women's 100m T42 Results" (PDF). IPC. 30 October 2015. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
  71. ↑ "Women's 100m T43/44 Results" (PDF). IPC. 29 October 2015. Retrieved 29 October 2015.
  72. ↑ "Women's 100m T43/44 Round 1 Heat 3 Results" (PDF). Rio 2016 official website. 17 September 2016. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
  73. ↑ "Women's T53 100m – Round 1 Heat 1 Results" (PDF). Rio 2016 official website. 8 September 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 September 2016. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
  74. ↑ Canadian Ben Johnson won the 1988 men's 100 metres final, but was stripped of the title after testing positive for steroids in a subsequent doping test.
  75. ↑ "1988: Johnson stripped of Olympic gold". BBC News. September 27, 1988.
  76. ↑ On October 5, 2007 Marion Jones of the United States admitted to having taken performance-enhancing drugs prior to the 2000 Summer Olympics. On October 9 she relinquished her medals to the United States Olympic Committee, who returned them to the International Olympic Committee. The IOC have removed the medals from Jones and her relay teammates, leaving the positions vacant.
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