Florence Griffith Joyner

Florence Griffith Joyner
Griffith–Joyner, 1988.
Personal information
Birth name Florence Delorez Griffith[1]
Nickname(s) Flo-Jo
National team United States
Born (1959-12-21)December 21, 1959
Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Died September 21, 1998(1998-09-21) (aged 38)
Mission Viejo, California, U.S.
Height 170 cm (5 ft 7 in)
Weight 58 kg (128 lb)
Sport
Event(s) 100 meters, 200 meters
Club Tiger World Class Athletic Club
West Coast Athletic Club
Retired 1988
Achievements and titles
Personal best(s) 100 m: 10.49w WR[lower-alpha 1]
200 m: 21.34 WR
400m: 50.89
4 × 100m: 41.55
4 × 400m: 3:15.51 AR
Medal record
Representing the  United States
Olympic Games
1988 Seoul 100 m
1988 Seoul 200 m
1988 Seoul 4×100 m
1984 Los Angeles 200 m
1988 Seoul 4×400 m
World Championships
1987 Rome4×100 m
1987 Rome200 m

Florence Delorez Griffith–Joyner[4] (born Florence Delorez Griffith;[1] December 21, 1959 – September 21, 1998), also known as Flo-Jo, was an American track and field athlete. She is considered the fastest woman of all time[5][6][7] based on the fact that the world records she set in 1988 for both the 100 m and 200 m still stand. During the late 1980s she became a popular figure in international track and field because of her record-setting performances and flashy personal style. Griffith Joyner was born and raised in California. She was athletic from a young age. She attended California State University, Northridge (CSUN) and University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) where she participated in track and field. Griffith Joyner qualified for the 100 m 1980 Olympics, although she did not actually compete due to the U.S. boycott. She made her Olympic debut four years later winning a silver medal. At the 1988 U.S. Olympic trials, Griffith set a new world record in the 100 m. She went on to win three gold medals at the 1988 Olympics. Shortly after the 1988 games, she abruptly retired. After her retirement from athletics, Griffith Joyner remained a pop culture figure through endorsement deals, acting, and designing. She died in her sleep as the result of an epileptic seizure in 1998 at the age of 38.

Early life

Griffith was born in Los Angeles, California, seventh of eleven children born to Robert, an electronic engineer and Florence Griffith, a seamstress.[1][8] The family lived in Littlerock, California before Florence Griffith moved with her children to the Jordan Downs public housing complex located in the Watts section of Los Angeles.[9][10]

When Griffith was in elementary school, she joined the Sugar Ray Robinson Organization, running in track meets on weekends.[10] She won the Jesse Owens National Youth Games two years in a row, at the ages of 14 and 15.[11] Griffith ran track at Jordan High School in Los Angeles.[10] Showing an early interest in fashion, Griffith persuaded the members of the track team to wear tights with their uniforms.[11] As a high school senior in 1978, she finished sixth at the CIF California State Meet behind future teammates Alice Brown and Pam Marshall.[12] Nevertheless, by the time Griffith graduated from Jordan High School in 1978, she set high school records in sprinting and long jump.[13]

Career

Griffith attended the California State University at Northridge, and was on the track team coached by Bob Kersee.[14][15] This team, which included Brown and Jeanette Bolden,[15][16][17] won the national championship during Griffith's first year of college.[13] However, Griffith had to drop out to support her family, taking a job as a bank teller. Kersee found financial aid for Griffith and she returned to college in 1980, this time at University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) where Kersee was working as a coach.[10][15][18] Brown, Bolden, and Griffith qualified for the 100-meter final at the trials for the 1980 Summer Olympics (with Brown winning and Griffith finishing last in the final). Griffith also ran the 200 meters, narrowly finishing fourth, a foot out of a qualifying position.[11] However, the U.S. Government had already decided to boycott those Olympic Games mooting those results.[19] In 1983, Griffith graduated from UCLA with her bachelor's degree in psychology.[13]

Season's bests

Year 100 metres 200 metres 400 metres
1982—22.39—
198311.0622.2350.94
198410.9922.04—
198511.0022.5050.89
198611.4223.51—
198710.9621.96—
198810.4921.3452.50

Olympic runner

Griffith finished fourth in the 200-meter sprint at the first World Championship in Athletics in 1983.[20] The following year, Griffith qualified for the Olympics in the 200-meter distance with the second fastest time at the United States Olympic Trials, held in Los Angeles.[21] Evelyn Ashford, another UCLA alumnus and early favorite to medal,[22] dropped out of the 200-meter due to injury.[21] Griffith went on to win a silver medal in the 1984 Summer Olympics.[13]

After the 1984 Olympic Games, she spent less time running.[23] Griffith continued to run part-time,[23] winning the 100-meter IAAF Grand Prix Final with the time of 11.00 seconds.[24] She did not compete at the 1985 U.S. National Championship.[25] That same year, Griffith returned to working at a bank and styled hair and nails in her spare time.[13] She married Al Joyner, the Olympic triple jump champion of 1984, in 1987.[26]

She returned to athletics in April 1987, having gained weight.[27] Four months later at the 1987 World Championships in Rome, Griffith Joyner finished second in the 200 meter sprint.[28][27] Her success during the 1987 season resulted in being ranked second in Track and Field News' 1987 world rankings.[28] The 200-meter remained a stronger event for Griffith Joyner than the 100-meter, where she was ranked seventh in the United States.[28]

Before the 1988 U.S. Olympic Trials, Griffith Joyner continued to work with her coach Kersee two days a week, but with her new husband coaching her three days a week.[29] She qualified for the U.S. Olympic Trials at the 100 meters based on the 10.96-second personal record set in Cologne in 1987. She set a new personal record in the 100 meters in San Diego on June 25, 1988, still shy of then American record holder Evelyn Ashford's three best times.[30] A week before the trials she ran a tune-up race in 10.99 in Santa Monica.[31]

In the first race of the quarterfinals of the U.S. Olympic Trials, she stunned her colleagues when she sprinted 100 meters in 10.49 seconds, a new world record.[lower-alpha 2] [11] Since 1997 the International Athletics Annual of the Association of Track and Field Statisticians has listed this performance as "probably strongly wind assisted, but recognized as a world record".[32][lower-alpha 3] Over the two day trials, Griffith Joyner recorded the three fastest times for a woman at 100 meters: 10.49 in the quarter-final, 10.70 in the semi-final, and 10.61 in the finals.[34][27] At the same Olympic trials Griffith Joyner also set an American record at the 200-meter distance with a time of 21.77 seconds.[35]

Following the Olympic trials, in late July 1988, Griffith Joyner left coach Kersee saying she wanted a coach able to provide more personal attention. Another contributing factor was Griffith Joyner's unhappiness with the lack of sponsorship and endorsement opportunities.[36] In addition to serving as coach, Kersee was Griffith Joyner's manager, as he required all the athletes he coached to use his management services too.[36] Griffith Joyner's decision to sign with personal manager Gordon Baskin therefore necessitated the coaching change.[36][37] Griffith Joyner left UCLA for UC Irvine with her husband serving as full-time coach.[29]

By now known to the world as "Flo-Jo", Griffith Joyner was the big favorite for the titles in the sprint events at the 1988 Summer Olympics. In the 100-meter final, she ran a 10.54, beating her nearest rival, Evelyn Ashford, by 0.30 seconds. In the 200 meter semifinal, she set the world record of 21.56 seconds and then broke this record, winning the final by 0.22 seconds with a time of 21.34 seconds.[38] At the same Olympics, Griffith Joyner also ran with the 4 × 100 m relay and the 4 × 400 m relay teams. Her team won the 4 × 100 m relay and finished second in the 4 × 400 m relay.[23] This was Griffith Joyner's first internationally rated 4 × 400 m relay. Griffith Joyner left the games having won four Olympic medals, three gold and one silver.[39] At the time, Griffith's medal haul was the second most for female track and field athlete in history, behind only Fanny Blankers-Koen who won four gold medals in 1948.[39]

In February 1989, Griffith Joyner announced her retirement from racing.[37][40] Griffith Joyner cited her new business opportunities outside of sprinting.[13][40][41] The month after announcing her retirement, Griffith Joyner was selected as the winner of the James E. Sullivan Award of 1988 as the top amateur athlete in the United States.[42]

Comeback attempt and other activities

Griffith Joyner's success at the 1988 Olympics led to new opportunities.[37][41] In the weeks following the Olympics, Griffith Joyner earned millions of dollars from endorsement deals, primarily in Japan. Griffith Joyner also signed a deal with toy maker LJN Toys for a Barbie-like doll in her likeness.[37]

Among the things she did away from the track was to design the basketball uniforms for the Indiana Pacers NBA team in 1989.[13] She served as co-chair of President's Council on Physical Fitness.[23] She made a guest appearance as herself on a season 4 episode of 227. Griffith Joyner appeared in the soap opera Santa Barbara in 1992, as "Terry Holloway", a photographer similar to Annie Leibovitz.[43][44] In 1996, Griffith Joyner appeared on Charlie Rose and announced her comeback to competitive athletics, concentrating on the 400-meter run.[45] Her reason was that she had already set world marks in both the 100 m and 200 m events, with the 400 m world record being her goal. Griffith Joyner trained steadily leading up to the U.S. Olympic trials in June. However, tendinitis in her right leg ended her hopes of becoming a triple-world-record holder. Al Joyner also attempted a comeback, but he was unable to compete due to an injured quadriceps muscle.[46]

Style

Beyond her running prowess, Griffith Joyner was known for her bold fashion choices.[34][47] Griffith Joyner appeared at the World Championships in 1987 in Rome wearing a hooded speed skating body suit.[47][26] In April 1988 she started wearing a running suit with the right leg of the suit extending to the ankle and the left leg of the suit cut off, a style she called the "one-legger".[34][47][26] The running suits also had bold colors such as lime green or purple with white bikini bottoms and embellished with lightning bolts.[34] Her nails also garnered attention for their length and designs.[34][26] Her nails were four inches long with tiger stripes at the 1988 Olympic trials before switching to fuchsia.[34] For the Olympic games themselves, Griffith Joyner had six inch nails painted red, white, blue, and gold.[26] Although many sprinters avoided accessories which might slow them down, Griffith Joyner kept her hair long and wore jewelry while competing.[47] She designed many of her outfits herself and preferred looks which were not conventional.[47]

Allegations of performance-enhancing drug use

Other athletes, including Joaquim Cruz and Ben Johnson, expressed disbelief over Griffith Joyner's dramatic improvement over a short period of time.[48] Before the 1988 track and field season, Griffith Joyner's best time in the 100-meter sprint was 10.96 seconds. In 1988, she improved that by 0.47 seconds. [49] Her best before 1988 at 200-meters was 21.96 seconds. In 1988, she improved that by 0.62 seconds to 21.34 seconds, another time that has not been approached. Griffith Joyner attributed the change in her physique to new health programs.[50] Al Joyner replaced Bob Kersee as her coach, and he changed her training program to include more lower body strength training exercises such as squats and lunges.[51]

In a 1989 story he was purportedly paid 25,000 dollars for,[52] Darrell Robinson, a former teammate of Griffith Joyner, claimed that he sold her 10 c.c. of HGH for $2,000 in 1988. He said Joyner told him: "if you want to make $1 million, you've got to invest some thousands."[50] Robinson also claimed to receive steroids from coach Bob Kersee, and said he saw Carl Lewis inject himself with drugs he believed to be testosterone.[53] Robinson never provided any evidence for his allegations and was shunned by the athletics community, leading to the premature end of his career.[54] Griffith Joyner retired from competitive track and field after her Olympic triumph in 1988.[55] She was repeatedly tested during competition, and she passed all of these drug tests.[56][57]

After her death in 1998, Prince Alexandre de Merode, the Chairman of the International Olympic Committee's medical commission, claimed that Joyner was singled out for extra, rigorous drug testing during the 1988 Olympic Games because of rumors of steroid use. De Merode told The New York Times that Manfred Donike, who was at that time considered to be the foremost expert on drugs and sports, failed to discover any banned substances during that testing.[58] De Merode later said:

We performed all possible and imaginable analyses on her. We never found anything. There should not be the slightest suspicion.[59]

Personal life

Griffith's nickname among family was "Dee Dee".[8][10] She was briefly engaged to hurdler Greg Foster.[8] In 1987, Griffith married 1984 Olympic triple jump champion Al Joyner, whom Griffith had first met at the 1980 Olympic Trials.[11][60] Through her marriage to Joyner she was sister-in-law to track and field athlete Jackie Joyner-Kersee.[60] Griffith Joyner and Joyner had one daughter together, born November 15, 1990.[13][61]

Death

On September 21, 1998, Griffith Joyner died in her sleep at home in the Canyon Crest neighborhood of Mission Viejo, California, at the age of 38. The unexpected death was investigated by the sheriff-coroner's office, which announced on September 22 that the cause of death was suffocation during a severe epileptic seizure.[55] She was also found to have had a cavernous hemangioma, a congenital vascular brain abnormality that made Joyner subject to seizures.[62] According to a family attorney, she had suffered a tonic-clonic seizure in 1990, and had also been treated for seizures in 1993 and 1994. According to the Orange County Sheriff-Coroner's office, the only drugs in her system when she died were small amounts of two common over-the-counter drugs, acetaminophen (Tylenol) and the antihistamine Benadryl.[63]

Legacy

USA Track & Field inducted her into its Hall of Fame in 1995.[64] In 2000, the 102nd Street School in Los Angeles was renamed Florence Griffith Joyner Elementary School. Griffith Joyner had attended the school as a child.[9] The city of Mission Viejo dedicated a park at the entrance to her neighborhood in her honor.[65][66] Griffith Joyner was also an artist and painter. Her work has been on display as part the Art of The Olympians (AOTO). She is one of two posthumous members of AOTO, the other being the founder and Olympian, Al Oerter.[67]

Olympic Games and trials results

Race Venue Date Round Time Wind WR
100 m Indianapolis July 16, 1988 Qualifying heat 10.60w +3.2
100 m Indianapolis July 16, 1988 Quarter-final 10.49 0.0 WR
100 m Indianapolis July 17, 1988 Semi-final 10.70 +1.6
100 m Indianapolis July 17, 1988 Final 10.61 +1.2
100 m Seoul September 24, 1988 Qualifying heat 10.88 +1.0
100 m Seoul September 24, 1988 Quarter-final 10.62 +1.0
100 m Seoul September 25, 1988 Semi-final 10.70w +2.6
100 m Seoul September 25, 1988 Final 10.54w +3.0
200 m Indianapolis July 22, 1988 Qualifying heat 21.96 +0.6
200 m Indianapolis July 22, 1988 Quarter-final 21.77 −0.1
200 m Indianapolis July 23, 1988 Semi-final 21.90w +2.4
200 m Indianapolis July 23, 1988 Final 21.85 +1.3
200 m Seoul September 28, 1988 Qualifying heat 22.51 ?
200 m Seoul September 28, 1988 Quarter-final 21.76 +0.7
200 m Seoul September 29, 1988 Semi-final 21.56 +1.7
200 m Seoul September 29, 1988 Final 21.34 +1.3 WR
100 m relay ( 4 × 100 m relay ) Seoul October 1, 1988 Semi-Final (team time 42.12)
100 m relay ( 4 × 100 m relay ) Seoul October 1, 1988 Final (team time 41.98)
400 m relay split ( 4 × 400 m relay ) Seoul October 1, 1988 Final 48.08
(team time 3:15.51)

International competitions

YearCompetitionVenuePositionEventTimeNotes
1983 World Championships Finland Helsinki 4th 200 m 22.46 wind +1.5

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ It is widely believed that the anemometer was faulty for the race in which Florence Griffith Joyner set the official world record for the women's 100 m of 10.49 s.[2] A 1995 report commissioned by the IAAF estimated the true wind speed was between +5.0 m/s and +7.0 m/s, rather than the 0.0 recorded.[2] If this time, recorded in the quarter-final of the 1988 U.S. Olympic trials, were excluded, the world record would be 10.61 s, recorded the next day at the same venue by the same athlete in the final.[2][3]
  2. ↑ Evelyn Ashford held the previous record at the 100-meter distance with a time of 10.76 seconds.
  3. ↑ Griffith Joyner's next fastest wind-legal time at 100 meters is 10.61 seconds, which would also stand as the world record.[33]

References

  1. 1 2 3 Nathan Aaseng. "African-American Athletes". Google Books. Infobase. Retrieved January 7, 2018.
  2. 1 2 3 Linthorne, Nicholas P. (June 1995). "The 100-m World Record by Florence Griffith-Joyner at the 1988 U.S. Olympic Trials" (PDF). Brunel University. Retrieved 24 March 2012.
  3. ↑ "Women's outdoor 100m". All-time top lists. IAAF. 17 September 2011. Retrieved 24 March 2012.
  4. ↑ Whitaker, Matthew C. (2011). Icons of Black America: Breaking Barriers and Crossing Boundaries, Volume 1. 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 520. ISBN 0-313-37642-5.
  5. ↑ "FloJo: World's Fastest Woman". CNN.
  6. ↑ "World's fastest woman Carmelita Jeter seeks Olympic gold". USA Today. June 22, 2011.
  7. ↑ Florence Griffith Joyner: Fastest Woman on Earth. Legacy.com. December 21, 2010.
  8. 1 2 3 "Flashy Florence Griffith Joyner Will Be the One to Watch—and Clock—in the Women's Sprints : People.com". www.people.com. 29 August 1988. Retrieved 2016-07-22.
  9. 1 2 BRIGGS, JOHNATHON E. (2000-01-15). "School Renamed for Late Track Star Griffith Joyner". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved 2016-07-24.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 Childs, Joy (2012-08-10). "The mother behind the Olympian reveals the spirit that was Flo Jo". lawattstimes.com. Retrieved 2016-07-24.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 Schwartz, Kris (1998-07-16). "ESPN Classic - FloJo sets 100 record at 1988 Olympic Trials". espn.go.com. Retrieved 2016-07-24.
  12. ↑ "California State Meet Results – 1915 to present". prepcaltrack.com. Retrieved December 25, 2012.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Schwartz, Kris. "FloJo Made Speed Fashionable". ESPN.com. Retrieved June 24, 2011.
  14. ↑ HARVEY, RANDY (1988-07-29). "Griffith-Joyner Leaves Kersee's Club; She'll Be Coached Solely by Husband". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved 2016-07-21.
  15. 1 2 3 BENNETT, BILL. "FOND MEMORIES OF GRIFFITH JOYNER". UCLA Newsroom. Retrieved 2016-07-21.
  16. ↑ "Alice Brown". Pasadena Sports Hall of Fame, Inc. Archived from the original on 2015-06-14. Retrieved June 24, 2017.
  17. ↑ "Brown, Howard Reach Semifinals in Sprint Events". Los Angeles Times. August 30, 1987. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved June 24, 2017.
  18. ↑ Florence Griffith Joyner – Olympic Dreams – Kersee, Angeles, Olympics, and Coach. Sports.jrank.org. Retrieved on May 11, 2014.
  19. ↑ Hymans, R. (2008) The History of the United States Olympic Trials – Track & Field. USA Track & Field. usatf.org
  20. ↑ "IAAF: 200 Metres Result | 1st IAAF World Championships in Athletics | iaaf.org". iaaf.org. Retrieved 2016-08-06.
  21. 1 2 Moore, Kenny (July 2, 1984). "Trials And Jubilation". SI.com. Retrieved August 30, 2017.
  22. ↑ Times, Diane K. Shah, Special To The New York (February 23, 1983). "THE GRUELING ROAD OF EVELYN ASHFORD". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 30, 2017.
  23. 1 2 3 4 Longman, Jere (September 22, 1998). "Florence Griffith Joyner, 38, Champion Sprinter, Is Dead". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 30, 2017.
  24. ↑ "IAAF Grand Prix, Combined Events Challenge and Golden Events". www.gbrathletics.com. Retrieved May 25, 2017.
  25. ↑ Florence, Mal (June 11, 1985). "Track / Mal Florence : Pursley's Mishap Points Out How Dangerous Pole Vaulting Is". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved August 30, 2017.
  26. 1 2 3 4 5 Rowbottom, Mike (1998-09-21). "Athletics: Flo-Jo's flamboyant life and times". Independent. Retrieved 2016-09-02.
  27. 1 2 3 Burnton, Simon (April 11, 2012). "50 stunning Olympic moments No22: Florence Griffith Joyner, Seoul 1988". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved June 24, 2017.
  28. 1 2 3 ORTEGA, JOHN (1988-02-05). "Griffith-Joyner Ranked 2nd in World for 200 Meters". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved 2016-08-21.
  29. 1 2 HARVEY, RANDY (1988-07-29). "Griffith-Joyner Leaves Kersee's Club; She'll Be Coached Solely by Husband". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved 2016-07-23.
  30. ↑ FLORENCE, MAL (1988-06-26). "Kingdom, 13.17 Into Wind, Routs Foster : Joyner-Kersee Jumps 24-3, Griffith Joyner Runs 10.89 in San Diego". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved 2016-08-04.
  31. ↑ http://www.alltime-athletics.com/w_100ok.htm
  32. ↑ Linthorne, Nick (March 2003). "Wind Assistance". Brunel University. Retrieved August 25, 2008.
  33. ↑ Sully, Kevin (24 March 2014). "The Wind Read Zero: An oral history of Florence Griffith-Joyner's 100-meter world record". Daily Relay. Retrieved 27 July 2016.
  34. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Hersh, Phil (1988-07-18). "Griffith-joyner Nails 100-meter Dash Final". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2016-09-02.
  35. ↑ Hymans, Richard (2008). "The History of the United States Olympic Trials -- Track and Field" (PDF). USATF. p. 30. Retrieved 2016-08-22.
  36. 1 2 3 Hersh, Phil (1988-08-07). "Kersee Still Waiting For Reason Griffith Joyner Dropped Him As". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2016-08-05.
  37. 1 2 3 4 Moore, Kenny (1989-04-10). "The Spoils Of Victory". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved 2016-07-31.
  38. 1 2 Florence Griffith Joyner Archived August 22, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.. sports-reference.com
  39. 1 2 Times, Frank Litsky, Special To The New York (1988-10-02). "THE SEOUL OLYMPICS: Track and Field; Pride and Frustration for the Americans". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2016-08-23.
  40. 1 2 "Florence Griffith-Joyner - CNN.com". www.cnn.com. 2008-07-08. Retrieved 2016-07-31.
  41. 1 2 Macnow, Glen (1988-12-16). "Cash Flo Griffith Joyner Leads The Pack In Cashing In On The Olympics". Philly.com. Retrieved 2016-07-31.
  42. ↑ "SPORTS PEOPLE: TRACK AND FIELD; Griffith Joyner Gets Sullivan Award". The New York Times. 1989-03-07. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2016-08-02.
  43. ↑ Arkatov, Janice (August 8, 1992). "Flo Jo Hopes the Training Pays Off for Her Role on 'Santa Barbara'". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved May 26, 2017.
  44. ↑ Hart, Marla (August 13, 1992). "Backstage With Phoebe". tribunedigital-chicagotribune. Retrieved June 24, 2017.
  45. ↑ "Flo Jo may abort comeback". The San Francisco Chronicle. April 21, 1997.
  46. ↑ Atlanta Out for Joyners. Nytimes.com (June 4, 1996). Retrieved on May 11, 2014.
  47. 1 2 3 4 5 Bock, Hal (24 July 1988). "Griffith-Joyner Just Getting Out of the Blocks : She Says Weight Training, Faster Starts Pushed Her to World Record in 100". Associated Press. Retrieved 24 August 2016.
  48. ↑ "O doping está no auge" (in Portuguese). Veja Online. August 16, 2000.
  49. ↑ http://www.adriansprints.com/2011/12/tribute-florence-griffith-joyner-flo-jo.html Similarly
  50. 1 2 Speed, glamour, doubt will be Flo-Jo's legacy, Reuters, September 23, 1998
  51. ↑ Dream Chaser, Tom Friend, ESPN.com
  52. ↑ http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1989-09-21/sports/8901150081_1_kersee-and-lewis-gordon-baskin-florence-griffith-joyner
  53. ↑ "Ex-teammate: Flo-jo, Lewis Used Drugs". tribunedigital-chicagotribune.
  54. ↑ Wright, Gerard (September 26, 1998). "Athletics: Downfall of a man quick to accuse". The Independent. Retrieved June 24, 2017.
  55. 1 2 Anderson, Kristina Rebelo. "The Uneasy Death Of Florence Griffith Joyner". salon.com.
  56. ↑ Suspicion surrounds Flo-Jo's death. BBC News (September 23, 1998). Retrieved on May 11, 2014.
  57. ↑ TAC Board Approves Random Drug Testing. Articles.latimes.com (March 13, 1989). Retrieved on May 11, 2014.
  58. ↑ PLUS: TRACK AND FIELD; Official Defends Griffith Joyner. Nytimes.com (September 24, 1998). Retrieved on May 11, 2014.
  59. ↑ Montague, James (August 10, 2012) Saving Flo Jo: Taking back a legacy. CNN
  60. 1 2 HARVEY, RANDY (1988-09-14). "OLYMPICS '88: A PREVIEW : THE FIRST FAMILY : Joyner and Kersee Got a Jump in Their Personal Relationship". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved 2016-07-18.
  61. ↑ Penner, Mike (22 September 1998). "From the Archives: Track Olympian Florence Griffith Joyner Dies at 38". latimes.com. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2016-07-18.
  62. ↑ "Seizure was brought on by a congenital defect in Griffith Joyner's brain". BBC. October 23, 1998. Retrieved January 4, 2010.
  63. ↑ Jeff Gottlieb (October 23, 1998). "Seizure Led to FloJo's Death". Los Angeles Times.
  64. ↑ "USATF - Hall of Fame". www.usatf.org. Retrieved 2016-07-24.
  65. ↑ Florence Joyner Olympiad Park. Google.com. Retrieved on June 30, 2014.
  66. ↑ "(22) Florence Joyner Olympiad Park - CITY OF MISSION VIEJO". Archived from the original on December 3, 2014.
  67. ↑ "Art of the Olympians | Florence Griffith-Joyner". artoftheolympians.org. Retrieved 2015-12-22.
  68. ↑ Track & Field all-time performances. Alltime-athletics.com. Retrieved on May 11, 2014.
  • Official website
  • Florence Griffith Joyner at IAAF
  • Florence Griffith Joyner at USATF
  • Florence Griffith Joyner on IMDb
  • Florence Griffith Joyner at AOTO
  • Florence Griffith Joyner at Find a Grave
  • Videos:
    • "10.49 sec - Florence Griffith-Joyner". 100m Women's World Records. Track and Field Video. Indianapolis: SprintIC. July 16, 1988. Archived from the original (video) on September 27, 2007. Retrieved April 4, 2007.
    • "21.34 sec - Florence Griffith-Joyner". 200m Women's World Records. Track and Field Video. Seoul: SprintIC. September 29, 1988. Archived from the original (video) on September 27, 2007. Retrieved April 4, 2007.
  • Friend, Tom (Aug 26, 2009). "Dream Chaser". Outside the Lines. ESPN. Al Joyner feels the presence of Florence Griffith 25 years after Olympic glory. Now, in their daughter, he sees a young Flo Jo
Records
Preceded by
United States Evelyn Ashford		 Women's 100 m world record holder
July 16, 1988 – present		 Incumbent
Preceded by
East Germany Marita Koch		 Women's 200 m world record holder
September 29, 1988 – present		 Incumbent
Awards and achievements
Preceded by
West Germany Steffi Graf		 United Press International
Athlete of the Year
1988		 Succeeded by
West Germany Steffi Graf
Preceded by
United States Jackie Joyner-Kersee		 Women's Track & Field Athlete of the Year
1988		 Succeeded by
Cuba Ana Fidelia Quirot
Preceded by
Canada Ben Johnson		 L'Équipe Champion of Champions
1988		 Succeeded by
United States Greg LeMond
Sporting positions
Preceded by
East Germany Silke Möller		 Women's 200 m best year performance
1988		 Succeeded by
United States Dawn Sowell
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