See also:
U+8B19, 謙
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8B19

[U+8B18]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+8B1A]

Translingual

Han character

(radical 149, +10, 17 strokes, cangjie input 卜口廿X金 (YRTXC), four-corner 08637, composition)

Derived characters

  • 𡄫

References

  • KangXi: page 1175, character 20
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 35821
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1639, character 36
  • Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 6, page 4009, character 2
  • Unihan data for U+8B19

Chinese

trad.
simp.
variant forms ⿰讠千 second round simplified

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series () (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
*r'eːms
*r'eːms
*kreːm
*kreːmʔ
*kʰreːms, *kʰreːmʔ, *kʰeːmʔ, *kʰeːms
*kʰreːmʔ
*ɡreːm, *keːm
*ɡreːm, *ɡ·reːm, *ɡ·reːmʔ, *ɡ·reːms, *ɡeːm
*ɡreːmʔ, *ɡreːms
*ɡreːmʔ, *ɡraːm
*ɡ·rem
*ɡ·rem
*ɡ·rem, *ɡ·reːm
*ɡ·rem
*ɡ·rem
*ɡ·rem, *ɡ·reːm
*ɡ·rem
*ɡ·remʔ
*ɡ·remʔ, *ɡ·reːm, *ɡ·reːmʔ
*kʰremʔ
*ŋɡremʔ
*ɡ·reːm
*ɡ·reːm
*ɡ·reːm
*keːm, *keːms
*keːm
*keːm
*keːm
*keːm
*kʰeːm
*kʰeːmʔ
*kʰeːmʔ
*kʰeːmʔ, *kʰeːb
*kʰeːms
*qʰeːm
*ɡeːm
*ɡeːmʔ
*kreːm

Pronunciation



  • Dialectal data
Variety Location
Mandarin Beijing /t͡ɕʰian⁵⁵/
Harbin /t͡ɕʰian⁴⁴/
Tianjin /t͡ɕʰian²¹/
Jinan /t͡ɕʰiã²¹³/
Qingdao /t͡ɕʰiã²¹³/
Zhengzhou /t͡ɕʰian²⁴/
Xi'an /t͡ɕʰiã²¹/
Xining /t͡ɕʰiã⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /t͡ɕʰian⁴⁴/
Lanzhou /t͡ɕʰiɛ̃n³¹/
Ürümqi /t͡ɕʰian⁴⁴/
Wuhan /t͡ɕʰiɛn⁵⁵/
Chengdu /t͡ɕʰian⁵⁵/
Guiyang /t͡ɕʰian⁵⁵/
Kunming /t͡ɕʰiɛ̃⁴⁴/
Nanjing /t͡ɕʰien⁴⁴/
Hefei /t͡ɕʰiĩ²¹/
Jin Taiyuan /t͡ɕʰie¹¹/
Pingyao /t͡ɕʰie̞¹³/
Hohhot /t͡ɕʰie³¹/
Wu Shanghai /t͡ɕʰi⁵³/
Suzhou /t͡ɕʰiɪ⁵⁵/
Hangzhou /t͡ɕʰiẽ̞³³/
Wenzhou /t͡ɕʰi³³/
Hui Shexian /t͡ɕʰie³¹/
Tunxi /t͡sʰiɛ¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /t͡ɕʰiẽ³³/
Xiangtan /t͡ɕʰiẽ³³/
Gan Nanchang /t͡ɕʰiɛn⁴²/
Hakka Meixian /kʰiam⁴⁴/
Taoyuan /kʰiɑm²⁴/
Cantonese Guangzhou /him⁵³/
Nanning /him⁵⁵/
Hong Kong /him⁵⁵/
Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /kʰiam⁵⁵/
Fuzhou (Min Dong) /kʰieŋ⁴⁴/
Jian'ou (Min Bei) /kiŋ⁵⁴/
/kʰiŋ⁵⁴/
Shantou (Min Nan) /kʰiam³³/
Haikou (Min Nan) /xiam²³/

Rime
Character
Reading # 1/1
Initial () (29)
Final () (157)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division () IV
Fanqie
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/kʰem/
Pan
Wuyun
/kʰem/
Shao
Rongfen
/kʰɛm/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/kʰɛm/
Li
Rong
/kʰem/
Wang
Li
/kʰiem/
Bernard
Karlgren
/kʰiem/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
qiān
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
qiān
Middle
Chinese
‹ khem ›
Old
Chinese
/*k-r̥ˁem/
English modest

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 1/1
No. 6070
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
2
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*kʰeːm/

Definitions

  1. humble; modest
  2. 15th hexagram of the I Ching

Compounds

  • 一謙四益一谦四益
  • 你謙我讓你谦我让
  • 和謙和谦 (Héqiān)
  • 太謙太谦
  • 平易謙沖平易谦冲
  • 恭謹謙和恭谨谦和
  • 撝謙㧑谦
  • 滿招損,謙受益满招损,谦受益 (mǎn zhāosǔn, qiān shòuyì)
  • 益謙虧盈益谦亏盈
  • 者者謙謙者者谦谦
  • 自謙自谦 (zìqiān)
  • 謙以下士谦以下士
  • 謙光谦光
  • 謙克谦克
  • 謙卑谦卑 (qiānbēi)
  • 謙卑感谦卑感
  • 謙卑自牧谦卑自牧
  • 謙厚谦厚
  • 謙受益谦受益
  • 謙和谦和
  • 謙善谦善
  • 謙恭谦恭 (qiāngōng)
  • 謙恭下士谦恭下士
  • 謙恭厚道谦恭厚道
  • 謙抑谦抑
  • 謙挹谦挹
  • 謙沖谦冲
  • 謙沖自牧谦冲自牧
  • 謙洽谦洽
  • 謙稱谦称 (qiānchēng)
  • 謙虛谦虚 (qiānxū)
  • 謙虛自牧谦虚自牧
  • 謙詞谦词 (qiāncí)
  • 謙語谦语
  • 謙誠谦诚 (qiānchéng)
  • 謙謙谦谦
  • 謙謙下士谦谦下士
  • 謙謙君子谦谦君子
  • 謙謝谦谢
  • 謙謹谦谨
  • 謙讓谦让 (qiānràng)
  • 謙辭谦辞
  • 謙退谦退
  • 謙遜谦逊 (qiānxùn)
  • 謙遜下士谦逊下士
  • 進履之謙进履之谦
  • 過謙过谦 (guòqiān)

Japanese

Kanji

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

  1. humble; modest

Readings

  • On (unclassified): けん (ken, Jōyō)
  • Kun: へりくだる (herikudaru, 謙る)

Korean

Hanja

(gyeom) (hangeul , revised gyeom, McCuneReischauer kyŏm, Yale kyem)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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