凝

凝 U+51DD, 凝
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-51DD
← 凜
[U+51DC] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 凞 →
[U+51DE]

Translingual

Han character

凝 (radical 15, 冫+14, 16 strokes, cangjie input 戈一心大人 (IMPKO), four-corner 37181, composition ⿰冫疑)

Derived characters
  • 𭗰, 𠘤

References
  • KangXi: page 133, character 45
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1720
  • Dae Jaweon: page 298, character 27
  • Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 1, page 301, character 18
  • Unihan data for U+51DD

Chinese
simp. and trad.
 凝
variant forms 冰
𣲝
𡷪
𠘥

Glyph origin
Characters in the same phonetic series (疑) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
礙 *ŋɯːs
儗 *ŋɯːs, *hŋɯːs, *ŋɯʔ, *ŋɯs
懝 *ŋɯːs, *ŋɯɡ
譺 *ŋrɯːs, *ŋɯʔ, *ŋɯs
癡 *ŋ̊ʰl'ɯ
疑 *ŋɯ
嶷 *ŋɯ, *ŋɯɡ
觺 *ŋɯ
擬 *ŋɯʔ
薿 *ŋɯʔ, *ŋɯɡ
凝 *ŋrɯŋ, *ŋrɯŋs

Pronunciation
Note:
  • gêng - literary;
  • gîn - vernacular.
    • (Teochew)
      • Peng'im: ngêng5 / ngiêng5 / geng5 / ngang5
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ngêng / ngiêng / kṳ̂ng / ngâng
      • IPA (key): /ŋeŋ⁵⁵/, /ŋieŋ⁵⁵/, /kɯŋ⁵⁵/, /ŋaŋ⁵⁵/
Note:
  • ngêng5/ngiêng5 - literary (ngiêng5 - Chaozhou);
  • geng5 - vernacular;
  • ngang5 - vernacular (dialectal usage, "cold").
  • Dialectal data▼
Variety Location 凝
Mandarin Beijing /niŋ³⁵/
Harbin /niŋ²⁴/ ～固
/niŋ⁵³/ 肉湯～了
Tianjin /niŋ⁴⁵/
Jinan /ȵiŋ⁴²/
/iŋ⁴²/
Qingdao /niŋ⁴²/
/iŋ⁴²/
Zhengzhou /niŋ⁴²/
/iŋ⁴²/
Xi'an /niŋ²⁴/
Xining /ȵiə̃²⁴/
Yinchuan /niŋ⁵³/
Lanzhou /ȵĩn⁵³/
/lĩn⁵³/
Ürümqi /ȵiŋ⁵¹/
Wuhan /nin²¹³/
Chengdu /ȵin³¹/
Guiyang /nin²¹/
Kunming /nĩ³¹/
Nanjing /lin²⁴/
Hefei /lin⁵⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /niəŋ¹¹/
Pingyao /ȵiŋ¹³/
Hohhot /nĩŋ³¹/
Wu Shanghai /ȵiŋ²³/
Suzhou /ȵin¹³/
Hangzhou /ȵin²¹³/
Wenzhou /ȵaŋ³¹/
Hui Shexian /niʌ̃⁴⁴/
Tunxi
Xiang Changsha /ȵin¹³/
Xiangtan /ȵin¹²/
Gan Nanchang
Hakka Meixian /kʰen¹¹/
Taoyuan
Cantonese Guangzhou /jeŋ²¹/
Nanning /neŋ²¹/
Hong Kong /jiŋ²¹/
Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /giŋ³⁵/
Fuzhou (Min Dong) /ŋiŋ⁵³/
Jian'ou (Min Bei) /ŋi²¹/
Shantou (Min Nan) /ŋeŋ⁵⁵/
Haikou (Min Nan) /ŋeŋ³¹/
/xeŋ³¹/
Rime
Character 凝 凝
Reading # 1/2 2/2
Initial (聲) 疑 (31) 疑 (31)
Final (韻) 蒸 (133) 蒸 (133)
Tone (調) Level (Ø) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open Open
Division (等) III III
Fanqie 魚陵切 牛𩜁切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /ŋɨŋ/ /ŋɨŋH/
Pan
Wuyun		 /ŋɨŋ/ /ŋɨŋH/
Shao
Rongfen		 /ŋieŋ/ /ŋieŋH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /ŋiŋ/ /ŋiŋH/
Li
Rong		 /ŋiəŋ/ /ŋiəŋH/
Wang
Li		 /ŋĭəŋ/ /ŋĭəŋH/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /ŋi̯əŋ/ /ŋi̯əŋH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 yíng yìng
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 凝
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 níng
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ nging ›
Old
Chinese		 /*[ŋ](r)əŋ/ (< uvular?)
English freeze, coagulate

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 凝 凝
Reading # 1/2 2/2
No. 14902 14903
Phonetic
component		 疑 疑
Rime
group		 蒸 蒸
Rime
subdivision		 0 0
Corresponding
MC rime		 凝 凝
Old
Chinese		 /*ŋrɯŋ/ /*ŋrɯŋs/

Definitions

凝

  1. to coagulate; to congeal; to freeze
  2. to focus; to concentrate
  3. (Teochew) cold; (of weather) chilly
    凝死 [Teochew]  ―  ngang5 si2 [Peng'im]  ―  very cold

Synonyms
Dialectal synonyms of 冷 (“cold”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 冷
Mandarin Beijing 冷
Taiwan 冷
Jinan 冷
Xi'an 冷
Wuhan 冷, 冷凊
Chengdu 冷, 凊
Yangzhou 冷
Hefei 冷
Cantonese Guangzhou 凍, 冷
Hong Kong 凍, 冷
Taishan 冷
Yangjiang 凍, 冷
Gan Nanchang 冷
Hakka Meixian 冷
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 冷, 寒
Liudui (S. Sixian) 冷, 寒人
Hsinchu (Hailu) 冷
Dongshi (Dabu) 冷, 寒
Hsinchu (Raoping) 冷, 寒
Yunlin (Zhao'an) 冷, 寒
Jin Taiyuan 冷
Min Bei Jian'ou 凊, 鎮
Min Dong Fuzhou 凊, 凍
Min Nan Xiamen 冷, 凊, 寒
Quanzhou 冷, 凊, 寒
Zhangzhou 冷, 凊, 寒
Taipei 冷, 凊, 寒
Penang 冷, 寒
Philippines (Manila) 冷, 寒
Chaozhou 凝, 寒
Shantou 凝, 寒
Wu Suzhou 冷
Wenzhou 冷, 凍
Xiang Changsha 冷, 凊
Shuangfeng 冷, 凊

Compounds
  • 冷凝 (lěngníng)
  • 冷凝劑／冷凝剂
  • 冷凝器
  • 冷凝管
  • 凝乳 (níngrǔ)
  • 凝佇／凝伫
  • 凝冱
  • 凝凍／凝冻
  • 凝凝
  • 凝咽 (níngyè)
  • 凝固 (nínggù)
  • 凝固劑／凝固剂
  • 凝固點／凝固点
  • 凝妝／凝妆
  • 凝寒
  • 凝思 (níngsī)
  • 凝想
  • 凝態／凝态
  • 凝慮／凝虑
  • 凝望 (níngwàng)
  • 凝水石
  • 凝血障礙／凝血障碍
  • 凝視／凝视 (níngshì)
  • 凝視點／凝视点
  • 凝重 (níngzhòng)
  • 凝鍊／凝炼
  • 凝集 (níngjí)
  • 凝雨
  • 凝霜 (níngshuāng)
  • 凝霰
  • 凝香
  • 屏息凝氣／屏息凝气
  • 屏息凝視／屏息凝视
  • 屏氣凝神／屏气凝神
  • 抗凝血劑／抗凝血剂
  • 混凝
  • 混凝劑／混凝剂
  • 混凝土 (hùnníngtǔ)
  • 端凝
  • 血液凝固
  • 酸凝酪 (suānnínglào)

Japanese

Kanji
凝

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

  1. congeal

Readings

Compounds

Korean

Hanja

凝 • (eung) (hangeul 응, revised eung, McCune–Reischauer ŭng, Yale ung)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

凝 (ngưng, ngừng)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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