凍

See also: 冻

凍	U+51CD, 凍 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-51CD

← 凌
[U+51CC]

CJK Unified Ideographs

凎 →
[U+51CE]

Translingual

Han character

凍 (radical 15, 冫+8, 10 strokes, cangjie input 戈一木田 (IMDW), four-corner 3519₆, composition ⿰冫東)

References

KangXi: page 132, character 46

Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1670

Dae Jaweon: page 297, character 2

Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 1, page 298, character 7

Unihan data for U+51CD

Chinese

trad.		凍
simp.		冻

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (東) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
	Old Chinese
東	*toːŋ
菄	*toːŋ
鶇	*toːŋ
倲	*toːŋ
涷	toːŋ, toːŋs
蝀	toːŋ, toːŋʔ
凍	toːŋ, toːŋs
鯟	*toːŋ
崠	*toːŋ
埬	*toːŋ
棟	*toːŋs

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *toːŋ, *toːŋs) : semantic 冫 + phonetic 東 (OC *toːŋ).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): dòng (dong⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄉㄨㄥˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): dung³
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): tung
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): tòng / tàng

(Teochew, Peng'im): dong³ / dang³

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Pinyin: dòng
  - Zhuyin: ㄉㄨㄥˋ
  - Wade–Giles: tung⁴
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: donq
  - Tongyong Pinyin: dòng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʊŋ⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: dung³
  - Yale: dung
  - Cantonese Pinyin: dung³
  - Guangdong Romanization: dung³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʊŋ³³/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: tung
  - Hakka Romanization System: dung
  - Hagfa Pinyim: dung⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /tuŋ⁵⁵/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tòng / tàng
  - Tâi-lô: tòng / tàng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: doxng, daxng
  - IPA (Xiamen): /tɔŋ²¹/, /taŋ²¹/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /tɔŋ⁴¹/, /taŋ⁴¹/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /tɔŋ²¹/, /taŋ²¹/
  - IPA (Taipei): /tɔŋ¹¹/, /taŋ¹¹/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /tɔŋ²¹/, /taŋ²¹/

Note:

tòng - literary;
tàng - vernacular.

- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: dong³ / dang³
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tòng / tàng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /toŋ²¹³/, /taŋ²¹³/

Note:

dong3 - literary;
dang3 - vernacular.

Middle Chinese: /tuŋ/, /tuŋ^H/▼

Rime
Character	凍	凍
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Initial (聲)	端 (5)	端 (5)
Final (韻)	東 (1)	東 (1)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	I
Fanqie	德紅切	多貢切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/tuŋ/	/tuŋ^H/
Pan Wuyun	/tuŋ/	/tuŋ^H/
Shao Rongfen	/tuŋ/	/tuŋ^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/təwŋ/	/təwŋ^H/
Li Rong	/tuŋ/	/tuŋ^H/
Wang Li	/tuŋ/	/tuŋ^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/tuŋ/	/tuŋ^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	dōng	dòng

Old Chinese▼
(Baxter–Sagart): /*tˤoŋ-s/

(Zhengzhang): /*toːŋ/, /*toːŋs/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	凍
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	dòng
Middle Chinese	‹ tuwng^H ›
Old Chinese	/*tˁoŋ-s/
English	freeze
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	凍	凍
Reading #	1/2	2/2
No.	2441	2447
Phonetic component	東	東
Rime group	東	東
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	東	涷
Old Chinese	/*toːŋ/	/*toːŋs/

Definitions

凍

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 冷 (“cold”) [map]
Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		冷
Mandarin	Beijing	冷
	Taiwan	冷
	Jinan	冷
	Xi'an	冷
	Wuhan	冷, 冷凊
	Chengdu	冷, 凊
	Yangzhou	冷
	Hefei	冷
Cantonese	Guangzhou	凍, 冷
	Hong Kong	凍, 冷
	Taishan	冷
	Yangjiang	凍, 冷
Gan	Nanchang	冷
Hakka	Meixian	冷
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	冷, 寒
	Liudui (S. Sixian)	冷, 寒人
	Hsinchu (Hailu)	冷
	Dongshi (Dabu)	冷, 寒
	Hsinchu (Raoping)	冷, 寒
	Yunlin (Zhao'an)	冷, 寒
Jin	Taiyuan	冷
Min Bei	Jian'ou	凊, 鎮
Min Dong	Fuzhou	凊, 凍
Min Nan	Xiamen	冷, 凊, 寒
	Quanzhou	冷, 凊, 寒
	Zhangzhou	冷, 凊, 寒
	Taipei	冷, 凊, 寒
	Penang	冷, 寒
	Philippines (Manila)	冷, 寒
	Chaozhou	凝, 寒
	Shantou	凝, 寒
Wu	Suzhou	冷
Wu	Wenzhou	冷, 凍
Xiang	Changsha	冷, 凊
Xiang	Shuangfeng	冷, 凊

Compounds

上凍／上冻 (shàngdòng)
不凍／不冻
不凍港／不冻港
價格凍結／价格冻结
冰凍／冰冻 (bīngdòng)
冰消凍解／冰消冻解
冰消凍釋／冰消冻释
冰解凍釋／冰解冻释
冷凍／冷冻 (lěngdòng)
冷凍蔬菜／冷冻蔬菜
冷凍食品／冷冻食品 (lěngdòng shípǐn)
凍住／冻住
凍傷／冻伤 (dòngshāng)
凍僵／冻僵
凍凌觜臉／冻凌觜脸
凍剝剝／冻剥剥
凍原／冻原 (dòngyuán)

凍土／冻土 (dòngtǔ)
凍天行／冻天行
凍害／冻害 (dònghài)
凍寒／冻寒
凍斃／冻毙
凍欽欽／冻钦钦
凍死／冻死
凍瘡／冻疮 (dòngchuāng)
凍省／冻省
凍石／冻石
凍結／冻结 (dòngjié)
凍結資金／冻结资金
凍肉／冻肉
凍解冰釋／冻解冰释
凍豆腐／冻豆腐
凍雨／冻雨 (dòngyǔ)

凍餒／冻馁 (dòngněi)
凝凍／凝冻
北極凍原／北极冻原
呵凍／呵冻
天寒地凍／天寒地冻
愛玉凍／爱玉冻 (àiyùdòng)
挨餓受凍／挨饿受冻
擔飢受凍／担饥受冻
果凍／果冻 (guǒdòng)
滴水成凍／滴水成冻
肉凍／肉冻 (ròudòng)
解凍／解冻 (jiědòng)
防凍／防冻 (fángdòng)
霜凍／霜冻 (shuāngdòng)
飢凍交切／饥冻交切
魚凍／鱼冻 (yúdòng)

Japanese

Kanji

凍

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

frozen

Readings

Go-on: つう (tsū)
Kan-on: とう (tō, Jōyō)
Kun: こおる (kōru, 凍る, Jōyō); こごえる (kogoeru, 凍える, Jōyō)

Compounds

不凍 (ふとう) (futō): nonfreezing

Related terms

凍 (い)てる (iteru)
凍 (こお)る (kōru)
凍 (こご)える (kogoeru)
凍 (し)みる (shimiru)
凍 (こお)らす (kōrasu)

Korean

Hanja

凍 • (dong) (hangeul 동, revised dong, McCune–Reischauer tong)

Vietnamese

Han character

凍 (đống, đông)

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