Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/-ъka

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

Extended version of Proto-Indo-European *-keh₂, appended to thematic roots. The suffix could be attached to any stem (o-, u-, i-, or consonant).

Suffix

*-ъka f

Denominal, forms diminutives.
Synonym: *-ica, *-ъlа (with additional derogatory flair)

*mati (“mother”) → *matьka (“mommy”)

*teta (“aunt”) → *tetъka (“auntie”)

*gora (“mountain”) → *gorъka (“small mountain, hill”)

*pǫpъ (“belly button”) → *pǫpъka (“pimple”)

*kotъ (“cat”) → *kotъka (“young cat”)

*bylьje (“herb plant, medicine”) → *bylьka (“herb”)

*lъga (“oval tool”) → *lyžьka (“spoon”) (along with *lъžica)

*vidla (“pitchfork”) → *vidlъka (“fork”) (along with *vidlica)

*pala (“stake, pole”) → *palъka (“cane, stick”) (along with *palica)
Deadjectival, denoting a carrier of the specified property.
*bělъ (“white”) → *bělъka (“something or somebody white”)

*čьrnъ (“black”) → *čьrnъka (“something or somebody black”)

*bolьjь (“painful”) → *bolъka (“acute pain”)

*polъ (“half”) → *polъka (“one half; type of dance”)

*-měrъ (“considerable, great”) → *měrъka (“measure, estimate”)
Deverbal, denoting a (feminine) agent or a tool performing the specified action or a result from the action.
*prositi (“to ask, to beg”) → *prošьka (“remission, pardon”)

*dojiti (“to nurse, to give milk”) → *dojьka (“breast, wet-nurse”)

*krojiti (“to cut, to shape”) → *krojьka (“embroidery, needlework”)

*brojiti (“to count”) → *brojьka (“account, number”)

*bьrati (“to gather, to pick”) → *sъbirъka (“gathering, assemblage”)

*pьrati (“to propel”) → *perъka (“fin, propeller, vane (of a machine)”)

*svirati (“to play a music instrument”) → *svirъka (“flute”)
From numerals, denoting a set of the respective number. For numerals between 4 and 8, the supplementary *-orъ is affixed.
*dъva (“two”) → *dvojьka (“pair”)

*trьje (“three”) → *trojьka (“triple”)

*četyre (“four”) → *četvorъka (“set of four”)

*pętь (“five”) → *pętorъka (“set of five”)

*desętь (“ten”) → *desętъka (“decade”)

Other forms

*-jьka (when attached to roots ending in *-j- or some i-stems)

Declension

Declension of *-ъka (hard a-stem)

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*-ъka	*-ъcě	*-ъky
Accusative	*-ъkǫ	*-ъcě	*-ъky
Genitive	*-ъky	*-ъku	*-ъkъ
Locative	*-ъcě	*-ъku	-ъkasъ, -ъkaxъ^*
Dative	*-ъcě	*-ъkama	*-ъkamъ
Instrumental	-ъkojǫ, -ъkǫ^**	*-ъkama	*-ъkami
Vocative	*-ъko	*-ъcě	*-ъky

^* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
^** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).

Derived terms

► <a class='CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory' href='/wiki/Category:Proto-Slavic_words_suffixed_with_*-%D1%8Aka' title='Category:Proto-Slavic words suffixed with *-ъka'>Proto-Slavic words suffixed with *-ъka</a>

Descendants

East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: -ъка (-ŭka)
  - Belarusian: -ка (-ka)
  - Russian: -ка (-ka)
  - Ukrainian: -ка (-ka)

South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic:
  Cyrillic: -ъка (-ŭka)
  
  Glagolitic: -ⱏⰽⰰ (-ŭka)
- Bulgarian: -ка (-ka)
- Macedonian: -ка (-ka)
- Serbo-Croatian:
  Cyrillic: -ка
  
  Latin: -ka
- Slovene: -ka

West Slavic:
- Czech: -ka
- Polish: -ka
- Slovak: -ka
- Slovincian: -ka
- Sorbian:
  - Upper Sorbian: -ka
  - Lower Sorbian: -ka

References

Šekli, Matej (2012), “Besedotvorni pomeni samostalniških izpeljank v praslovanščini”, in Philological Studies‎ (in Slovene), volume 10, issue 1, Skopje, Perm, Ljubljana, Zagreb, pages 115–32

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