Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/vidla

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

Probably originally plular form of **vidlo, from *viti (“to bend, twist”) +‎ *-dlo

Noun

*vidla f

pitchfork

Declension

Declension of *vidla (hard a-stem)

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*vidla	*vidlě	*vidly
Accusative	*vidlǫ	*vidlě	*vidly
Genitive	*vidly	*vidlu	*vidlъ
Locative	*vidlě	*vidlu	vidlasъ, vidlaxъ^*
Dative	*vidlě	*vidlama	*vidlamъ
Instrumental	vidlojǫ, vidlǫ^**	*vidlama	*vidlami
Vocative	*vidlo	*vidlě	*vidly

^* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
^** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).

Descendants

East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: вила (vila)
  - Belarusian: ві́ла (víla), ві́лы pl (víly), відэ́лец (vidéljec, “fork”), ві́лка (vílka, “fork”)
  - Russian: ви́ла f (víla), ви́лы pl (víly), ви́лка (vílka, “fork”)
  - Ukrainian: ви́ла (výla), ви́ли pl (výly), ви́лка (výlka, “fork”), виде́лка (vydélka, “fork”)
- Old Novgorodian: вигла (vigla)
  - → Estonian: vigl
South Slavic:
- Bulgarian: ви́ла f (víla), ви́лица (vílica, “fork”), ви́лка (vílka, “fork”)
- Macedonian: вила (vila), вилушка (viluška, “fork”)
- Serbo-Croatian:
  Cyrillic: ви̏ле̄ pl, виљушка (“fork”), ви̏лица (“fork”)
  
  Latin: vȉlē pl, viljuška (“fork”), vȉlica (“fork”)
- Slovene: víle, vílice pl (“fork”) (tonal orthography)
West Slavic:
- Czech: vidle pl, vidly pl, vidlička (“fork”)
- Kashubian: widłë pl
- Polish: widły pl, widelec (“fork”)
- Slovak: vidly pl, vidlička (“fork”)
- Sorbian:
  - Upper Sorbian: widɫy pl, widlički pl (“fork”)
  - Lower Sorbian: widɫy pl, widlicki pl (“fork”)

References

Vasmer (Fasmer), Max (Maks) (1964–1973), “вила”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ russkovo jazyka [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), translated from German and supplemented by Trubačóv Oleg, Moscow: Progress
Černyx, P. Ja. (1999), “вилы”, in Istoriko-etimologičeskij slovarʹ russkovo jazyka [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), volume 1, 3rd reprint edition, Moscow: Russkij jazyk, page 151
Martynov V. V. (1983) Язык в пространстве и времени: к проблеме глоттогенеза славян, Moscow: Nauka, page 84
Trubačev O. N. (1966) Ремесленная терминология в славянских языках: этимология и опыт групповой реконструкции, Moscow: Nauka, page 111

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