Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/túh₂

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative forms

*tī̆, *tū̆, *tuH, *tíh₁, *tu-

Etymology

Often compared with similar pronouns in other language families of Eurasia, e.g. Proto-Uralic *tinä. Kloekhorst (2008) proposes that per Anatolian forms such as Hittite 𒍣𒄿𒅅 (zīk), *i rather than *u should be reconstructed in the nominative, which would then suggest an original Indo-Uralic root *ti-.

Pronoun

*túh₂

you, thou (second-person singular pronoun)

Inflection

Andrew Sihler's reconstruction
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*tī̆ (tū̆)	*yuh₁ (?yūh₁)	*yūs (?yuHs)
accusative	t-wé ~ te	uh₁-wé ~ wō̆h₁	usmé ~ wō̆s
genitive	té-we ~ tos (adj.)	?	usóm ~ wō̆s
ablative	*tw-ét	?	*usm-ét
dative	tébʰi ~ tey, *toy	?	usm-éy ~ wō̆s

Donald Ringe's reconstruction
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*túh₂	*yú	*yū́
accusative	twé ~ te	uh₃wé ~ woh₃	uswé ~ wos
genitive	téwe ~ toy	?	? ~ *wos
dative	tébʰye ~ toy	?	? ~ *wos

Alwin Kloekhorst's reconstruction
Proto-Nuclear-Indo-European	singular	plural
nominative	*tuH	*yuH
accusative	twe(ge) ~ twē (?)	us ~ wōs (?)
genitive	tewe ~ toi	?
dative	tebʰi ~ toy	?
oblique	*twe-	us- ~ wos
Outer-Anatolian IE	singular	plural
nominative	*tuH	*yuH
oblique	tew-/tu-	*us-
enclitic	*toy	*wos
Proto-Indo-European	singular	plural
nominative	*tíh₁	?
accusative	*tu-	?
oblique	*tu-	?

Robert Beekes' reconstruction
	singular	plural
nominative	*tuH	*yuH
accusative	*twé	usmé ~ wōs
genitive	téwe ~ toy	yus(er)o- ~ wos
ablative	*twed	*usmed
dative	tébʰio ~ toi	*usmey
locative	*tóy	*usmi
instrumental	*tóy	?
poss. adj.	*twos	*usos

Frederik Kortlandt's reconstruction
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*tu-	*yuh₁-	*yu-
accusative	*twe	*uh₁e	*usme
genitive	*tewe	*woh₁	*wos
ablative	*twed	*uh₁ed	*usmed
dative	*tubʰi	*uh₁ebʰi	*usmei
locative	*toy	*uh₁i	*usmi
poss. adj.	*twos	-	*usos

Michiel de Vaan's reconstruction
	singular	plural
nominative	*tí(H)	*yúH(s)
accusative	*twé	*wōs
genitive	téwe ~ toy	wos/wes
ablative	*twéd	?
dative	*toy	?
poss. adj.	*twos	*us-tero-s?

Derived terms

*tewos (from gen. *téwe)
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: τεός (teós)
- Italic: *towos
  - Old Latin: tovos
    - Latin: tuus

Descendants

Albanian: ti, ju
Anatolian: *tī́ǵ (see there for further descendants)
Armenian:
- Old Armenian: դու (du), քեզ (kʿez) (< *twé), քո (kʿo) (< *two-), դուք (dukʿ) (< *tú-s); ձեզ (jez) (< *y(us)e), ձեր (jer) (< *y(us)er)
  - Armenian: դու (du), քեզ (kʿez), քո (kʿo); դուք (dukʿ), ձեզ (jez), ձեր (jer)
Balto-Slavic: *tūˀ, *tu, *yūˀ, *yūˀs (< *yus)
- Latvian: tu, jūs
- Lithuanian: tù, jùdu (< *ju-du), jū̃s
- Old Prussian: tou, tu, ioūs
- Slavic: *ty, *vy (< *wū), *vy (< *wūs) (see there for further descendants)
Celtic: *tū, *swīs (< *wēs-wēs) (see there for further descendants)
Germanic: *þū, *jut, *jūz (see there for further descendants)
Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: σύ (sú), σφώ (sphṓ) (< *se-bʰ(e)y), ὑμεῖς (humeîs) (< *usm-), σός (sós)
  - Greek: εσύ (esý), εσείς (eseís)
Indo-Iranian: *tuH, *yúH, *yúH(s) (see there for further descendants)
Italic: *tū, *wōs, *wosteros
- Latin: tū, vōs, voster
- Oscan: 𐌕𐌉𐌉𐌖𐌌 (tiium), 𐌕𐌉𐌞 (tiú) (nominative), 𐌕𐌉𐌚𐌄𐌉 (tifei), tfei (dative)
- South Picene: 𐌕𐌉𐌏𐌌 (tiom) (accusative), 𐌕𐌄𐌚𐌄𐌝 (tefeí), 𐌕𐌄𐌚𐌄𐌇 (tefeh) (dative)
- Umbrian: tiom, 𐌕𐌉𐌖 (tiu), tio, teio (accusative), 𐌕𐌄𐌚𐌄 (tefe), tefe (dative)
Tocharian:
- Tocharian A: tu
- Tocharian B: tuwe

Coordinate terms

References

Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008). "Some Indo-Uralic Aspects of Hittite". The Journal of Indo-European Studies 36:1-2.
Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN

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