Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/sa

From Proto-Indo-European *só.

• IPA^(key): /sɑ/

*sa

1. that

• *þan
• *þar
• *þat
• *þus

• *hiz
• *hwaz

In most descendants the s- of the nominative singular eventually was analogically replaced with the þ- of the other forms.

• Old English: sē, þes
  • Middle English: se, sa, si, þe, þa, þo
    • Scots: the, tha, thay, thae
    • English: the, tho, those, this
      • Nigerian Pidgin: dat
• Old Frisian: thī, thā
  • Saterland Frisian: die, do
  • West Frisian: de, dy
• Old Saxon: sē, thē, thiu, thia
  • Middle Low German: de
    • German Low German: de
• Old Dutch: thie
  • Middle Dutch: die, dat
    • Dutch: die, dien (dialectal), de, den (dialectal), dat, het, dit
      • Afrikaans: die, dat
    • Limburgish: dae
• Old High German: dēr, diu, sa
  • Middle High German: der, diu
    • Alemannic German: de, dr m, d f, s, ds n

      Swabian: d'r m, des n

    • Bavarian: da

      Cimbrian: dar m, de, di f, 's, z n

    • Central Franconian:

      Hunsrik: dää m

      Kölsch: dä m, Kölsch: die f, dat n

    • East Central German: de f
    • German: der m, die f, das n
    • Rhine Franconian:

      Hessian: dè m, dès n

    • Yiddish: דער‎ m (der)
• Old Norse: sá
  • Icelandic: sá
  • Faroese: tann, tað, sá (obsolete)
  • Old Swedish: sa (archaic), þæn; þē; þæt
    • Swedish: den, det
  • Danish: den, det
  • Norwegian:
    • Bokmål: den, det
    • Nynorsk: det
  • Westrobothnian: dänn, dä, hä, nä, ä
• Gothic: 𐍃𐌰 (sa)