Safawieden

	سلسله صفویه ایران
	Kaart
	Het rijk van de Safawieden toen het op zijn grootst was in 1512.
	Algemene gegevens
Hoofdstad	Tabriz, Qazvin, Isfahan
Talen	Perzisch (bestuurstaal)[1][2][3] Azeri Turks (vorstenhuis)[3][4][5][6]
Religie(s)	Sjiisme
	Regering
Regeringsvorm	Koninkrijk
Dynastie	Safawieden
Staatshoofd	Koning
	Voorgaande en opvolgende staten
Ak Koyunlu; Timoeriden; Marashiyanen; Paduspaniden; Mihrabaniden; Afrasiaben; Kia'iden;	Afshariden; Hotakiden; Ottomaanse Rijk;

De Safawieden (Perzisch. سلسلهٔ صفويان; Azerbeidzjaans. Səfəvilər dövləti, صفوی‌لر) waren een Azerbeidzjaanse dynastie van Azerbeidzjaanse herkomst.[7][8] Zij regeerden van 1501 tot 1722 over Perzië. Oorspronkelijk waren zij leiders van een soennitische mystieke orde,[9] maar in de tweede helft van de vijftiende eeuw werd dit een sjiitische politieke beweging die vanuit de stad Ardebil geheel Perzië wist te veroveren. De bekendste vorst uit de Safawiedendynastie is Abbas I de Grote. De Safawieden maakten de sjiitische islam de staatsgodsdienst van het Perzische rijk.[10]

Afkomst

De Safawidische vorsten stelden zelf dat ze seyyeds waren, directe afstammelingen van de profeet Mohammed, maar deze claim wordt door moderne geleerden algemeen afgewezen. De Safawieden stammen af van sjeik Safi al-Din,[11] die in 1301 een soefiorde stichtte in de stad Ardebil en veel aanhang genoot. Na zijn dood volgde zijn zoon, sjeik Sadr al-Din, hem op. Hij bouwde een grote moskee voor zijn vader om meer volgelingen te trekken. Deze aanhang bestond voor een groot deel uit Turkmenen.

Geschiedenis

Na een grote opstand tegen de Ak Koyunlu, liet Ismaïl op vijftienjarige leeftijd in juli 1501 zich in Tabriz kronen tot Sjah. Aanvankelijk heerste hij alleen over de provincie Azerbeidzjan, maar in de volgende jaren wist hij in snel tempo geheel Perzië te veroveren.[10] In de volgende jaren veroverde Ismaïl de rest van Perzië, waaronder de steden Hamadan, Isfahan, Shiraz, Pars, Kerman en Herat. Hiermee werd hij de Sjah van Iran, en stichtte hij het rijk van de Safawieden. Zijn macht berustte op de Kizilbasj (Turks voor roodhoeden of roodhoofden) en de leden van andere Turkse stammen. Ismaïl introduceerde het Twaalversjiisme als nationale godsdienst in Iran, een land dat tot dan toe voornamelijk soennitisch was geweest. Die introductie was opmerkelijk omdat daarvoor het Twaalversjiisme een esoterische sekte was geweest, die afstand had genomen van politiek. Ismail trok zich daar weinig van aan en voerde de invoering van het twaalver sjiisme hardhandig door, waarbij hij soennieten in zijn rijk en de omringende landen, zoals het Osmaanse Rijk, bestreed. De Safawiden regeerde tot de 18e eeuw toen er een Afghaans leger binnenviel. Perzen en Turken uit het Ottomaanse Rijk hebben samen de Afghanen verjaagd, maar ook de resterende Safawieden. De winnaar van deze strijd, Nadir Sjah Afshar verjoeg vervolgens de Turken en stichtte de dynastie van de Afshariden.

Plattegrond van Tabriz uit de 16e eeuw, de eerste hoofdstad van de Safawiden.

Sjahs van de Safawieden

Ismail I 1501-1524
Tahmasp I 1524-1576
Ismail II 1576-1578
Mohammed Khodabanda 1578-1587
Abbas I 1587-1629
Safi 1629-1642
Abbas II 1642-1667
Suleiman I 1667-1694
Soltan Hoseyn I 1694-1722
Tahmasp II 1722-1732
Abbas III 1732-1736
Suleiman II 1749-1750
Ismail III 1750-1760

Tijdlijn Perzische Rijk

Externe link

(en) Safavid Empire 1502 - 1736, beschrijving bij Iranchamber.com

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties

Roemer, H. R. (1986). "The Safavid Period". The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 6: The Timurid and Safavid Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 189–350. ISBN 0-521-20094-6, p. 331: "Depressing though the condition in the country may have been at the time of the fall of Safavids, they cannot be allowed to overshadow the achievements of the dynasty, which was in many respects to prove essential factors in the development of Persia in modern times. These include the maintenance of Persian as the official language and of the present-day boundaries of the country, adherence to the Twelever Shi'i, the monarchical system, the planning and architectural features of the urban centers, the centralised administration of the state, the alliance of the Shi'i Ulama with the merchant bazaars, and the symbiosis of the Persian-speaking population with important non-Persian, especially Turkish speaking minorities".
Ronald W Ferrier, The Arts of Persia. Yale University Press. 1989, p. 9.
Mazzaoui, Michel B; Canfield, Robert, Turko-Persia in Historical Perspective. Cambridge University Press (2002), “Islamic Culture and Literature in Iran and Central Asia in the early modern period”, p. 86–7. ISBN 0521522919, ISBN 978-0-521-52291-5 “Safavid power with its distinctive Persian-Shi'i culture, however, remained a middle ground between its two mighty Turkish neighbors. The Safavid state, which lasted at least until 1722, was essentially a "Turkish" dynasty, with Azeri Turkish (Azerbaijan being the family's home base) as the language of the rulers and the court as well as the Qizilbash military establishment. Shah Ismail wrote poetry in Turkish. The administration nevertheless was Persian, and the Persian language was the vehicle of diplomatic correspondence (insha'), of belles-lettres (adab), and of history (tarikh).”
Savory, Roger, Iran Under the Safavids. Cambridge University Press (2007), p. 213. ISBN 0521042518, ISBN 978-0-521-04251-2 “qizilbash normally spoke Azari brand of Turkish at court, as did the Safavid shahs themselves; lack of familiarity with the Persian language may have contributed to the decline from the pure classical standards of former times”
Zabiollah Safa (1986), "Persian Literature in the Safavid Period", The Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 6: The Timurid and Safavid Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-20094-6, pp. 948–65. P. 950: "In day-to-day affairs, the language chiefly used at the Safavid court and by the great military and political officers, as well as the religious dignitaries, was Turkish, not Persian; and the last class of persons wrote their religious works mainly in Arabic. Those who wrote in Persian were either lacking in proper tuition in this tongue, or wrote outside Iran and hence at a distance from centers where Persian was the accepted vernacular, endued with that vitality and susceptibility to skill in its use which a language can have only in places where it truly belongs."
Price, Massoume, Iran's Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebook. ABC-CLIO (2005), p. 66. ISBN 1576079937, ISBN 978-1-57607-993-5 “The Shah was a native Turkic speaker and wrote poetry in the Azerbaijani language.”
"Ṣafavid , (1502–1736), Iranian dynasty..."
" As Persians of Kurdish ancestry and of a non-tribal background, the Safavids did not fit this pattern.."
Encyclopædia Iranica:- "Safavid Dynasty Originating from a mystical order at the turn of the 14th century, the Safavids ruled Persia from 1501 to 1722."
"Ṣafavid , (1502–1736), Iranian dynasty..."
http://books.google.com.tr/books?id=uAzGTtWlp7gC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Richard+Tapper,+Frontier+nomads+of+Iran:+a+political+and+social&hl=tr&ei=-FkrTKfvFIGlcezT8JUD&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCcQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false

Sjahansjahs van Perzië en/of Iran

Achaemeniden:	Cyrus · Cambyses · Smerdis · Darius I · Xerxes I · Artaxerxes I · Darius II · Artaxerxes II · Artaxerxes III · Darius III
Macedoniërs:	Alexander de Grote · Philippos III Arridaios · Alexander IV
Seleuciden:	Seleucus I Nicator · Antiochus I Soter · Antiochus II Theos · Seleucus II Callinicus · Seleucus III Ceraunus · Antiochus III de Grote · Seleucus IV Philopator · Antiochus IV Epiphanes
Parthen:	Arsaces I · Arsaces II · Priapitius · Phraates I · Mithridates I de Grote · Phraates II · Artabanus I · Mithridates II de Grote · Gotarzes I · Orodes I · Sinatrukes · Phraates III · Mithridates III · Orodes II · Phraates IV · Tiridates II · Phraataces · Orodes III · Vonones I · Artabanus II · Tiridates III · Vardanes I · Gotarzes II · Sanabares · Vonones II · Vologases I · Vardanes II · Vologases II · Pacorus II · Artabanus III · Vologases III · Osroes I · Mithridates IV · Vologases IV · Osroes II · Vologases V · Vologases VI · Artabanus IV
Sassaniden:	Ardashir · Sjapoer I · Hormazd I · Bahram I · Bahram II · Bahram III · Narses · Hormazd II · Sjapoer II · Ardashir II · Sjapoer III · Bahram IV · Yazdagird I · Bahram V · Yazdagird II · Hormazd III · Peroz · Valash · Kavad I · Zamasp · Khusro I · Hormazd IV · Khusro II · Bahram VI · Kavad II · Ardashir III · Boran · Hormazd V · Yazdagird III
Ghaznaviden:	Alptigin · Sebük Tigin · Ismail · Mahmud · Mohammed · Mas'ud I
Il-kans:	Hulagu · Abaka · Teguder · Arghun · Geikhatu · Baidu · Ghazan · Öljeitü · Abu Sa'id · Arpa · Musa · Mohammed
Timoeriden:	Timoer Lenk · Pir Mohammed · Shahrukh Mirza · Abu'l-Qasim Bābar · Sjāh Mahmūd · Ibrāhim · Sultān Abu Sa'id Gūrgān · Yādgār Muhammad · Sultān Hussayn · Badi ul-Zamān · Muzaffar Hussayn
Safawieden:	Ismail I · Tahmasp I · Ismail II · Mohammad Khodabanda · Abbas I · Safi · Abbas II · Suleiman I · Soltan Hoseyn I · Tahmasp II · Abbas III · Suleiman II · Ismail III
Afshariden:	Nadir Sjah Afshar · Adil Sjah Afshar · Ebrahim Sjah Afshar · Shahrokh Sjah Afshar
Zand:	Karim Khan · Mohammad Ali Khan · Abol Fath Khan · Sadiq Khan · Ali Murad Khan · Jafar Khan · Lotf Ali Khan
Kadjaren:	Agha Mohammed Khan Kadjar · Fath'Ali Kadjar · Mohammad Sjah Kadjar · Ali · Hossein Ali Kadjar · Naser ed-Din Kadjar · Mozaffar ed-Din Kadjar · Mohammed Ali Kadjar · Soltan Ahmad Kadjar · Ali Reza Khan-e Kadjar · Nasir al-Mulk · Mohammed Hassan Mirza
Pahlavi:	Reza Pahlavi · Mohammad Reza Pahlavi

Iraanse dynastieën
Tahiriden (821–873) · Saffariden (861–1002) · Il-kanaat (1256–1335) · Safawieden (1501–1736) · Afshariden (1736–1796) · Zand (1750–1794) · Kadjaren (1796–1925) · Pahlavi (1925–1979)

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[1] Roemer, H. R. (1986). "The Safavid Period". The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 6: The Timurid and Safavid Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 189–350. ISBN 0-521-20094-6, p. 331: "Depressing though the condition in the country may have been at the time of the fall of Safavids, they cannot be allowed to overshadow the achievements of the dynasty, which was in many respects to prove essential factors in the development of Persia in modern times. These include the maintenance of Persian as the official language and of the present-day boundaries of the country, adherence to the Twelever Shi'i, the monarchical system, the planning and architectural features of the urban centers, the centralised administration of the state, the alliance of the Shi'i Ulama with the merchant bazaars, and the symbiosis of the Persian-speaking population with important non-Persian, especially Turkish speaking minorities".

[2] Ronald W Ferrier, The Arts of Persia. Yale University Press. 1989, p. 9.

[mazzaoui-3] Mazzaoui, Michel B; Canfield, Robert, Turko-Persia in Historical Perspective. Cambridge University Press (2002), “Islamic Culture and Literature in Iran and Central Asia in the early modern period”, p. 86–7. ISBN 0521522919, ISBN 978-0-521-52291-5 “Safavid power with its distinctive Persian-Shi'i culture, however, remained a middle ground between its two mighty Turkish neighbors. The Safavid state, which lasted at least until 1722, was essentially a "Turkish" dynasty, with Azeri Turkish (Azerbaijan being the family's home base) as the language of the rulers and the court as well as the Qizilbash military establishment. Shah Ismail wrote poetry in Turkish. The administration nevertheless was Persian, and the Persian language was the vehicle of diplomatic correspondence (insha'), of belles-lettres (adab), and of history (tarikh).”

[savory07-4] Savory, Roger, Iran Under the Safavids. Cambridge University Press (2007), p. 213. ISBN 0521042518, ISBN 978-0-521-04251-2 “qizilbash normally spoke Azari brand of Turkish at court, as did the Safavid shahs themselves; lack of familiarity with the Persian language may have contributed to the decline from the pure classical standards of former times”

[cambridgesafa-5] Zabiollah Safa (1986), "Persian Literature in the Safavid Period", The Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 6: The Timurid and Safavid Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-20094-6, pp. 948–65. P. 950: "In day-to-day affairs, the language chiefly used at the Safavid court and by the great military and political officers, as well as the religious dignitaries, was Turkish, not Persian; and the last class of persons wrote their religious works mainly in Arabic. Those who wrote in Persian were either lacking in proper tuition in this tongue, or wrote outside Iran and hence at a distance from centers where Persian was the accepted vernacular, endued with that vitality and susceptibility to skill in its use which a language can have only in places where it truly belongs."

[price-6] Price, Massoume, Iran's Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebook. ABC-CLIO (2005), p. 66. ISBN 1576079937, ISBN 978-1-57607-993-5 “The Shah was a native Turkic speaker and wrote poetry in the Azerbaijani language.”

[7] "Ṣafavid , (1502–1736), Iranian dynasty..."

[east-8] " As Persians of Kurdish ancestry and of a non-tribal background, the Safavids did not fit this pattern.."

[9] Encyclopædia Iranica:- "Safavid Dynasty Originating from a mystical order at the turn of the 14th century, the Safavids ruled Persia from 1501 to 1722."

[persisch-10] "Ṣafavid , (1502–1736), Iranian dynasty..."

[11] ttp://books.google.com.tr/books?id=uAzGTtWlp7gC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Richard+Tapper,+Frontier+nomads+of+Iran:+a+political+and+social&hl=tr&ei=-FkrTKfvFIGlcezT8JUD&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCcQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false