Power sector of Andhra Pradesh

Power sector of Andhra Pradesh is divided into 4 categories namely Regulation, Generation, Transmission and Distribution. Andhra Pradesh Electricity Regulatory Commission (APERC) is the regulatory body.[1] APGENCO deals with the electricity production and also maintenance, proposes new projects and upgrades existing ones as well.[2] The APGENCO also set up a Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV), named as Andhra Pradesh Power Development Company Limited (APPDCL), a joint venture company of APGENCO (with 50% equity) and IL&FS (50% equity) to set up Krishnapatanam thermal power project (2x800 MW).[3]

APTRANSCO is set up for transmission of power.[4] Power distribution in the state is divided into two divisions, namely Eastern Power Distribution Corporation Limited (EPDCL) and Southern Power Distribution Corporation Limited (SPDCL), which distributes the power to the households and the industries.[5] APGENCO, APPDCL, NTPC and other private firms contribute to the generation of power in the state of Andhra Pradesh.[6][7] Andhra Pradesh has become the second state in India to achieve 100% electrification of all households.[8] Weighted average cost of power generation and purchases is INR 3.16 per kWh which is highest in the country.[9]

The newly formed Andhra Pradesh Green Energy Corporation Limited (APGECL), a 100% subsidiary of Andhra Pradesh Power Generation Company Limited (APGENCO), will be the executing agency for setting up the 10 GW solar project in a phased manner and for connecting it to the grid. The 10GW solar projects would be used to meet the entire agriculture power consumption which will be met during the day time for nine hours duration daily.[10]

The total installed utility power generation capacity is nearly 24,854 MW in the state as of 31 March 2020[11] APtransCo has made long term power purchase agreements for 19,068 MW as of 31 March 2019.[12][13] The per capita electricity consumption is 1234 units with 63,143 million KWh gross electricity supplied in the year 2018–19.[12][14] The performance of Krishnapatanam thermal power station (2X800 MW) with super critical pressure technology is not satisfactory even after one year commercial operation as the units rarely operate at rated capacity forcing the state to purchase costly power from day ahead trading in IEX.[15][16]

Power sector of Andhra Pradesh flow chart
Dr Narla Tata Rao Thermal Power Station (500 MW Unit)

Non-renewable

Thermal power
Krishnapatnam
Ibrahimpatnam
Parawada
Muddanur
Thamminapatnam
Pudimadaka
Polaki
Map of coal based thermal power plants in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. Blue are operational and Red are proposed[17]

Thermal power plants are based on the fuel coal, gas, diesel etc. Public sector undertaking NTPC, state level power generating companies and private firms are engaged in this sector for power generation.

Currently operating coal based thermal power plants in Andhra Pradesh are listed below.[18][19]

NameOperatorLocationDistrictSectorCapacity
(MW)		Coordinates
Simhadri Super Thermal Power PlantNTPCParawadaVisakhapatnamCentral2,00017°35′38″N 83°5′23″E
Dr Narla Tatarao TPSAPGENCOVijayawada KrishnaState1,76016°35′58″N 80°32′12″E
Rayalaseema Thermal Power Station[20]APGENCOMuddanurKadapaState1,65014°42′14″N 78°27′29″E
Sri Damodaram Sanjeevaiah Thermal Power StationAPPDCLKrishnapatnamNelloreJoint1,60014°19′39″N 80°07′15″E
Vizag Thermal Power StationHindujaGajuwakaVisakhapatnamPrivate1,04017°33′45″N 83°8′15″E
Simhapuri Thermal Power StationSEPLKrishnapatanamNellorePrivate60014°12′35″N 80°05′23″E
Meenakshi Thermal Power StationMEPLKrishnapatanamNellorePrivate1,00014°12′57″N 80°05′19″E
Sembcorp Energy India LimitedSEILKrishnapatanamNellorePrivate1,32014°19′45″N 80°08′27″E
SGPL Power StationSGPLKrishnapatanamNellorePrivate1,32014°21′5″N 80°08′37″E
TOTAL12,290

Gas fuel-based
Map of currently operating combined cycle gas turbine power plants in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh

The following are the list of presently installed combined cycle gas turbine power plants and diesel engine power plants in the state. However many of these power plants are not operating due to non-availability of natural gas and high cost of liquid fuels.[21]

Power stationOperatorLocationDistrictSectorCapacity
(MW)		Plant Coordinates
APGPCL PlantAPGPCLVijjeswaramW. GodavariJoint27216°56′02″N 81°43′27″E
Lanco Kondapalli Power PlantLanco InfratechKondapalliKrishnaPrivate146616°38′20″N 80°33′00″E
Gautami Combined Cycle Power PlantGVKPeddapuramE. GodavariPrivate46417°02′21″N 82°08′43″E
Konaseema Combined Cycle Power PlantKonaseema Gas Power Limited (KGPL)RavulapalemE. GodavariPrivate44516°44′05″N 81°51′44″E
Vemagiri Combined Cycle Power PlantGMRVemagiriE. GodavariPrivate37016°55′29″N 81°48′46″E
GMR Rajamundry Combined Cycle Power Plant[22]GMRVemagiriE. GodavariPrivate76816°55′28″N 81°48′46″E
Samarlakota Combined Cycle Power PlantRelianceSamarlakotaE. GodavariPrivate262017°02′19″N 82°08′05″E
Godavari Gas Power Plant[23]APGENCOJegurupaduE. GodavariState21616°55′55″N 81°51′37″E
Jegurupadu Combined Cycle Power PlantGVKJegurupaduE. GodavariPrivate22916°55′54″N 81°51′36″E
Spectrum Combined Cycle Power PlantSpectrumKakinadaE. GodavariPrivate20917°03′31″N 82°18′34″E
GMR (barge mounted) Power PlantGMRKakinadaE. GodavariPrivate23717°03′32″N 82°18′33″E
LVS Diesel Engine Power StationGreenkoVishakhapatnamVisakhapatnamPrivate3717°50′45″N 83°14′13″E
Panduranga CCPPPESPLAnnadevarapetaW. GodavariPrivate11617°07′45″N 81°36′09″E
RVK Energy power plant[24]KSK Energy VenturesRajahmundryE. GodavariPrivate436
Sriba power plantSriba industriesChigurukotaKrishnaPrivate30
Silkroad sugar power plantEID ParryKakinadaE. GodavariPrivate35
Srivathsa Power plantAsian GencoPrivate17
Total7,967

Renewable

Hydroelectric

This is the list of major hydroelectric power plants in Andhra Pradesh.[25]

Srisailam Dam
Srisailam right bank power house
Power station nameOperatorLocationSectorUnit wise CapacityCapacity

(MW)[26]

Donkarayi PHAPGENCOE. GodavariState1x2525.00
Hampi canal Power House (PH)APGENCOJoint project of AP, TS & Karnataka
Located in Karnataka		State4 x 9
(AP Share-28.8)		28.80
Lower Sileru PHAPGENCOE. GodavariState4 x 115460.00
Machkund PHAPGENCOJoint project of AP, TS & Odisha
Located in Odisha		State3 x 17 + 3 x 23
(AP Share-84)		84.00
Nagarjuna Sagar Right Canal PHAPGENCONagarjuna Sagar Dam, Guntur districtState3 x 3090.00
Nagarjuna Sagar tail pond PHAPGENCONagarjuna Sagar Dam, Guntur districtState2 x 2550.00
Penna Ahobilam PHAPGENCOKorrakodu, Anantapur districtState2 x 1020.00
Polavaram Hydro-Electric projectAPGENCOPolavaram, West Godavari districtState12 x 80
Under Construction[27]
Srisailam Right Bank PHAPGENCOSrisailam, KurnoolState7 x 110770.00
TB Dam PHAPGENCOJoint project of AP, TS & Karnataka
Located in Karnataka		State4 × 9
(AP Share-28.8)		28.80
Upper Sileru PHAPGENCOVisakhapatnamState4 x 60240.00
Somasila PHBalaji EnergyNellorePrivate2 x 5[28]10.00
Chettipeta Mini Hydel[29]APGENCOWest Godavari district State2x0.51.00
Pinnapuram Pumped Storage ProjectGreenko Energynear Nandyal, Kurnool districtPrivate8 x 150
Under Construction[30]
Overall capacity in (MW)[13]1807.60

Pumped storage hydroelectricity projects

Pumped hydroelectric energy storage (PHES) projects with high water head are the cheap means of converting intermittent renewable power generation sources like solar PV or wind power in to base load supply for round the clock needs through out the year.[31][32] AP state is endowed with vast PHES potential adequate to utilise its vast solar PV power generation potential (above 1,000,000 MW installed on 20,000 km2 marginal lands) to meet ultimate energy requirements of its peak population (60 million).[33] AP is considering on a major scale to install PHES projects to make available the surplus wind / solar power during the peak load hours.[34][35] PHESs also generate income, in addition to hydroelectricity cess/royalty, to the state in the form of water use charges at commercial rates for the evaporation loss or consumptive water from the reservoirs. The area occupied by the high head PHES is less than the area occupied by the equivalent battery energy storage system (BESS) housed in a three storied building. High head PHES installation cost (< US$ 40 per KWh) is less than the cost of land and buildings required to house the equivalent BESS.[36][37] PHES are more suitable in India where energy and water storage needs are complementary.[37] Unlike the static BESS, the rotating turbo-generator of a PHES will enhance dynamic inertia (GD2) of the grid which contributes to a stable grid to ride through the power disturbances when power generation in the grid is dominated by the static solar PV power.[38]

Blast-hole drilling at an opencast mine.

The water reservoir of the PHES is created by building embankment dams wherever required up to the required height and length. The rock required for building the dams is excavated from the reservoir area. Cheaper drilling and blasting method is extensively used deploying state of the art earth moving equipment because huge quantity of rock excavation is required for the construction of the rock-fill dams.

A rock-fill embankment dam.

A 103,000 MW PHES project is under investigation with upper reservoir, located near Parantapalle hamlet in West Godavari district, with 90 tmcft live storage at 700 m msl full reservoir level (FRL). The turkey-nest type upper reservoir is 18 km long from north to south and 1.1 km wide and its water surface area is 16 km2 with 200 m water depth and nearly 90 tmcft live storage.[39] The adjacent Polavaram reservoir at FRL 45 m msl with 194 tmcft gross storage is the lower reservoir as perennial water source. The average water head available is 600 m with a provision to draw 33 tmcft/day from the Polavaram reservoir by the PHES units located in semi open or underground power houses. To run the PHES on daily basis, the lower reservoir is to be kept empty by 33 tmcft below its FRL for holding the water released by PHES in generation mode. Another 33 tmcft is used to compensate the loss of storage capacity in the lower reservoir. This buffer storage is released in to lower reservoir for irrigation, etc needs once in a year at the end of monsoon year and it is replenished at the earliest from the flood water inflows into the lower reservoir. Also seepage and evaporation losses from the upper reservoir are met from the buffer storage sourced from flood waters and not drawn from the lower reservoir storage. The excess buffer storage maintained in this upper reservoir can also serve up to 24 tmcft for other PHESs in the state which are using Godavari basin water and have no buffer storage of their own (ex: Jalaput PHES). The upper reservoir can be further expanded by 3.5 km length on its south side to enhance the live / buffer storage substantially. The PHES project can produce 412 billion KWh at 4000 hours/year or 12 hours/day operation in generation mode by consuming the surplus power generated from the solar and wind power plants during the day time. This PHES can also moderate the severe floods by utilizing empty volume kept in the lower reservoir or operating in pump mode (maximum 7.63 lakh cusecs) to fill the upper reservoir.

A 77,000 MW PHES project is feasible with an upper reservoir, located on the right bank side within 1000 m distance of Srisailam reservoir, with 87 tmcft live storage at 650 m msl FRL. The reservoir bunds are constructed on 500 m msl contour line by 155 m high and the water surface area of the upper reservoir is nearly 20 km2. The adjacent Srisailam reservoir at FRL 270 m msl with 185 tmcft live storage is the lower reservoir with perennial water source. The average water head available is 340 m with provision to draw water from the Srisailam reservoir by the PHES units located in semi open or underground power houses. The PHES project can produce 308 billion KWh at 4000 hours/year or 12 hours/day operation in generation mode. Only 43.5 tmcft (50%) reservoir storage is used for power generation on daily basis and the remaining half kept as buffer storage to compensate the loss of storage in downstream reservoir due to PHES by releasing water once in a year in to the Srisailam reservoir to meet irrigation water requirements. The buffer storage is replenished later at the earliest during the monsoon/floods. This PHES can also moderate the severe floods by utilizing empty volume kept in the lower reservoir or operating in pump mode (maximum 10 lakh cusecs) to fill the upper reservoir.

List of feasible PHES locations
PHES name/
lower reservoir		 Power potential
(MW)		 Power generation
(Billion KWh/yr)		 Upper reservoir Average water
head (meters)		 Remarks
LocationCoordinateRiver basinWater area
(km2)		Live storage
(tmcft)		FRL
(m msl)		MDDL
(m msl)
Gandikota PHES28,000112Kadapa district14°49′47″N 78°13′41″EPenna2152435335210Buffer storage 26 tmcft provided
Mylavaram PHES14,00056Kadapa district14°48′1″N 78°16′35″EPenna920500375275Buffer storage 10 tmcft provided
Brahmamsagar PHES13,00052Kadapa district14°46′27″N 78°52′3″EPenna9.538400250130Buffer storage 19 tmcft provided
Telugu Ganga subsidiary reservoirs PHES2,60010.4Kurnool district14°51′25″N 78°43′51″EPenna48400250120Buffer storage 4 tmcft provided
Owk PHES4,70018.8Kurnool district15°13′17″N 78°21′55″EPenna100210500350220Works on seasonal basis to store Krishna and Godavari waters as well as on daily basis. Buffer storage 4.15 tmcft included. This upper reservoir will supply irrigation water to Handri catchment area in Kurnool district and right bank side of Penna river in Ananthapur district including water supply augmentation to Handri-Neeva project. This upper reservoir is so planned by its area location to cut across the local Erramala hill range from east to west to supply irrigation water mostly by gravity.
Gorakallu PHES12,50050Kurnool district15°35′23″N 78°1′5″EPenna37100450300170Works on seasonal basis to store Krishna and Godavari waters and otherwise as PHES on daily basis. Buffer storage 14.28 tmcft included.
Mid Pennar PHES2,60010.4Anantapur district14°52′47″N 77°23′27″EPenna3.7510525375100Buffer storage 5 tmcft included.
Srisailam dam Right Bank PHES1,5001.5Kurnool district16°5′39″N 78°54′51″EKrishna--27024590Mainly works to pump water from existing Nagarjunasagar reservoir into existing Srisailam reservoir on seasonal basis to store Krishna and Godavari waters and otherwise as PHES on daily basis.
Nagarjunasagar Right Bank PHES137,000148Prakasam district16°5′51″N 78°55′51″EKrishna834650500425Buffer storage 17 tmcft provided. Minimum level to be maintained in Nagarjunasagar reservoir is 164 m msl
Nagarjunasagar Right Bank PHES2112,000448Prakasam district16°7′45″N 78°56′19″EKrishna21101650500425Buffer storage 55.5 tmcft provided. Minimum level to be maintained in Nagarjunasagar reservoir is 164 m msl.
Nagarjunasagar Right Bank PHES366,000264Prakasam district16°10′7″N 78°55′35″EKrishna1159650500428Buffer storage 29.5 tmcft provided. Minimum level to be maintained in Nagarjunasagar reservoir is 164 m msl and corresponding loss of live storage located below this level in Nagarjunasagar reservoir can be included in buffer storage of PHESs.
Nagarjunasagar Dam Right Bank PHES1,5001.0Guntur district16°34′39″N 79°20′25″EKrishna--180164105Mainly works to pump water from existing Nagarjuna Sagar tail pond into existing Nagarjunasagar reservoir on seasonal basis to store Krishna and Godavari waters and otherwise as PHES on daily basis.
Nagarjuna Sagar tail pond PHES3000.2Guntur district16°37′49″N 79°31′11″EKrishna-2757225Mainly works to pump water from existing Pulichintala reservoir into existing Nagarjuna Sagar tail pond on seasonal basis to store Krishna and Godavari waters and otherwise as PHES on daily basis.
Pulichintala Right Bank PHES4000.2Guntur district16°46′43″N 80°3′55″EKrishna--555025Mainly works to pump water from back waters of new Vykuntapuram barrage across Krishna river upstream of Prakasam barrage to existing Pulichintala reservoir on seasonal basis to store Krishna and Godavari waters and otherwise as PHES on daily basis.
Jalaput PHES65,000260Visakhapatnam district18°26′53″N 82°28′11″ESileru-31.5838.4818.6380The PHES is constructed by connecting existing Jalaput reservoir with existing Balimela Reservoir (MDDL at 439 m msl, FRL at 462 m msl and live storage 95 tmcft) by 13 km long gravity tunnels (both penstock and tail race tunnels) with underground power house at 310 meters below the 738 m msl local ground level.
Donkarayi PHES35,000140Visakhapatnam district17°54′47″N 81°51′45″ESileru202690075055013tmcft buffer storage provided. The buffer storage can be enhanced by another 35 tmcft by increasing the FRL to 950 m msl to serve other PHES using Godavari water in the state.
Polavaram Left bank PHES143,000172East Godavari district17°29′51″N 81°27′53″EGodavari518600450470
Polavaram Left bank PHES212,00048East Godavari district17°29′15″N 81°31′37″EGodavari24.5600450530
Rayalaseema PHES6,20024.8Chittoor district13°44′25″N 79°12′5″EPenna62.1610600550The main purpose of this PHES is to transfer Krishna and Godavari waters @ 50,000 cusecs to high lands of Rayalaseema with only one lift from 80 m msl 13°57′47″N 79°32′5″E near Venkatagiri town in Nellore district to the upper reservoir at 610 m msl in Chittoor district to irrigate by gravity canal vast high lands in Rayalaseema region up to Bhairivani tippa reservoir on Vedavathi River in Ananthapur district. This pump house will also work as PHES. PHES power house is to be located underground 550 m below the local ground at 13°44′39″N 79°12′27″E with 41 km long tail race gravity tunnel.
Polavaram right bank PHES103,000412West Godavari district17°27′33″N 81°29′43″EGodavari169070050060057 tmcft buffer storage available
Srisailam right bank PHES77,000308Kurnool district16°02′33″N 78°30′51″EKrishna208765050034043.5 tmcft buffer storage included
Total637,3002,537---293.25893.1---

Notes: Power potential (MW) is in generation mode, MDDL→ Minimum Draw Down Level, FRL→ Full Reservoir Level, m msl→ meters above mean sea level. The total water storage includes nearly 291 tmcft irrigation component. PHES water storage is 602 tmcft only. The PHES land requirement is less than 1% of the land required (32,000 km2) for equivalent electricity generation by Solar PV power plants.[37]

Solar
Nambulapulakunta
Vinukonda
Kovvur
Galiveedu
Pinnapuram
Nagalapuram
Kalyandurg
Nallapadu
Jaggayapeta
Nagarimadugu
Map of currently operating and proposed Solar power plants in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. Green are currently Operating and blue are proposed.
See also: Solar power in India

The state has total installed solar power capacity of 3,471 MW as of 31 January 2020.[40][41][42][43][44] The state is planning to add 10,050 MW solar power capacity to provide power supply to farming sector during the day time.[45]

NameOperatorLocationDistrictSectorInstalled Capacity (MW)
NP Kunta Ultra Mega Solar Power ProjectNTPCNambulapulakuntaAnantapur district central900
Kurnool Ultra Mega Solar Park[46]NTPCPinnapuramKurnool district central1,000
Ananthapuramu - II Mega Solar Park[47]APGENCOTalaricheruvuAnantapur district state400
Mudasarlova Reservoir Solar ParkAPGENCOVisakhapatnam Visakhapatnam district state2
Kadapa Ultra Mega Solar Park[48]ENGIEPonnampalle, Mylavaram mandal Kadapa district state250
Amruth Solar Power Plant[49]Amrit Jal VenturesKadiriAnantapur district private1
MEIL solar thermal[50]Megha Engineering & Infrastructures LimitedNagalapuramAnantapur district50
Galiveedu Solar Park[51]Marrikommadinne, Galiveedu mandal Kadapa district400
Banaganapalle solarWelspunVemulapadu, Banaganapalle mandal Kurnool district70
Hindupur solarACMEPatraganipalle, Hindupur mandal Anantapur district50
Yadiki solarAzure PowerVemulapadu, Yadiki mandal Anantapur district50
Kuppam solarACMEMorsanapalli, Kuppam mandal Chittoor district Private 40
Parigi solarFirst SolarBeechiganipalle, Parigi mandal Anantapur district40

Windpower
Kolimigundla
Atmakur
Puthlur
Ramagiri
Nallakonda
Gandikota
Tirumala
Srisailam
Araku
Map of currently operating and proposed Wind power plants[52] in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh
See also: Wind power in India

The state has total installed wind power capacity of 4,079 MW as on 29 February 2020.[40][41][42][53][54]

NameOperatorLocationDistrictSectorUnit wise Capacity (MW)Installed Capacity (MW)
Ramagiri Wind Mills[55]APGENCORamagiriAnantapurState10x0.22.00
Narmada Wind farm[56]CLP Wind Farms (India) Private Ltd.NallakondaAnantapurPrivate1 x 50.450.04
Puthlur RCI Wind farm[57]Wescare (India) Ltd.PuthlurAnantapurPrivate1 x 2020.00

Other utility power plants

In addition to above projects, there are nearly 103 MW small Hydro plants, nearly 490 MW bagasse, industrial & municipal waste, bio-mass co-generation, & bio-mass based power projects, nearly 78.79 mini power plants (grid connected) and nearly 67.20 MW other (grid connected) plants based on isolated gas wells, etc. in private sector.[40][25] These power plants are not covering captive power capacity in various industries that are not grid connected. In addition, there are innumerable diesel generator sets installed in the state for stand by supply and emergency power supply needs during power outages.

Transmission system
See also: Electricity sector in India § Electricity transmission and distribution

The state has well spread transmission system. APTransCo / DisComs owned and operated transmission lines from 400 kV to 11 kV are 231,127 circuit kilometres excluding the HT lines owned and operated by PGCIL in the state.[58][59] For importing and exporting power, the state grid is well interconnected with adjoining western and eastern regional grids in addition to adjoining state grids.[60] The spread of high voltage transmission lines (≥ 11 kV) is such that it can form a square matrix of area 1.93 km2 (i.e. on average, at least one HT line within 0.7 km vicinity) in 160,205 km2 total area of the state. DisComs owned and operated LT lines (below 11 kV) are 292,158 circuit kilometres. It represents that there is at least one HT or LT line availability on average within the vicinity of 306 meters in the entire state area. The state has 3183 nos substations (≥ 33 kV) which represents one substation in every 50.33 km2 area on average (i.e. one substation with in 3.6 km distance on average).[13] However the maximum peak load met is 9,453 MW as of 14 October 2018.[41] Huge installed capacity of the transmission network and the substations is being underutilized with low demand factor.

See also

References
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