Opinion polling on Scottish independence

This page lists public opinion polls that have been conducted in relation to the issue of Scottish independence. A referendum on the subject was held on 18 September 2014.

2014 referendum
Main article: Opinion polling for the 2014 Scottish independence referendum

Many opinion polls were conducted about Scottish independence before the referendum and then during the campaign.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] Professor John Curtice stated in January 2012 that polling had shown support for independence at between 32% and 38% of the Scottish population.[8] This had fallen somewhat since the SNP were first elected to become the Scottish Government in 2007.[8] The research also showed, however, that the proportion of the population strongly opposed to independence had also declined.[8] Curtice stated in April 2014 that support for independence had increased since December 2013, although there was disagreement between the polling companies as to the true state of public opinion.[9] Polls in the run-up to the referendum vote showed a closing of the gap, with one poll giving the Yes campaign a 51–49 lead. In the referendum, on 18 September 2014, Scotland voted against independence by 55.3% to 44.7%, with an overall turnout of 84.6%.[10][11]

Post-referendum polling
See also: Proposed second Scottish independence referendum § Opinion polling

Since the referendum in September 2014, opinion polls have asked how people would vote in a hypothetical second referendum. These polls have been carried out since six weeks after the referendum.[12] Twenty-five opinion polls were conducted in the year after the referendum, with seventeen of them having "No" as the predominant answer, seven having "Yes", and one having an equal proportion of respondents for each opinion.[13] During the period of 18 September 2015 to 18 September 2016 a further twenty-four opinion polls were conducted, of which twenty had "No" as the predominant answer while four had "Yes" as the predominant answer.[14] From 18 September 2016 to 18 September 2017 twenty-six polls were conducted with twenty-five returning "No" as the most popular answer and only one returning "Yes" as the most popular answer.[15]

"No" continued to show a lead in opinion polls until July 2019, when one poll by Lord Ashcroft showed a narrow majority for "Yes".[16] Professor John Curtice said after this poll was released that there had recently been a swing towards "Yes", and that this was concentrated among people who had voted to "Remain" in the 2016 Brexit referendum.[16] This trend continued into January 2020, when three polls put "Yes" support at between 50% and 52% (excluding undecideds).[17]

Date(s)
conducted		 Polling organisation/client Sample size Should Scotland be an independent country? Lead Notes
YesNoUndecided
15–19 Jun 2020Panelbase/Business for Scotland1,07050%43%7%7%
1–5 Jun 2020 Panelbase/Scot Goes Pop 1,02248%45%8%3%
1–5 May 2020 Panelbase/Wings Over Scotland 1,08646%46%7%Tied
24–26 Mar 2020 Panelbase/Sunday Times 1,023 46% 47% 7% 1%
14 Feb 2020Jackson Carlaw becomes leader of the Scottish Conservatives
7–14 Feb 2020 YouGov/Hanbury 2,58745%46%8%1%Non-standard question[notes 1]
31 Jan 2020The United Kingdom leaves the European Union
28–31 Jan 2020 Panelbase/Scot Goes Pop 1,01649%46%6%3%
22–27 Jan 2020 YouGov 1,03943%42%10%1%
20–22 Jan 2020 Survation/Progress Scotland 1,01945%45%10%Tied
12 Dec 20192019 United Kingdom general election
10–11 Dec 2019 Survation/The Courier 1,01246%47%7%1%
3–6 Dec 2019 Panelbase/Sunday Times 1,02044%50%6%6%
3–6 Dec 2019 YouGov/The Times 1,00838%48%12%10%
19–25 Nov 2019 Ipsos MORI/STV 1,04648%48%4%Tied
20–22 Nov 2019 Panelbase/Sunday Times 1,00945%47%7%2%
9–11 Oct 2019 Panelbase/Sunday Times 1,00346%47%7%1%
30 Sep–9 Oct 2019 Survation/Progress Scotland 2,03240%51%8%11%Non-standard question[notes 2]
12–16 Sep 2019 Survation/Scotland in Union 1,00338%55%9%17%Non-standard question[notes 3]
30 Aug–3 Sep 2019 YouGov/The Times 1,05943%44%13%1%
29 Aug 2019 Ruth Davidson resigns as leader of the Scottish Conservatives
30 Jul–2 Aug 2019 Lord Ashcroft 1,01946%43%12%3%Lord Ashcroft is not a BPC member
Excludes 16 and 17 year-olds
24 Jul 2019 Boris Johnson becomes the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
18–20 Jun 2019 Panelbase/Sunday Times 1,02446%48%6%2%
24 May 2019 Theresa May announces her resignation as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
23 May 20192019 European Parliament election
14–17 May 2019 Panelbase/Sunday Times 1,02145%49%6%4%
24–26 Apr 2019 YouGov/The Times 1,02944%45%11%1%
18–24 Apr 2019 Panelbase/Sunday Times 1,01844%49%7%5%
18–23 Apr 2019 Survation/Scotland in Union 1,01236%56%7%20%Non-standard question[notes 3]
15–21 Mar 2019 Survation/Progress Scotland 2,04135%58%8%23%Non-standard question[notes 4]
30 Nov–5 Dec 2018 Panelbase/Sunday Times 1,02845%51%4%6%
9–13 Nov 2018 Survation/Scotland in Union 1,01336%55%9%19%Non-standard question[notes 3]
2–7 Nov 2018 Panelbase/Constitutional Commission 1,05043%52%5%9%
18–21 Oct 2018 Survation/Daily Record 1,01741%51%7%10%
3–5 Oct 2018 Survation/Scottish National Party 1,01341%49%8%8%
28 Sep–4 Oct 2018 Panelbase/Sunday Times 1,02441%52%7%11%
28 Sep–2 Oct 2018 Survation/Sunday Post 1,03643%49%8%6%
24–29 Aug 2018 Deltapoll/OFOC & Best for Britain 1,02245%47%8%2%Non-standard question[notes 5]
5–10 Jul 2018 Survation/Daily Record 1,00241%47%12%6%Excludes 16 and 17 year-olds
8–13 Jun 2018 Panelbase/Sunday Times1,02141%53%6%12%
1–5 Jun 2018 YouGov/The Times1,07541%50%6%9%
30 May–5 Jun 2018 YouGov/Future of England1,05241%47%12%6%Non-standard question[notes 6]
Excludes 16 and 17 year-olds
23–28 Mar 2018 Panelbase/Sunday Times1,03741%53%6%12%
5–11 Mar 2018 Ipsos Mori/STV1,05046%50%4%4%Excludes 16 and 17 year-olds
24–28 Jan 2018 Survation/Daily Record1,02942%50%8%8%
12–16 Jan 2018 YouGov/The Times1,00237%50%10%13%Excludes 16 and 17 year-olds
1–5 Dec 2017 Survation/Sunday Post1,00642%49%8%7%
27–30 Nov 2017 Survation/Daily Record1,01742%48%10%6%
2–5 Oct 2017 YouGov/The Times1,13539%50%7%11%Excludes 16 and 17 year-olds
8–12 Sep 2017Survation/Scottish Daily Mail1,01642%49%9%7%
31 Aug–7 Sep 2017Panelbase/Sunday Times1,02140%53%6%13%
9–13 Jun 2017Survation/Daily Record1,03739%53%7%14%
8 Jun 20172017 United Kingdom general election
6–7 Jun 2017Survation/Daily Record1,00136%56%7%20%
2–7 Jun 2017Panelbase1,10641%53%6%12%
1–5 Jun 2017YouGov/The Times1,09338%50%8%12%Excludes 16 and 17 year-olds
31 May–2 Jun 2017Survation/Sunday Post1,02442%50%8%8%
22–27 May 2017Ipsos Mori/STV1,01645%51%3%6%Excludes 16 and 17 year-olds
15–18 May 2017YouGov/The Times1,03239%49%8%10%Excludes 16 and 17 year-olds
4 May 20172017 Scottish local elections
24–27 Apr 2017YouGov/The Times1,01740%49%8%9%Excludes 16 and 17 year-olds
18–21 Apr 2017Panelbase/Sunday Times1,02943%52%5%9%
18–21 Apr 2017Survation/Sunday Post1,01843%48%9%5%Excludes 16 and 17 year-olds
7–11 Apr 2017BMG/Herald1,04143%45%12%2%
29 Mar–11 Apr 2017Kantar1,06037%55%8%18%
13–17 Mar 2017Panelbase/Sunday Times1,00842%53%5%11%
9–14 Mar 2017YouGov/The Times1,02837%48%11%11%Excludes 16 and 17 year-olds
8–13 Mar 2017Survation/Scottish Daily Mail1,01943%48%9%5%
13 Mar 2017 Nicola Sturgeon announces the intention to seek approval for a Section 30 order enabling an independence referendum
24 Feb–6 Mar 2017Ipsos Mori/STV1,02947%46%6%1%
23–27 Feb 2017BMG/Herald1,00941%44%15%3%
7–13 Feb 2017Panelbase/Wings Over Scotland1,02844%51%6%7%
26–31 Jan 2017BMG/Herald1,06743%45%10%2%
20–26 Jan 2017Panelbase/Sunday Times1,02043%51%7%8%
9–16 Dec 2016BMG/Herald1,00240%47%13%7%
29 Aug–16 Dec 2016YouGov3,16639%47%11%8%Excludes 16 and 17 year-olds
24–29 Nov 2016YouGov/The Times1,13438%49%13%11%
28 Sep–4 Oct 2016BMG/Herald1,01039%47%15%8%Non-standard question[notes 7]
9–15 Sep 2016Panelbase/Sunday Times1,02444%50%7%6%
5–11 Sep 2016Ipsos Mori/STV1,00045%50%5%5%
5–10 Sep 2016Survation1,07342%48%10%6%
10 Aug–4 Sep 2016TNS1,04741%47%12%6%
29–31 Aug 2016YouGov/The Times1,03940%46%13%6%Excludes 16 and 17 year-olds
20–25 Jul 2016YouGov1,00540%45%14%5%Excludes 16 and 17 year-olds
13 Jul 2016 Theresa May becomes the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
24–28 Jun 2016Survation/Scottish Daily Mail1,05547%41%12%6%
25–26 Jun 2016Panelbase/Sunday Times62647%44%8%3%
25 Jun 2016Survation/Daily Record1,00248%41%9%7%
24 Jun 2016 David Cameron announces his resignation as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
23 Jun 2016EU membership referendum, 2016.
5 May 20162016 Scottish Parliament election.
2–4 May 2016YouGov/The Times1,44541%48%12%7%
23–28 Apr 2016Panelbase/Sunday Times1,07444%49%6%5%
15–20 Apr 2016Survation/Daily Record1,00544%47%9%3%
6–15 Apr 2016Panelbase/Sunday Times1,02145%51%5%6%
7–11 Apr 2016YouGov/The Times1,01241%49%10%8%
10–17 Mar 2016Survation/Daily Record1,05144%47%9%3%
7–9 Mar 2016YouGov/The Times1,07040%47%12%7%
25–29 Feb 2016Survation/Scottish Daily Mail1,02244%49%7%5%
11–16 Feb 2016Survation/Daily Record1,00642%48%9%6%
1–7 Feb 2016Ipsos Mori/STV1,00049%45%5%4%
1–4 Feb 2016YouGov/The Times1,02243%51%7%8%
8–14 Jan 2016Panelbase/Sunday Times1,05344%50%7%6%
8–12 Jan 2016Survation/Daily Record1,02945%47%8%2%
6–13 Nov 2015Panelbase/Wings Over Scotland1,07447%49%5%2%
9–13 Oct 2015YouGov/The Times1,02645%49%6%4%
7–10 Sep 2015Survation/Scottish Daily Mail1,01045%46%9%1%
7–10 Sep 2015YouGov/The Times1,11045%49%6%4%
4–10 Sep 2015Panelbase/Sunday Times1,00545%51%3%6%
12 Aug–1 Sep 2015TNS1,02347%42%11%5%
24–30 Aug 2015Ipsos Mori/STV1,00253%44%3%9%
3–7 July 2015Survation/Scottish Daily Mail1,08443%47%10%4%
26 Jun–3 Jul 2015Panelbase/Sunday Times1,00245%50%5%5%
19–21 May 2015YouGov/Sunday Post1,10844%49%7%5%
7 May 20152015 United Kingdom general election.
3–6 May 2015Survation/Daily Record1,66044%47%9%3%
29 Apr–1 May 2015YouGov/Sunday Times1,16243%49%8%6%
22–27 Apr 2015Survation/Daily Record1,01546%47%7%1%
20–23 Apr 2015Panelbase/Sunday Times1,04445%48%7%3%
8–9 Apr 2015YouGov/The Times1,05646%49%6%3%
13–19 Mar 2015ICM/Guardian1,00241%48%11%7%
12–17 Mar 2015Survation/Daily Record1,02745%43%11%2%
10–12 Mar 2015YouGov/The Times1,04945%48%8%3%
12–17 Feb 2015Survation/Daily Record1,01143%47%10%4%
29 Jan–2 Feb 2015YouGov/The Times1,00149%44%7%5%
9–11 Dec 2014Survation/Daily Record1,00148%48%4%Tied
9–11 Dec 2014YouGov/The Sun1,08148%45%6%3%
27 Nov 2014Release of Smith Commission report.
19 Nov 2014Nicola Sturgeon becomes First Minister of Scotland.
6–13 Nov 2014Survation/Daily Record1,00144%49%7%5%
30 Oct–5 Nov 2014Panelbase/Wings Over Scotland98246%45%8%1%
27–30 Oct 2014YouGov/The Times1,07849%45%6%4%
18 September 20142014 Scottish independence referendum results3,623,34444.7%55.3%10.6%

Three-option polling

Prior to the Scottish independence referendum in 2014, some three option opinion polls were conducted, giving respondents the option of full independence, some (undefined) form of increased devolution and the status quo. One poll of this type has been conducted since the EU membership referendum.

Date(s)
conducted		Polling organisation/clientIndependenceDevolution MaxStatus QuoUndecidedRef.
24-28 Jan 2018Survation/Scottish Independence Referendum Party32%15%36%17%[18]

Historical polling

Two-way polling

Respondents were asked "In a referendum on independence for Scotland, how would you vote?", with the options "I agree that Scotland should become an independent country" and "I do not agree that Scotland should become an independent country". These polls indicated the following levels of support for Scotland to be an independent country each year:[19][20]

Year Agree Disagree Lead
2009 40%52%12%
2007 39.5%45%5.5%
200651%39%12%
2001 45%49%4%
200047%43%4%
1999 43.5%46%2.5%
199852%39.5%12.5%

Three-way polling

During the late 1970s and 1980s, MORI conducted opinion polls on whether Scots wanted full independence, devolution or the status quo. During this period, devolution was the preferred option in each opinion poll, although support for independence increased.

Date(s)
conducted		Polling organisation/clientIndependenceDevolutionStatus QuoUndecided
5 Apr 1978MORI20%52%25%4%
March 1979MORI14%42%35%9%
3 May 19791979 United Kingdom general election
February 1981MORI25%46%30%0%
May 1981MORI25%50%25%0%
September 1981MORI23%47%31%0%
November 1981MORI22%47%26%5%
February 1982MORI23%53%19%5%
April 1982MORI22%45%27%6%
November 1982MORI22%47%26%5%
March 1983MORI23%48%26%2%
4 Jun 1983MORI23%51%22%4%
9 Jun 19831983 United Kingdom general election
29 Feb-1 Mar 1984MORI25%45%27%3%
24-25 Feb 1986MORI33%47%14%6%
6-7 Mar 1987MORI32%50%15%3%
May 1987MORI29%41%25%5%
11 Jun 19871987 United Kingdom general election
April 1988MORI35%42%20%3%

Four-way polling

Between 1988 and 1995, MORI polled voters on independence giving four opinions: independence inside the European Economic Community (European Union after 1992), independence outside the organisation, devolution and the status quo.

Date(s)
conducted		Polling organisation/clientIndependence outside the EECIndependence inside the EECDevolutionStatus QuoUndecided
1-3 Dec 1988MORI10%24%46%16%4%
25-28 Feb 1989MORI11%24%42%20%3%
1-2 Jun 1989MORI12%22%49%15%2%
11-13 Sep 1989MORI9%27%44%18%2%
22-28 Feb 1990MORI10%24%44%19%3%
15-20 May 1990MORI8%29%45%16%2%
14-18 Jun 1990MORI10%28%43%17%2%
19-22 Jul 1990MORI10%27%44%16%3%
16-20 Aug 1990MORI7%31%44%16%2%
19-23 Sep 1990MORI9%28%44%17%2%
18-22 Oct 1990MORI9%30%44%15%2%
15-18 Nov 1990MORI9%28%45%17%1%
29 Nov 1990Margaret Thatcher resigns as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
5-10 Dec 1990MORI7%25%49%17%2%
17-20 Jan 1991MORI7%28%42%21%2%
21-24 Feb 1991MORI10%23%45%20%2%
21-24 Mar 1991MORI8%27%42%21%2%
7-25 Mar 1991MORI9%23%51%16%1%
18-20 Apr 1991MORI9%28%42%19%2%
23-27 May 1991MORI7%26%45%19%3%
20-24 Jun 1991MORI8%26%47%17%2%
18-22 Jul 1991MORI8%28%43%18%3%
22-26 Aug 1991MORI9%26%47%17%1%
19-23 Sep 1991MORI9%26%45%17%3%
17-21 Oct 1991MORI9%28%46%15%2%
21-25 Nov 1991MORI8%26%47%16%3%
12-16 Dec 1991MORI9%31%40%17%3%
16-20 Jan 1992MORI9%31%42%15%3%
20-24 Feb 1992MORI7%29%37%23%-
12 Mar 1992MORI8%26%42%20%-
19 Mar 1992MORI8%26%42%23%-
26 Mar 1992MORI7%27%44%20%-
2 Apr 1992MORI6%22%45%23%-
9 Apr 19921992 United Kingdom general election
23-27 Apr 1992MORI5%22%47%25%1%
21-25 May 1992MORI5%23%48%21%3%
18-22 Jun 1992MORI5%29%40%23%3%
23-27 Jul 1992MORI7%28%41%21%3%
21 Apr-8 May 1995MORI9%20%52%17%2%

Scottish Social Attitudes Survey

Since devolution, the annual Scottish Social Attitudes Survey has contained a question on independence.

Respondents are asked Which of these statements comes closest to your view?

  1. Scotland should become independent, separate from the UK and the European Union
  2. Scotland should become independent, separate from the UK but part of the European Union
  3. Scotland should remain part of the UK, with its own elected parliament which has some taxation powers
  4. Scotland should remain part of the UK, with its own elected parliament which has no taxation powers
  5. Scotland should remain part of the UK without an elected parliament.

A report released in 2017, entitled From Indyref1 to Indyref2? The State of Nationalism in Scotland, detailed the previous responses from this survey by grouping options one and two as "independence", options three and four as "devolution" and option five as "No Parliament".

YearPolling organisation/clientIndependenceDevolutionNo Parliament
1999Scottish Social Attitudes Survey27%59%10%
2000Scottish Social Attitudes Survey30%55%12%
2001Scottish Social Attitudes Survey27%59%9%
2002Scottish Social Attitudes Survey30%52%13%
2003Scottish Social Attitudes Survey26%56%13%
2004Scottish Social Attitudes Survey32%45%17%
2005Scottish Social Attitudes Survey35%44%14%
2006Scottish Social Attitudes Survey30%54%14%
2007Scottish Social Attitudes Survey24%62%9%
2009Scottish Social Attitudes Survey28%56%8%
2010Scottish Social Attitudes Survey23%61%10%
2011Scottish Social Attitudes Survey32%58%6%
2012Scottish Social Attitudes Survey23%61%11%
2013Scottish Social Attitudes Survey29%55%9%
2014Scottish Social Attitudes Survey33%50%7%
2015Scottish Social Attitudes Survey39%49%6%
2016Scottish Social Attitudes Survey46%42%8%
2017Scottish Social Attitudes Survey45%41%8%

Within the rest of the United Kingdom

British Social Attitudes Survey

The British Social Attitudes Survey has asked voters in England how Scotland should be governed, since the 1997 British Election Study. It has always found a plurality in favour of devolution, with majorities in favour between 1997 and 2003 and again in 2017. Since 2011, when the Scottish National Party won a majority in the Scottish Parliament, there has always been one in five people in England in favour of Scottish independence.

YearPolling organisation/clientIndependenceDevolutionNo Parliament
1997British Election Study14%55%23%
1999British Social Attitudes Survey21%57%14%
2000British Social Attitudes Survey19%52%17%
2001British Social Attitudes Survey19%60%11%
2002British Social Attitudes Survey19%52%15%
2003British Social Attitudes Survey17%58%13%
2007British Social Attitudes Survey19%48%18%
2011British Social Attitudes Survey26%44%19%
2012British Social Attitudes Survey25%43%23%
2013British Social Attitudes Survey20%49%18%
2015British Social Attitudes Survey23%49%20%
2017British Social Attitudes Survey22%55%15%

Notes
  1. Instead of the 2014 referendum question, respondents were asked "If another Scottish Independence Referendum were held today, how would you vote?" "Yes to an independent Scotland", "No to an independent Scotland", "I will not vote" and "I am not registered to vote" were the options given.
  2. Instead of the 2014 referendum question, respondents were asked "On a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 means ‘I completely support Scotland staying part of the UK’ and 10 means ‘I completely support Scotland becoming independent’ what number would you consider yourself to be?". Respondents giving answers between 1 to 4 and 6 to 10 have been mapped to No and Yes here respectively, while respondents giving 5 or "don't know" as answer have been assigned as undecided.
  3. Instead of the 2014 referendum question, respondents were asked "If there was a referendum tomorrow with the question Should Scotland remain in the United Kingdom or leave the United Kingdom?, how would you vote?" and given the options of "Remain" and "Leave", which have been mapped to No and Yes here respectively.
  4. Instead of the 2014 referendum question, respondents were asked "On a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 means ‘I completely support Scotland becoming independent’ and 10 means ‘I completely support Scotland staying part of the UK’ what number would you consider yourself to be?". Respondents giving answers between 1 to 4 and 6 to 10 have been mapped to Yes and No here respectively, while respondents giving 5 or "don't know" as answer have been assigned as undecided.
  5. Instead of the 2014 referendum question, respondents were asked "In a referendum on independence for Scotland held tomorrow, how would you vote?" and given the options of "For Scotland to become an independent country" and "For Scotland to remain as part of the United Kingdom", which have been mapped to Yes and No here respectively.
  6. Instead of the 2014 referendum question, respondents were asked "Do you agree that Scotland should become an independent country?" and given the options of "Yes" and "No".
  7. Instead of the 2014 referendum question, respondents were asked "If a referendum were held tomorrow, on whether Scotland should leave or remain part of the United Kingdom, how would you vote?" and given the options of "To Leave the United Kingdom" and "To Remain in the United Kingdom", which have been mapped to Yes and No here respectively.

References
  1. Hennessy, Patrick; Kite, Melissa (26 November 2006). "Britain wants UK break up, poll shows". The Daily Telegraph. London.
  2. Hennessy, Patrick (15 January 2012). "Britain divided over Scottish Independence". The Daily Telegraph. London.
  3. Allardyce, Jason (15 March 2009). "Voters ditch SNP over referendum". The Times. London. Retrieved 16 March 2009.
  4. "Scottish Independence". Retrieved 8 September 2014.
  5. "Independence Poll" (PDF). Retrieved 8 September 2014.
  6. "Support for independence growing". Herald Scotland. Retrieved 8 September 2014.
  7. Dinwoodie, Robbie (5 September 2011). "Yes voters take lead in new independence poll". The Herald. Glasgow. Retrieved 5 September 2011.
  8. "Q&A: Scottish independence row". BBC News. BBC. 17 January 2012. Retrieved 19 January 2012.
  9. Curtice, John (24 April 2014). "Scottish independence: Depending on the pollster, it looks like a photo finish". The Independent. Retrieved 25 April 2014.
  10. "Scottish referendum: Scotland votes 'No' to independence". BBC News. 19 September 2014. Retrieved 19 September 2014.
  11. "Referendum results: Turnout a record high as Scots vote No to independence". Scotland Now. 19 September 2014. Retrieved 20 September 2014.
  12. "New poll: Scotland would back indy if fresh vote was held now". The Herald. 1 November 2014. Retrieved 13 March 2015.
  13. Curtice, John (18 September 2015). "What are the latest polls saying about Scottish independence?". BBC News. BBC. Retrieved 19 September 2015.
  14. Curtice, John. "How would you vote in a Scottish independence referendum if held now? (asked after the referendum)". WhatScotlandThinks. Scotcen. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  15. Curtice, John. "How would you vote in a Scottish independence referendum if held now? (asked after the EU referendum)". WhatScotlandThinks. Scotcen. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  16. "Nicola Sturgeon points to 'growing urgency' for Scottish independence". BBC News. 5 August 2019. Retrieved 6 August 2019.
  17. Carrell, Severin (4 February 2020). "Scottish independence surveys 'show Brexit has put union at risk'". The Guardian. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
  18. https://www.scotsman.com/news/politics/poll-support-for-scottish-independence-at-32-1-4683018/amp
  19. "A Crisis of the Union" (PDF). Paul Cairney. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
  20. "The Scottish Political System Since Devolution: From New Politics to the New Scottish Government". Paul Cairney. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
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