Magenta

An 1864 map showing the Duchy of Bouillon in magenta

The colour magenta was the result of the industrial chemistry revolution of the mid-nineteenth century, which began with the invention by William Perkin of mauveine in 1856, which was the first synthetic aniline dye. The enormous commercial success of the dye and the new colour it produced, mauve, inspired other chemists in Europe to develop new colours made from aniline dyes.[1]

In France, François-Emmanuel Verguin, the director of the chemical factory of Louis Rafard near Lyon, tried many different formulae before finally in late 1858 or early 1859, mixing aniline with carbon tetrachloride, producing a reddish-purple dye which he called "fuchsine", after the colour of the flower of the fuchsia plant.[4] He quit the Rafard factory and took his colour to a firm of paint manufacturers, Francisque and Joseph Renard, who began to manufacture the dye in 1859.

In the same year, two British chemists, Chambers Nicolson and George Maule, working at the laboratory of the paint manufacturer George Simpson, located in Walworth, south of London, made another aniline dye with a similar red-purple colour, which they began to manufacture in 1860 under the name "roseine". In 1860 they changed the name of the colour to "magenta", in honor of the Battle of Magenta fought between the French and Austrians at Magenta, Lombardy the year before, and the new colour became a commercial success.[1][5]

Starting in 1935 the family of quinacridone dyes was developed. These have colours ranging from red to violet, so nowadays a quinacridone dye is often used for magenta. Various tones of magenta—light, bright, brilliant, vivid, rich, or deep—may be formulated by adding varying amounts of white to quinacridone artist's paints.

Another dye used for magenta is Lithol Rubine BK. One of its uses is as a food colouring.

Process magenta (subtractive primary, sRGB approximation)
Color coordinates
Hex triplet	#FF0090
sRGBB  (r, g, b)	(255, 0, 144)
CMYKH   (c, m, y, k)	(0, 100, 44, 0)
HSV       (h, s, v)	(326°, 100%, 100%)
Source	[Unsourced]
ISCC–NBS descriptor	Vivid purplish red
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)

In colour printing, the colour called process magenta, pigment magenta, or printer's magenta is one of the three primary pigment colours which, along with yellow and cyan, constitute the three subtractive primary colours of pigment. (The secondary colours of pigment are blue, green, and red.) As such, the hue magenta is the complement of green: magenta pigments absorb green light; thus magenta and green are opposite colours.

The CMYK printing process was invented in the 1890s, when newspapers began to publish colour comic strips.

Process magenta is not an RGB colour, and there is no fixed conversion from CMYK primaries to RGB. Different formulations are used for printer's ink, so there may be variations in the printed colour that is pure magenta ink. A typical formulation of process magenta is shown in the colour box at right.

Magenta (Fuchsia)
Color coordinates
Hex triplet	#FF00FF
sRGBB  (r, g, b)	(255, 0, 255)
CMYKH   (c, m, y, k)	(0, 100, 0, 0)
HSV       (h, s, v)	(300°, 100%, 100%)
Source	X11
ISCC–NBS descriptor	Vivid purple
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)

At right is the web colour magenta. It is one of the three secondary colours in the RGB colour model. On the RGB colour wheel, magenta is the colour between rose and violet, and halfway between red and blue.

This colour is called magenta in X11 and fuchsia in HTML. In the RGB colour model, it is created by combining equal intensities of red and blue light. The two web colours magenta and fuchsia are exactly the same colour. Sometimes the web colour magenta is called electric magenta or electronic magenta.

While the magenta used in printing and the web colour have the same name, they have important differences. Process magenta (the colour used for magenta printing ink—also called printer's or pigment magenta) is much less vivid than the colour magenta achievable on a computer screen. CMYK printing technology cannot accurately reproduce on paper the colour on the computer screen. When the web colour magenta is reproduced on paper, it is called fuchsia and it is physically impossible for it to appear on paper as vivid as on a computer screen.

Colored pencils and crayons called "magenta" are usually coloured the colour of process magenta (printer's magenta) shown above.

• Paul Gauguin (1848–1903) used a shade of magenta in 1890 in his portrait of Marie Lagadu, and in some of his South Seas paintings.
• Henri Matisse and the members of the Fauvist movement used magenta and other non-traditional colours to surprise viewers, and to move their emotions through the use of bold colours.
• Since the mid-1960s, water based fluorescent magenta paint has been available to paint psychedelic black light paintings. (Fluorescent cerise, fluorescent chartreuse yellow, fluorescent blue, and fluorescent green.)

• 
  Magenta, along with mauve, made with the newly discovered aniline dyes, became a popular fashion color in the second half of the nineteenth century. It appeared in art in this 1890 work, Psyche, by Bouguereau.
• 
  Paul Gauguin, Portrait of Marie Lagadu (1890).
• 
  Henri Matisse, Les toits de Collioure (1905). Henri Matisse and the other painters of the Fauvist movement were the first to make a major use of magenta to surprise and make an impact on the emotions of the viewer.
• 
  In the 1960s, magenta was a popular color in psychedelic art, such as this concert poster for the Avalon Ballroom in San Francisco (1967).

• Astronomers have reported that spectral class T brown dwarfs (the ones with the coolest temperatures except for the recently discovered Y brown dwarfs) are coloured magenta because of absorption by sodium and potassium atoms of light in the green portion of the spectrum.[6][7][8]

• 
  Artist's vision of a spectral class T brown dwarf

• 
  Coral from the Persian Gulf
• 
  An Andean flamingo, (Phoenicopterus andinus)
• 
  A dragonfly, or Anisoptera Ana Cotta
• 
  Pseudanthias tuka, a reef fish from the Indian Ocean.

Magenta is a common colour for flowers, particularly in the tropics and sub-tropics. Because magenta is the complementary colour of green, magenta flowers have the highest contrast with the green foliage, and therefore are more visible to the animals needed for their pollination.

• 
  Orchid Phalaenopsis
• 
  Rhododendron
• 
  Clematis "Sunset"
• 
  Geranium sanguineum
• 
  Dahlia "Hillcrest Royal"
• 
  Rambler rose
• 
  Syringa "Paul Deschanel"
• 
  Lily "Malinoviy Zvon"
• 
  Polemoniaceae, or Phlox
• 
  A cactus flower
• 
  Achillea "Staroe Burgundskoe"
• 
  Mirabilis jalapa "Four O'Clock Flower"

The German telecommunications company Deutsche Telekom uses a magenta logo. It has sought to prevent use of any similar colour by other businesses, even those in unrelated fields, such as the insurance company Lemonade.[9]

Magenta was the English name of Tokyo's Oedo subway line colour. It was later alternated to ruby.

In aircraft autopilot systems, the path that pilot or plane should follow to its destination is usually indicated in cockpit displays using the colour magenta.[10]

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) issued a Magenta coloured banknote of ₹2000 denomination on 8 November 2016 under Mahatma Gandhi New Series. This is the highest currency note printed by RBI that is in active circulation in India.

• 
  Indian 2000 rupee note, obverse
• 
  Indian 2000 rupee note, reverse

Magenta is an extremely rare colour to find on heraldic flags and coats of arms, since its adoption dates back to relatively recent times. However, there are some examples of its use:

• 
  Cantabrian Labarum, Cantabria, Spain.
• 
  Canting arms of the commune of Magenta, France.
• 
  Flag of the municipality of Cartago, Colombia.

• The colour magenta is used to symbolize anti-racism by the Amsterdam-based anti-racism Magenta Foundation.[11]
• In Danish politics the magenta is the colour of Det Radikale Venstre, the Danish social-liberal party.