İznik

For the history before the Ottoman conquest, see the article on Nicaea.

In 1331, Sultan Orhan captured the city from the Byzantines and for a short period the town became the capital of the expanding Ottoman emirate.[4] The large church of Hagia Sophia in the centre of the town was converted into a mosque and became known as the Orhan Mosque.[5] A madrasa and baths were built nearby.[6] In 1334 Orhan built a mosque and an imaret (soup kitchen) just outside the Yenisehir gate (Yenişeh Kapısı) on the south side of the town.[7]

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  Iznik Wall at Yenişehir Gate
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  Iznik Wall at Yenişehir Gate
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  Iznik Wall at Lefke Gate
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  Iznik Wall at Lefke Gate
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  Iznik Wall at Istanbul Gate
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  Iznik Theatre
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  Iznik Church remains possibly Dormition
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  Iznik Church remains possibly Dormition
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  Iznik Suleymanpasha Medresesi

The Moroccan traveller Ibn Battuta stayed in Iznik at the end of 1331 soon after the capture of the town by Orhan.[8] According to Ibn Battuta, the town was in ruins and only inhabited by a small number of people who were in the service of the sultan. Within the city walls were gardens and cultivated plots with each house surrounded by an orchard. The town produced fruit, walnuts, chestnuts and large sweet grapes.[7][9]

A census in 1520 recorded 379 Muslim and 23 Christian households while a census taken a century later in 1624 recorded 351 Muslim and 10 Christian households. Assuming five members for each household, these figures suggest that the population was around 2,000. Various estimates in the 18th and 19th centuries give similar numbers.[10] The town was poor and the population small even when the ceramic production was at its peak during the second half of the 16th century.[11]

The Byzantine city is estimated to have had a population of 20,000–30,000 but in the Ottoman period the town was never prosperous and occupied only a small fraction of the walled area. The English clergyman John Covel visited Iznik in 1677 and found that only a third of the town was occupied.[12] In 1745 the English traveller Richard Pococke reported that Iznik was no more than a village.[13] A succession of visitors described the town in unflattering terms. After his visit in 1779, the Italian archaeologist Domenico Sestini wrote that Iznik was nothing but an abandoned town with no life, no noise and no movement.[7][14] In 1797 James Dallaway described Iznik as "a wretched village of long lanes and mud walls...".[7][15] The town was seriously damaged in 1921 during the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922); the population became refugees and many historical buildings were damaged or destroyed.[16]

Panoramic view of İznik (ancient Nicaea) with Lake İznik in the background.

The town became more important with the development a pottery and tile making industry during the Ottoman period in the 16th century, known as the İznik Çini. Iznik ceramic tiles were used to decorate many of the mosques in Istanbul designed by Mimar Sinan. However, this industry declined in the 17th century[17] and İznik became a mainly agricultural minor town in the area when a major railway bypassed it in the 19th century.

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  Iznik tiles inside the Selimiye Mosque in Edirne
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  Iznik Museum in Nilüfer Hatun Soup Kitchen
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  Iznik Museum exhibit
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  Iznik Museum Exhibit
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  Iznik Museum exhibit
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  Iznik Museum exhibit

A number of monuments were erected by the Ottomans in the period between the conquest in 1331 and 1402 when the town was sacked by Timur. Among those that have survived are:

• Hacı Özbek Mosque (1333). This mosque was built only three years after the conquest. The portico on the west side of the building was demolished in 1940 to widen the road.[18]
• Yeşil Mosque of Iznik Green Mosque (1378–1391). The mosque was built for Çandarlı Kara Halil Hayreddin Pasha, the first Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire. It is located near the Lefke Gate on the east side of the town. It was damaged in 1922 during the Greco-Turkish War and restored between 1956 and 1969.[7][19]
• Hagia Sophia also known as Aya Sofya (Greek: Ἁγία Σοφία, "Holy Wisdom") is a Byzantine-era former church building which was built by Justinian I in the middle of the city in the 6th century.[20]
• Nilüfer Hatun Soup Kitchen (Nilüfer Hatun Imareti) (1388). The building was abandoned for many years but was restored in 1955 and is now a museum.[21]
• Süleyman Pasa Madrasa (mid 14th century). This is one of the two surviving madrasas in the town. It was restored in the 19th century and again in 1968.[22]
• Mausoleum of Çandarli Hayreddin Pasa (14th century). The main room contains fifteen sarcophagi. A lower room contains three more sarcophagi including that of Hayreddin Pasha. The mausoleum is located in a cemetery outside the Lefke gate to the east of the town.[23]

Several monuments survived into the 20th century but were destroyed during the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922). These include:

• Church of the Koimesis/Dormition (6th–8th century but rebuilt after the 1065 earthquake). This was the only church in the town that was not transformed into a mosque.[24] It was decorated with 11th century Byzantine mosaics of which photographs survive.[25][26]
• Eşrefzâde Rumi Mosque (15th century). Eşrefzâde Rumi was married to the daughter of Hacı Bayram-ı Veli. He founded a sufi sect and after his death in 1469–70 his tomb became a pilgrimage site.[7] The mosque was decorated with Iznik tiles.[27]
• Seyh Kutbeddin Mosque and Mausoleum (15th century). The mausoleum has been rebuilt.[28]

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  Iznik Esrefoglu complex Exterior
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  Iznik Esrefoglu complex Interior
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  Iznik Esrefoglu complex tombs
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  Iznik Seyh Kutbuddin mosque with mausoleum
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  Iznik Seyh Kutbuddin mosque Tombs

The İznik Ultramarathon is a 130 km (81 mi) trail endurance running event that takes place around Lake İznik in April since 2012 as the country's longest single-stage athletics competition.[29]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to İznik.

• Iznik travel guide from Wikivoyage
• Iznik, ArchNet. Information on the historic buildings in the town.
• 300+ photographs of the town and sights