Haplogroup C-M217

Haplogroup C-M217, also known as C2 (and previously as C3),[1] is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is the most frequently occurring branch of the wider Haplogroup C (M130). It is found mostly in Central Asia, Eastern Siberia and significant frequencies in parts of East Asia and Southeast Asia including some populations in the Caucasus and Middle East.

Haplogroup C-M217
C2 (previously C3)[1]
Possible time of origin50,865 [95% CI 38,317 <-> 61,900] ybp[2]

52,500 or 44,900 ybp[3]

48,400 [95% CI 46,000 <-> 50,900] ybp[4]
Coalescence age35,383 [95% CI 25,943 <-> 44,092] ybp[2]

34,000 [95% CI 31,500 <-> 36,700] ybp[4]
Possible place of originProbably Central Asia or East Asia
AncestorC-M130
DescendantsC-M93 (C2a); C-CTS117 (C2b); C-P53.1 (C2c); C-P62 (C2d); C-F2613/Z1338 (C2e)
Defining mutationsM217, P44, PK2
Highest frequenciesOroqen 61%[5]-91%,[6] Evenks 44%[6]-71%,[7][8] Ulchi 69%,[9] Nivkhs 38%[10]-71%[11], Kazakhs 33% [12]-60.7%,[13] Buryats 7%[14]-84%,[10] Evens 5%[8]-74%,[15] Mongolians 23.7% [16]-54%,[5] Tanana 42%,[17] -41.18%[18] Koryaks 33%[7][8]-48%[11], Hazaras 35%[19]–40%,[20] Daur 31%,[5] Yukaghir 31%,[21] Manchu 30% (8.3% [22] -51.8% [23]) Hezhe 29.6% [24], Sibe 29.3% [25], Dong 28% [26], Tujia 28%[26], Hani 25% [5], North Korean 23% (19% [27]-27% [28]), Altai 22%[15]-24%,[6] Kyrgyz 20%,[19] Uzbeks 20%,[6], South Korean 16% (11.6% [29]-21% [30]), Cheyenne 16%,[17] Apache 15%,[17] Northern Han 14.7% (4.3%-29.6%),[28] Tuvans 11%[31] – 15%,[21] Ainu 12.5%[10]-25%,[15] Hui 11%,[5][6] Sioux 11%,[17] Nogais 14%,[32] Crimean Tatars 9%,[32] Uyghurs 8.27% (0% Urumqi,[5] 0% Turpan area,[28] 2.6% Keriya,[33] 3.1% Lopnur,[33] 6.0%,[15] 6.0% Urumqi area,[28] 6.3% Bortala area,[28] 7.0% Yining area,[28] 7.7% Yili,[5] 8.37% Hetian area,[34] 11.8% Horiqol Township,[33] 16.08% Turpan area[34]), Vietnamese 7.6% (4.3%-12.5%[35]), Tajiks (Afghanistan) 7.6% (3.6%[36]-9.2%[19]), Southern Han 7.1% (0%-23.5%),[28] Tabassarans 7%,[37]Abazinians 7%,[38] Japanese 5.9% (0%[15]-7.8%[39]), Adygei 2.9%,[40] Kabardians 2.4%,[41]Pasthun 2.04%[42]

The haplogroup C-M217 is now found at high frequencies among Central Asian peoples, indigenous Siberians, and some Native peoples of North America. In particular, males belonging to peoples such as the Buryats,[15][31] Evens,[15] Evenks,[15] Itelmens,[14] Kalmyks,[31][43][44] Kazakhs, Koryaks,[14] Mongolians,[15][19] Negidals,[14] Nivkhs,[14] Udege,[14] and Ulchi[9] have high levels of M217.[6][15][45]

One particular haplotype within Haplogroup C2-M217 has received a great deal of attention, because of the possibility that it may represent direct patrilineal descent from Genghis Khan,[46] though that hypothesis is controversial. According to the recent result, C2's subgroups are divided into C2b and C2e, and in Mongolia, most belong to C2b(Genghis Khan modal), while very few are C2e. On the other hand, C2b takes minority and most are C2e in Japan and Korea and Southern East Asia. Its C-M48 subclade, which has been identified as a possible marker of the Manchu Aisin Gioro and has been found in ten different ethnic minorities in northern China, is absent from many Han Chinese populations (Heilongjiang, Gansu, Guangdong, Sichuan and Xinjiang).[47][48]

Origin

After sharing a most recent common ancestor with Haplogroup C-F3393 approximately 48,400 [95% CI 46,000 <-> 50,900] years before present,[2] Haplogroup C-M217 is believed to have begun spreading approximately 34,000 [95% CI 31,500 <-> 36,700] years before present[2] in eastern or central Asia.

The extremely broad distribution of Haplogroup C-M217 Y-chromosomes, coupled with the fact that the ancestral paragroup C is not found among any of the modern Siberian or North American populations among whom Haplogroup C-M217 predominates, makes the determination of the geographical origin of the defining M217 mutation exceedingly difficult. The presence of Haplogroup C-M217 at a low frequency but relatively high diversity throughout East Asia and parts of Southeast Asia makes that region one likely source. In addition, the C-M217 haplotypes found with high frequency among North Asian populations appear to belong to a different genealogical branch from the C-M217 haplotypes found with low frequency among East and Southeast Asians, which suggests that the marginal presence of C-M217 among modern East and Southeast Asian populations may not be due to recent admixture from Northeast or Central Asia.[49]

More precisely, haplogroup C-M217 is now divided into two primary subclades, C-F1067 and C-L1373. C-L1373 has been found often in populations from Central Asia through North Asia to the Americas, and rarely in individuals from some neighboring regions, such as Europe or East Asia. C-L1373 includes C-P39, which has been found at high frequency in samples of some indigenous North American populations, and C-M48, which is especially frequent among modern Tungusic peoples. The predominantly East Asian distributed C-F1067 subsumes a major clade, C-F2613, and a minor clade, C-CTS4660. The minor clade C-CTS4660 has been found in China (including a Dai and several Han from southern China as well as a Han from Anhui and a Han from Inner Mongolia). The major clade C-F2613 has known representatives from China (Oroqen,[50] Hezhe,[50] Manchu,[51] Uyghur,[51] Han, Tibetan,[51] Tujia,[50] Dai), Korea, Japan, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Mongolia,[19][51] Kyrgyzstan (Dungan, Kyrgyz),[19] Tajikistan (Tajik[51]), Afghanistan (Hazara, Tajik),[19] Pakistan (Burusho, Hazara),[19] Nakhchivan, Chechnya, and Syria and includes the populous subclades C-F845, C-CTS2657, and C-Z8440. C-M407, a notable subclade of C-CTS2657, has expanded in a post-Neolithic time frame[52] to include large percentages of modern Buryat, Soyot, and Hamnigan males in Buryatia in addition to many Kalmyks and other Mongols[31][43][19][53] and members of the Qongirat tribe in Kazakhstan[54] (but only 2 or 0.67% of a sample of 300 Korean males[55]).

Distribution

Haplogroup C-M217 is the modal haplogroup among Mongolians and most indigenous populations of the Russian Far East, such as the Northern Tungusic peoples, Koryaks, and Itelmens. The subclade C-P39 is common among males of the indigenous North American peoples whose languages belong to the Na-Dené phylum. The frequency of Haplogroup C-M217 tends to be negatively correlated with distance from Mongolia and the Russian Far East, but it still comprises more than ten percent of the total Y-chromosome diversity among the Manchus, Koreans, Ainu, and some Turkic peoples of Central Asia. Beyond this range of high-to-moderate frequency, which contains mainly the northeast quadrant of Eurasia and the northwest quadrant of North America, Haplogroup C-M217 continues to be found at low frequencies, and it has even been found as far afield as Northwest Europe, Turkey, Pakistan, Bhutan,[56] Bangladesh,[4] Nepal[57] and adjacent regions of India,[58][59][60] Vietnam, Maritime Southeast Asia, and the Wayuu people of South America.

In an early study of Japanese Y-chromosomes, haplogroup C-M217 was found relatively frequently among Ainus (2/16=12.5%[10] or 1/4=25%[15]) and among Japanese of the Kyūshū region (8/104=7.7%[10]). However, in other samples of Japanese, the frequency of haplogroup C-M217 was found to be only about one to three percent.[10][5][15][61] In a study published in 2014, large samples of males from seven different Japanese cities were examined, and the frequency of C-M217 varied between a minimum of 5.0% (15/302 university students in Sapporo) and a maximum of 7.8% (8/102 adult males in Fukuoka), with a total of 6.1% (146/2390) of their sampled Japanese males belonging to this haplogroup; the authors noted that no marked geographical gradient was detected in the frequencies of haplogroups C-M217 or C-M8 in that study.[39]

The frequency of Haplogroup C-M217 in samples of Han from various areas has ranged from 0% (0/27) in a sample of Han from Guangxi[62] in southern China to 23.5% (4/17) in a sample of Han from Shanghai[62] in eastern China, 23.5% (8/34) in a sample of Han from Xi'an[35] in northwestern China, and 29.6% (8/27) in a sample of Han from Jilin[62] in northeastern China, with the frequency of this haplogroup in several studies' pools of all Han samples ranging between 6.0% and 12.0%.[5][6][15][10][28][35] C-M217 also has been found in many samples of ethnic minority populations from central and southern China, such as Dong (8/27 = 29.6% from Guizhou,[28] 10/45 = 22.2% from Hunan,[28] 1/17 = 5.9% from Guangxi[28]), Bulang (3/11 = 27.3% from Yunnan[28]), Tujia (6/26 = 23.1% from Hubei,[28] 7/33 = 21.2% from Guizhou,[28] 9/49 = 18.4% from Jishou, Hunan), Hani (13/60 = 21.7% from Yunnan,[28] 6/34 = 17.6%[5]), Yi (4/32 = 12.5% Boren from Yunnan,[28] 3/24 = 12.5% Yi from Sichuan,[28] 4/61 = 6.6% Yi from Yunnan[28]), Mulao (1/11 = 9.1% from Guangxi[28]), Naxi (1/12 = 8.3% from Yunnan[28]), Miao (7/92 = 7.6% from Guizhou,[28] 2/58 = 3.4%), Shui (2/29 = 6.9% from Guizhou[28]), She (3/47 = 6.4% from Fujian,[28] 1/34 = 2.9%[5]), Wa (1/16 = 6.3% from Yunnan[28]), Dai (1/18 = 5.6% from Yunnan[28]), Gelao (1/21 = 4.8% from Guizhou[28]), ethnic Vietnamese (2/45 = 4.4% from Guangxi[28]), Yao (1/28 = 3.6% from Guangdong,[28] 1/35 = 2.9% from Liannan, Guangdong,[5] 2/113 = 1.8% from Guangxi[28]), Bai (1/34 = 2.9% from Yunnan[28]), Tibetans (4/156 = 2.6%), Buyi (2/109 = 1.8% from Guizhou[28]), and Taiwanese aborigines (1/48 = 2.1%).(Karafet 2010)(Xue 2006)(Gayden 2007)

In Vietnam, Y-DNA that belongs to haplogroup C-M217 has been found in about 7.5% of all published samples, including 12.5% (6/48) of a sample of Vietnamese from Hanoi, Vietnam,[35] 11.8% (9/76) of another sample of Kinh ("ethnic Vietnamese") from Hanoi, Vietnam, 10% (1/10) of a sample from Vietnam,[63] 8.5% (5/59) of a sample of Cham people from Binh Thuan, Vietnam, 8.3% (2/24) of another sample of Vietnamese from Hanoi,[64] 4.3% (3/70) of a sample of Vietnamese from an unspecified location in Vietnam,(Karafet 2010)(He 2012) 2.2% (1/46) of the KHV ("Kinh in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam") sample of the 1000 Genomes Project,[4][3] and 0% (0/27) of one study's samples of Kinh and Muong.[65]

Haplogroup C-M217 has been found less frequently in other parts of Southeast Asia and nearby areas, including Myanmar (3/72 = 4.2% Bamar and Rakhine[66]), Laos (1/25 = 4.0% Lao from Luang Prabang), Malaysia (2/18 = 11.1% Malaysia,[63] 0/8 Malaysia,[64] 0/12 Malaysian (ordinary Malay near Kuala Lumpur),[10] 0/17 Orang Asli,[67] 0/27 Malay,[67] 0/32 Malaysia[68]), Java (1/37 = 2.7%, 1/141 = 0.71%[64]), Nepal (2/77 = 2.6% general population of Kathmandu), Thailand (1/40 = 2.5% Thai, mostly sampled in Chiang Mai;[35] 13/500 = 2.6% Northern Thailand, or 11/290 = 3.8% Northern Thai people and 2/91 = 2.2% Tai Lü[69]), the Philippines (1/48 = 2.1%, 1/64 = 1.6%), and Bali (1/641 = 0.2%). (Gayden 2007)(Karafet 2010)(He 2012)

Although C-M217 is generally found with only low frequency (<5%) in Tibet and Nepal, there may be an island of relatively high frequency of this haplogroup in Meghalaya, India. The indigenous tribes of this state of Northeast India, where they comprise the majority of the local population, speak Khasian languages or Tibeto-Burman languages. A study published in 2007 found C-M217(xM93, P39, M86) Y-DNA in 8.5% (6/71) of a sample of Garos, who primarily inhabit the Garo Hills in the western half of Meghalaya, and in 7.6% (27/353) of a pool of samples of eight Khasian tribes from the eastern half of Meghalaya (6/18 = 33.3% Nongtrai from the West Khasi Hills, 10/60 = 16.7% Lyngngam from the West Khasi Hills, 2/29 = 6.9% War-Khasi from the East Khasi Hills, 3/44 = 6.8% Pnar from the Jaintia Hills, 1/19 = 5.3% War-Jaintia from the Jaintia Hills, 3/87 = 3.4% Khynriam from the East Khasi Hills, 2/64 = 3.1% Maram from the West Khasi Hills, and 0/32 Bhoi from Ri-Bhoi District).(Reddy 2007)

Subclade distribution

The subclades of Haplogroup C-M217 with their defining mutation(s), according to the 2017 ISOGG tree:

  • C2 (previously C3) M217 Typical of Kazakhs, Mongolians, Buryats, Daurs, Kalmyks, Hazaras, Evenks, Evens, Oroqen, Ulchi, Udegey, Manchus, Sibes, Nivkhs, Koryaks, and Itelmens, with a moderate distribution among other Tungusic peoples, Ainus, Koreans, Han, Vietnamese, Altaians, Tuvinians, Uyghurs, Uzbeks, Kyrgyzes, Nogais, and Crimean Tatars.[5][15][14][10][20][32][45][70] It is found in moderate to low frequencies among Japanese, Tai peoples, North Caucasian peoples, Abazinians, Adygei, Tabassarans, Kabardians,[71][72][73] Tajiks, Pashtuns, etc.[74]
    • C2a M93 Observed sporadically in Japanese[20][75]
    • C2b L1373, F1396
    • C2c C-F1067
      • C2c1 F2613/Z1338
        • C2c1a Z1300, CTS4021
          • C2c1a CTS4021* Korea,[76] Syria[76]
          • C2c1a1 CTS2657
            • C2c1a1 A14895
              • C2c1a1 Y37069 China (Hubei), South Korea[4]
              • C2c1a1 A14912
                • C2c1a1 MF1549 China (Liaoning, Beijing, Shandong)[4]
                • C2c1a1 ACT108 China (Shandong, Jiangsu)[4]
            • C2c1a1 CTS11990, Z18177, F3921
              • C2c1a1 CTS11990* Japan[76]
              • C2c1a1a CTS8579
              • C2c1a1b Z31664, Z31667 China, Korea, Japan
                • C2c1a1b Z31664* China (Jilin)
                • C2c1a1b Y112121, F18822
                  • C2c1a1b Y112121* Japan (Nagasaki [=Y112121(xMF1792, Y86025][4]), Japan (Kōbe [=F18822(xF441)])
                  • C2c1a1b MF1792 China (Jiangsu)[4]
                  • C2c1a1b Y86025 Koreans[4]
                  • C F441 Beijing (Han), South Korea
          • C2c1a2 K700/Z12209, F3880
            • C2c1a2a F1319 Japan,[76] Laos (Laotian in Vientiane[82]), Thailand (Mon, Tai Yuan, Thai[82])
              • C2c1a2a1 F3777 China (Beijing Han, Shandong, Jilin),[4] Japan,[76] Bhutan,[56] Bangladesh[4]
              • C2c1a2a2 F9935, F9765, F10056/Z36838 China, Japan (Saga), Nakhchivan
                • C2c1a2a2* China (Jilin)[4]
                • C2c1a2a2 MF1881 Azerbaijan (Nakhchivan)[4][76]
                • C2c1a2a2 MF1029 China (Zhejiang, Shanxi, Shandong, Hebei, Jilin, Guizhou, Guangdong)[4]
                • C2c1a2a2 Y35926, F3909 China (Shandong, Sichuan, Jiangxi, Henan, Hebei, Chongqing, Jilin, Liaoning),[4] Japan[76]
            • C2c1a2b CTS3385, F13857
              • C2c1a2b2 FGC45548 Hebei (Han), Beijing (Han), Sichuan (Han), Zhejiang (Han), Guangdong (Han)
              • C2c1a2b MF1061
                • C MF1061* Sichuan,[4] Hebei (Han)
                • C F29509 Anhui (Han), Guangdong (Han)
                • C Y125448, MF2001
                  • C Y125448* Shanxi,[4] Hubei[4]
                  • C F29514 Henan (Han), Shanxi (Han)
                  • C Y146673 Hebei,[4] Shandong[4]
        • C2c1b F845 Found in Han Chinese, Bai, Tujia, Hani, Yi, Blang, Nyah Kur, Mon, Gelao, Vietnamese, Tai, Buryat, Manchu, Korean, and Japanese populations
          • C2c1b F845* Guangdong[4]
          • C2c1b MF2091
            • C MF2091* Chongqing (Han)
            • C MF2106
              • C MF2106* Henan (Han), Beijing (Han)
              • C MF2110 Henan (Han), Beijing (Han)
          • C2c1b K548
            • C2c1b K548* Shandong[4]
            • C2c1b Y17534
              • C2c1b Y17534* Shandong, Zhejiang
              • C2c1b F10015 Shanxi, Jiangxi,[4] Ho Chi Minh City (Kinh)
              • C2c1b1 K511 Xishuangbanna (Dai)
              • C2c1b Y170903 Jiangsu
              • C2c1b Y81530 South Korea (Seoul)
              • C2c1b2 F5477/SK1036
                • C2c1b2 F5477/SK1036* Shandong (Han), Zhejiang (Han), Japan (Tokyo)
                • C2c1b2 MF5067 Guizhou (Han), Fujian (Han)
                • C2c1b2 F11898, F10273
                  • C2c1b2 F11898* Guangxi
                  • C-F29519
                    • C-F29519* Sichuan (Yi)
                    • C-F29454 Guizhou (Tujia), Guangdong (Han), Beijing (Han)
                  • C2c1b2b SK1038/MF1015
                    • C2c1b2b* SK1038 Hunan,[4] Heilongjiang (Manchu)
                    • C2c1b2b MF10312 Sichuan, Tujia
                    • C2c1b2b F29490
                      • C-F29490* Jiangsu (Han)
                      • C-F29446 Hunan (Tujia)
                    • C2c1b2b F9683
                      • C-F9683* Fujian (Han)
                      • C-F9819 Hulunbuir (Buryat), Sichuan (Han), Hunan (Tujia)
                    • C2c1b2b1 MF1017
                      • C2c1b2b1a MF1020
                        • C-MF1020* Hunan[4]
                        • C-MF1022
                          • C-MF1022* Sichuan (Han)
                          • C-Y35928/MF1023 Beijing (Han), Hubei (Han), Hunan (Tujia)
                      • C2c1b2b1b Y81534
                        • C-Y81534* Anhui (Han)[4]
                        • C-Y83141 South Korea (Seoul)[4]
              • C2c1b3 CTS4187
              • C2c1b4 FGC57604/F29493/F29494
                • C2c1b4 FGC57604* Yunnan (Bai), Sichuan,[4] Guangdong (Han), Korea (Chungcheongnamdo[4])
                • C2c1b4 F29476 Jilin (Han), Jiangsu (Han), Fujian (Han)
                • C2c1b4 FGC39587, FGC39579
                  • C2c1b4* FGC39587* Tianjin (Han)
                  • C2c1b4a FGC39603
                    • C2c1b4a FGC39603* Shandong,[4] Jiangsu[4]
                    • C2c1b4a FGC39588 Sichuan
                    • C2c1b4b Y63501 Henan, Hubei
                    • C F19076 Guangdong (Han), Hunan (Han), Shandong (Han)
                    • C Z38903 Sichuan (Han)
              • C2c1b5 CTS2123/S4350
              • C2c1b6 Z45272
              • C2c1b7 MF2040/F18007
              • C2c1b8 Z45349
              • C2c1b9 Z45354
      • C2c2 CTS4660
        • C2c2 CTS4660* Inner Mongolia (Han)
        • C2c2a F29558
          • C2c2a1 F9436
            • C2c2a1a F15270 Guangdong (Han), Yunnan (Dai[4])
            • C2c2a1b F29553 Hunan (Han), Jiangxi (Han)
          • C2c2a2 F10025 Anhui (Han), Fujian (Han)[4]

Others

P53.1 has been used in multiple studies, but at testing in the commercial labs it appears in too many parts of the Y tree, including multiple parts of haplogroup C. Listed 16 April 2016.

  • C2-P53.1 Found in about 10% of Xinjiang Sibe and with low frequency in Inner Mongolian Mongol and Evenk, Ningxia Hui, Xizang Tibetan, Xinjiang Uyghur, and Gansu Han[28]

Phylogenetics

Phylogenetic history
Main article: Conversion table for Y chromosome haplogroups

Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.

YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand) (α) (β) (γ) (δ) (ε) (ζ) (η) YCC 2002 (Longhand) YCC 2005 (Longhand) YCC 2008 (Longhand) YCC 2010r (Longhand) ISOGG 2006 ISOGG 2007 ISOGG 2008 ISOGG 2009 ISOGG 2010 ISOGG 2011 ISOGG 2012
C-M21610V1F16Eu6H1CC*CCCCCCCCCC
C-M810V1F19Eu6H1CC1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1C1
C-M3810V1F16Eu6H1CC2*C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2C2
C-P3310V1F18Eu6H1CC2aC2aC2a1C2a1C2aC2aC2a1C2a1C2a1removedremoved
C-P4410V1F17Eu6H1CC3*C3C3C3C3C3C3C3C3C3C3
C-M9310V1F17Eu6H1CC3aC3aC3aC3aC3aC3aC3aC3aC3aC3aC3a1
C-M20810V1F17Eu6H1CC3bC2bC2aC2aC2bC2bC2aC2aC2aC2aC2a
C-M21036V1F17Eu6H1CC3cC2cC4aC4aC4bC4bC4aC4aC4aC4aC4a

Research publications

The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC tree.

  • α Jobling and Tyler-Smith 2000 and Kaladjieva 2001
  • β Underhill 2000
  • γ Hammer 2001
  • δ Karafet 2001
  • ε Semino 2000
  • ζ Su 1999
  • η Capelli 2001

Phylogenetic trees

See also

Genetics

Y-DNA C subclades
  • Mega-Haplogroup CF
  • Mega-Haplogroup CT
  • C-M130
  • C-M208
  • C-M210
  • C-M216
  • C-M217
  • C-M38
  • C-M8
  • C-M93
  • C-P33
  • C-P44

Y-DNA backbone tree
Phylogenetic tree of human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups [χ 1][χ 2]
"Y-chromosomal Adam"
A00 A0-T [χ 3]
A0 A1 [χ 4]
A1a A1b
A1b1 BT
B CT
DE CF
D E C F
F1  F2  F3  GHIJK
G HIJK
IJK H
IJ K
I   J     LT [χ 5]       K2 [χ 6]
L     T    K2a [χ 7]        K2b [χ 8]     K2c     K2d K2e [χ 9]  
K-M2313 [χ 10]     K2b1 [χ 11] P [χ 12]
NO   S [χ 13]  M [χ 14]    P1     P2
N O Q R

References
  1. ISOGG, 2015 "Y-DNA Haplogroup C and its Subclades – 2015" (15 September 2015).
  2. Monika Karmin, Lauri Saag, Mário Vicente, et al. (2015), "A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture." Genome Research 25:1–8 Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; ISSN 1088-9051/15; http://www.genome.org/cgi/doi/10.1101/gr.186684.114.
  3. Poznik GD, Xue Y, Mendez FL, et al. (June 2016). "Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences". Nature Genetics. 48 (6): 593–599. doi:10.1038/ng.3559. PMC 4884158. PMID 27111036.
  4. YFull Haplogroup YTree v7.02.01 as of March 15, 2019
  5. Xue Y, Zerjal T, Bao W, et al. (April 2006). "Male demography in East Asia: a north-south contrast in human population expansion times". Genetics. 172 (4): 2431–9. doi:10.1534/genetics.105.054270. PMC 1456369. PMID 16489223.
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