Haplogroup D-CTS3946

Haplogroup D-CTS3946
Possible time of origin	83,000-64,700 years ago (but estimated at likely ca. 73,200 years ago)[1]
Possible place of origin	Africa[1]
Ancestor	DE
Descendants	D-M174(D1); D-A5580.2(D2, also known as D0);
Defining mutations	CTS3946, CTS4030/Z1605

Haplogroup D or D-CTS3946 is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. Both D-CTS3946 and E lineages also exhibit the single-nucleotide polymorphism M168 which is present in all Y-chromosome haplogroups except A and B, as well as the YAP+ unique-event polymorphism, which is unique to Haplogroup DE. Subclades of haplogroup D-CTS3946 are found primarily in East Asia, though they are also found regularly with low frequency in Central Asia and Southeast Asia, and have also been found sporadically in Western Africa and Western Asia.

Overview

Proposed migration of haplogroup D according to Haber et al.

Haplogroup D was formerly the name of the D lineage D-M174. However, a study (Haber et al. 2019) identified a haplogroup, termed "D0", in three Nigerian samples. The "D0" haplogroup is outside M174, but shares 7 SNPs with it that E lacks. The authors consider several possibilities, but in part because of the likely deep-rooting of haplogroup "D0", as well as recently calculated early divergence times for it and its parent haplogroup, DE, the authors conclude in favor of an African origin for D0 DE, as well as for the common ancestor (now known as D-CTS3946 or "D") of D0 and D-M174. According to Haber et al., D0 is a branch of the DE lineage near the DE split but on the D branch, diverging around 71,000 years ago. The authors find divergence times for DE*, E, and D0, all likely within a period of about 76,000-71,000 years ago, and a likely date for the exit of the ancestors of modern Eurasians out of Africa (and ensuing Neanderthal admixture) later, at around 50,300-59,400 years ago, which they argue, also supports an African origin for those haplogroups.[1] Thus D-CTS3946 is proposed to have spread both within and outside of Africa: with one branch diverging into D0 in Africa, and another branch outside Africa eventually diverging into D-M174 (i.e. with the M174 mutation later arising from the D-CTS3946 that had spread to Asia). "D0" has also been named "D2", and former D (D-M174) has now also been termed "D1" due to this discovery.

Three other samples of D2 were also found in West Asia (also in 2019): two in Saudi Arabia and another one in Syria. The sample found in Syria is to date the most basal sample of D2. The recent evidence (as also proposed by Haber et al.) suggests that D2 is a highly divergent haplogroup close to the DE split but on the D branch and lacking the M174 mutation possessed by the other known D lineages (belonging to its sibling D-M174).[2]

Phylogeny of the subclades

ISOGG (version: 14.151).[3]

DE (YAP)
- D (CTS3946)
  - D1 (M174/Page30, IMS-JST021355)
    - D1a (CTS11577)　
      - D1a1 (F6251/Z27276)
        D1a1a (M15)　Tibet[4]
        
        D1a1b (P99)　Tibet, Mongol, Central Asia[4]
      - D1a2 (M64.1/Page44.1, M55) 　Japan[4]
      - D1a3 (Y34637)　Andaman Islands[5]
    - D1b (L1378) 　 Philippine[6]
  - D2 (A5580.2) 　Nigeria,[1] Saudi Arabia, Syria[2]

Phylogenetic tree of human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups [χ 1][χ 2]

"Y-chromosomal Adam"

A00

A0-T [χ 3]

A0

A1 [χ 4]

A1a

A1b

A1b1

B

CF

F

F1

F2

F3

GHIJK

K

I

J

LT [χ 5]

K2 [χ 6]

L

T

K2a [χ 7]

K2b [χ 8]

K2c

K2d

K2e [χ 9]

K-M2313 [χ 10]

K2b1 [χ 11]

P [χ 12]

NO

S [χ 13]

M [χ 14]

P1

P2

N

O

Q

R

Footnotes

Van Oven M, Van Geystelen A, Kayser M, Decorte R, Larmuseau HD (2014). "Seeing the wood for the trees: a minimal reference phylogeny for the human Y chromosome". Human Mutation. 35 (2): 187–91. doi:10.1002/humu.22468. PMID 24166809.
International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG; 2015), Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2015. (Access date: 1 February 2015.)
Haplogroup A0-T is also known as A-L1085 (and previously as A0'1'2'3'4).
Haplogroup A1 is also known as A1'2'3'4.
Haplogroup LT (L298/P326) is also known as Haplogroup K1.
Between 2002 and 2008, Haplogroup T-M184 was known as "Haplogroup K2". That name has since been re-assigned to K-M526, the sibling of Haplogroup LT.
Haplogroup K2a (M2308) and its primary subclade K-M2313 were separated from Haplogroup NO (F549) in 2016. (This followed the publication of: Poznik GD, Xue Y, Mendez FL, et al. (2016). "Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences". Nature Genetics. 48 (6): 593–9. doi:10.1038/ng.3559. PMC 4884158. PMID 27111036. In the past, other haplogroups, including NO (M214) and K2e had also been identified with the name "K2a".
Haplogroup K2b (M1221/P331/PF5911) is also known as Haplogroup MPS.
Haplogroup K2e (K-M147) was previously known as "Haplogroup X" and "K2a" (but is a sibling subclade of the present K2a).
K-M2313*, which as yet has no phylogenetic name, has been documented in two living individuals, who have ethnic ties to India and South East Asia. In addition, K-Y28299, which appears to be a primary branch of K-M2313, has been found in three living individuals from India. See: Poznik op. cit.; YFull YTree v5.08, 2017, "K-M2335", and; PhyloTree, 2017, "Details of the Y-SNP markers included in the minimal Y tree" (Access date of these pages: 9 December 2017)
Haplogroup K2b1 (P397/P399) is also known as Haplogroup MS, but has a broader and more complex internal structure.
Haplogroup P (P295) is also klnown as K2b2.
Haplogroup S, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1a. (Previously the name Haplogroup S was assigned to K2b1a4.)
Haplogroup M, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1b. (Previously the name Haplogroup M was assigned to K2b1d.)

References

Haber M, Jones AL, Connel BA, Asan, Arciero E, Huanming Y, Thomas MG, Xue Y, Tyler-Smith C (June 2019). "A Rare Deep-Rooting D0 African Y-chromosomal Haplogroup and its Implications for the Expansion of Modern Humans Out of Africa". Genetics: genetics.302368.2019. doi:10.1534/genetics.119.302368. PMID 31196864.
Estes, Roberta (2019-06-21). "Exciting New Y DNA Haplogroup D Discoveries!". DNAeXplained - Genetic Genealogy. Retrieved 2019-07-08.
Y-DNA Haplogroup D and its Subclades - 2019
Hammer MF, Karafet TM, Park H et al. (2006). "Dual origins of the Japanese: common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes". J. Hum. Genet. 51 (1): 47–58. doi:10.1007/s10038-005-0322-0. PMID 16328082.
"D YTree". www.yfull.com. Retrieved 2019-09-03.
Y-DNA Haplogroup D and its Subclades - 2014

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[vanOven2014-7] Van Oven M, Van Geystelen A, Kayser M, Decorte R, Larmuseau HD (2014). "Seeing the wood for the trees: a minimal reference phylogeny for the human Y chromosome". Human Mutation. 35 (2): 187–91. doi:10.1002/humu.22468. PMID 24166809.

[ISOGG2015-8] International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG; 2015), Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2015. (Access date: 1 February 2015.)

[A0-T-9] Haplogroup A0-T is also known as A-L1085 (and previously as A0'1'2'3'4).

[A1-10] Haplogroup A1 is also known as A1'2'3'4.

[LT-11] Haplogroup LT (L298/P326) is also known as Haplogroup K1.

[K2-12] Between 2002 and 2008, Haplogroup T-M184 was known as "Haplogroup K2". That name has since been re-assigned to K-M526, the sibling of Haplogroup LT.

[K2a-13] Haplogroup K2a (M2308) and its primary subclade K-M2313 were separated from Haplogroup NO (F549) in 2016. (This followed the publication of: Poznik GD, Xue Y, Mendez FL, et al. (2016). "Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences". Nature Genetics. 48 (6): 593–9. doi:10.1038/ng.3559. PMC 4884158. PMID 27111036. In the past, other haplogroups, including NO (M214) and K2e had also been identified with the name "K2a".

[K2b-14] Haplogroup K2b (M1221/P331/PF5911) is also known as Haplogroup MPS.

[K2e-15] Haplogroup K2e (K-M147) was previously known as "Haplogroup X" and "K2a" (but is a sibling subclade of the present K2a).

[K-M2313-16] K-M2313*, which as yet has no phylogenetic name, has been documented in two living individuals, who have ethnic ties to India and South East Asia. In addition, K-Y28299, which appears to be a primary branch of K-M2313, has been found in three living individuals from India. See: Poznik op. cit.; YFull YTree v5.08, 2017, "K-M2335", and; PhyloTree, 2017, "Details of the Y-SNP markers included in the minimal Y tree" (Access date of these pages: 9 December 2017)

[K2b1-17] Haplogroup K2b1 (P397/P399) is also known as Haplogroup MS, but has a broader and more complex internal structure.

[P-18] Haplogroup P (P295) is also klnown as K2b2.

[S-19] Haplogroup S, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1a. (Previously the name Haplogroup S was assigned to K2b1a4.)

[M-20] Haplogroup M, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1b. (Previously the name Haplogroup M was assigned to K2b1d.)

[ReferenceC-1] Haber M, Jones AL, Connel BA, Asan, Arciero E, Huanming Y, Thomas MG, Xue Y, Tyler-Smith C (June 2019). "A Rare Deep-Rooting D0 African Y-chromosomal Haplogroup and its Implications for the Expansion of Modern Humans Out of Africa". Genetics: genetics.302368.2019. doi:10.1534/genetics.119.302368. PMID 31196864.

[WestAsia-2] Estes, Roberta (2019-06-21). "Exciting New Y DNA Haplogroup D Discoveries!". DNAeXplained - Genetic Genealogy. Retrieved 2019-07-08.

[3] Y-DNA Haplogroup D and its Subclades - 2019

[Hammer2006-4] Hammer MF, Karafet TM, Park H et al. (2006). "Dual origins of the Japanese: common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes". J. Hum. Genet. 51 (1): 47–58. doi:10.1007/s10038-005-0322-0. PMID 16328082.

[5] "D YTree". www.yfull.com. Retrieved 2019-09-03.

[ISOGG2014-6] Y-DNA Haplogroup D and its Subclades - 2014