2017 Turkish constitutional referendum

A constitutional referendum was held throughout Turkey on 16 April 2017 on whether to approve 18 proposed amendments to the Turkish constitution that were brought forward by the governing Justice and Development Party (AKP) and the Nationalist Movement Party (MHP). If approved, the office of the Prime Minister would be abolished and the existing parliamentary system of government would be replaced with an executive presidency and a presidential system.[1] The number of seats in Parliament was proposed to be raised from 550 to 600 while the president was proposed to be given more control over appointments to the Supreme Board of Judges and Prosecutors (HSYK).[2][3] The referendum was held under a state of emergency that was declared following a failed military coup attempt in July 2016.

Turkish constitutional referendum, 2017
Referendum to approve 18 proposed amendments to the Constitution of Turkey
(Full details)
LocationTurkey and overseas representations
DateSunday, 16 April 2017
Results
Votes %
Yes 25,157,463 51.41%
No 23,779,141 48.59%
Valid votes 48,936,604 98.27%
Invalid or blank votes 862,251 1.73%
Total votes 49,798,855 100.00%
Registered voters/turnout 58,291,898 85.43%
Results by province and district
  Yes     No
Official results

 Turkish constitutional referendum 
Sunday, 16 April 2017
Opinion polls
Campaigns

YES
EVET
NO
HAYIR
Choices ordered according to colour and layout of ballot paper
Gallery: Picture, Sound, Video
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Early results indicated a 51–49% lead for the "Yes" vote. In an unprecedented move, the Supreme Electoral Council (YSK) allowed non-stamped ballots to be accepted as valid. Some opposers to the reform decried this move to be illegal, claiming that as many as 1.5 million ballots were unstamped, and refused to recognize the results.[4] Large-scale protests erupted following the results in order to protest the YSK's decision.[5] In subsequent reports, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) and Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE) both criticised unfairness during the campaign and declared the YSK's decision to be illegal.[6][7]

An executive presidency has been a long-standing proposal of the governing AKP and its founder, the current President of Turkey, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. In October 2016, the Nationalist Movement Party (MHP) announced its co-operation for producing draft proposals with the government, with the combined support of both AKP and MHP MPs being sufficient to put forward the proposals to a referendum following a parliamentary vote in January. Those in favour of a 'Yes' vote argued that the changes were necessary for a strong and stable Turkey, arguing that an executive presidency would bring about an end to unstable coalition governments that had dominated Turkish politics since the 1960s up until 2002. The 'No' campaign have argued that the proposals would concentrate too much power in the hands of the President, effectively dismantling the separation of powers and taking legislative authority away from Parliament. Critics argued that the proposed system would resemble an 'elected dictatorship' with no ability to hold the executive to account, leading effectively to a 'democratic suicide' and autocracy.[8] Three days before the referendum, one of Erdoğan's aides called for a federal system should the 'Yes' vote prevail, causing a backlash from the pro-Yes MHP.[9] Both sides of the campaign have been accused of using divisive and extreme rhetoric, with Erdoğan accusing all 'No' voters of being terrorists siding with the plotters of the failed 2016 coup.[10]

The campaign was marred by allegations of state suppression against 'No' campaigners, while the 'Yes' campaign were able to make use of state facilities and funding to organise rallies and campaign events.[11] Leading members of the 'No' campaign, which included many high-profile former members of the MHP such as Meral Akşener, Ümit Özdağ, Sinan Oğan, and Yusuf Halaçoğlu were all subject to both violence and campaign restrictions. The 'Yes' campaign were faced with campaigning restrictions by several European countries, with the German, Dutch, Danish and Swiss governments all cancelling or requesting the suspension of 'Yes' campaign events directed at Turkish voters living abroad. The restrictions caused a sharp deterioration in diplomatic relations and caused a diplomatic crisis between Turkey and the Netherlands. Concerns were also raised about voting irregularities, with 'Yes' voters in Germany being caught attempting to vote more than once and also being found to have been in possession of ballot papers before the overseas voting process had started.[12][13] European election monitors said the vote did not meet international standards.[14]

Background
A ballot paper and envelope used in the referendum. 'Evet' translates to Yes while 'Hayır' translates to No.

Introducing a presidential system was proposed by then-Minister of Justice Cemil Çiçek and backed by then-Prime Minister Erdoğan in 2005.[15] Since then, the current presidential system has been openly supported by Justice and Development Party leaders several times, along with a "new constitution". Justice and Development Party vice-president Hayati Yazıcı proposed April 2017 as a date for the referendum.[16]

Constitutional amendments

Initial proposals

On 10 December 2016, the AKP and MHP brought forward a total of 21 proposed amendments to the constitution and began collecting signatures from MPs in order to begin the parliamentary procedures for initiating a referendum. After Assembly Commission talks, 3 proposals were withdrawn, leaving 18 amendments remaining. The full-text proposal in Turkish and the present Turkish constitution are found at the following links.[17][18] The most important changes have been highlighted by the Union of Turkish Bar Associations.[19]

An English-language summary and interpretation of the 18 amendments is listed in the table below.[20][21]

Description of proposed amendments
Proposal #ArticleDescription of change
1Article 9The judiciary is required to act on condition of impartiality.
2Article 75The number of seats in the Parliament is raised from 550 to 600.
3Article 76The age requirement to stand as a candidate in an election to be lowered from 25 to 18, while the condition of having to complete compulsory military service is to be removed. Individuals with relations to the military would be ineligible to run for election.
4Article 77Parliamentary terms are extended from four to five years. Parliamentary and presidential elections will be held on the same day every five years, with presidential elections going to a run-off if no candidate wins a simple majority in the first round.
5Article 87The functions of Parliament are
  • Making, changing, removing laws.
  • Accepting international contracts.
  • Discuss, increase or decrease budget (on Budget Commission) and accept or reject the budget on General Assembly.
  • Appoint 7 members of HSYK
  • And using other powers written in the constitution
6Article 89To overcome a presidential veto, the Parliament needs to adopt the same bill with an absolute majority (301).
7Article 98Parliament now detects cabinet and Vice President with Parliamentary Research, Parliamentary Investigation, General Discussion and Written Question. Interpellation is abolished and replaced with Parliamentary Investigation. Vice President needs to answer Written Questions within 15 days.
8Article 101In order to stand as a presidential candidate, an individual requires the endorsement of one or more parties that won 5% or more in the preceding parliamentary elections and 100,000 voters. The elected president no longer needs to terminate their party membership if they have one.
9Article 104The President becomes both the head of state and head of government, with the power to appoint and sack ministers and Vice President. The president can issue decrees about executive. If legislation makes a law about the same topic that President issued an executive order, decree will become invalid and parliamentary law become valid.
10Article 105Parliament can open parliamentary investigation with an absolute majority (301). Parliament discusses proposal in 1 month. Following the completion of Discussion, Parliamentary investigation can begin in Parliament with a hidden three-fifths (360) vote in favor. Following the completion of investigations, the parliament can vote to indict the President with a hidden two-thirds (400) vote in favor.
11Article 106The President can appoint one or more Vice Presidents. If the Presidency falls vacant, then fresh presidential elections must be held within 45 days. If parliamentary elections are due within less than a year, then they too are held on the same day as early presidential elections. If the parliament has over a year left before its term expires, then the newly elected president serves until the end of the parliamentary term, after which both presidential and parliamentary elections are held. This does not count towards the President's two-term limit. Parliamentary investigations into possible crimes committed by Vice Presidents and ministers can begin in Parliament with a three-fifths vote in favor. Following the completion of investigations, the parliament can vote to indict Vice Presidents or ministers with a two-thirds vote in favor. If found guilty, the Vice President or minister in question is only removed from office if their crime is one that bars them from running for election. If a sitting MP is appointed as a minister or Vice President, their parliamentary membership will be terminated.
12Article 116The President and three-fifths of the Parliament can decide to renew elections. In this case, the enactor also dissolves itself until elections.
13Article 119The President's ability to declare state of emergency is now subject to parliamentary approval to take effect. The Parliament can extend, remove or shorten it. States of emergency can be extended for up to four months at a time except during war, where no such limitation will be required. Every presidential decree issues during a state of emergency will need an approval of Parliament.
14Article 125The acts of the President are now subject to judicial review.
15Article 142Military courts are abolished unless they are erected to investigate actions of soldiers under conditions of war.
16Article 146The President used to appoint one Justice from High Military Court of Appeals, and one from the High Military Administrative Court. As military courts would be abolished, the number of Justices in the Constitutional Court would be reduced to 15 from 17. Consequently, presidential appointees would be reduced to 12 from 14, while the Parliament would continue to appoint three.
17Article 159Supreme Board of Judges and Prosecutors is renamed to "Board of Judges and Prosecutors", members are reduced to 13 from 22, departments are reduced to 2 from 3. 4 members are appointed by President, 7 will be appointed by the Grand Assembly. Supreme Board of Judges and Prosecutors (HSYK) candidates will need to get 2/3 (400) votes to pass first round and will need 3/5 (360) votes in second round to be a member of HSYK.(Other 2 members are Justice Minister and Ministry of Justice Undersecretary, which is unchanged).
18Article 161President proposes fiscal budget to Grand Assembly 75 days prior to fiscal new year. Budget Commission members can make changes to budget but Parliamentary members cannot make proposals to change public expenditures. If the budget is not approved, then a temporary budget will be proposed. If the temporary budget is also not approved, the previous year's budget would be used with the previous year's increment ratio.[note 1]
19Several articlesAdaptation of several articles of the constitution with other changes, mainly transferring executive powers of cabinet to President
20Temporary Article 21Next presidential and General elections will be held on 3 November 2019. If Grand Assembly decides early elections, both will be held at the same day. Board of Judges and Prosecutors elections will be made within 30 days of approval of this law. Military courts will be abolished once the law comes into force.
21Applicability of amendments 1-17The amendments (2, 4, and 7) will come into force after new elections, other amendments (except temporary article) will come into force once newly elected president is sworn in. Annulled the article which elected Presidents forfeit membership in a political party. This constitutional amendment will be voted in a referendum as a whole.
Notes
  1. This increment ratio is defined by Ministry of Finance and determines changes on absolute-valued taxes and fines.

Parliamentary Constitutional Commission
The AKP presenting their constitutional proposals to Parliament Speaker İsmail Kahraman, December 2016
The Parliamentary Constitutional Commission scrutinising the proposed changes

After being signed by the AKP's 316 MPs, the 21 proposed changes were submitted to the Speaker of the Grand National Assembly and were then referred to the Parliamentary Constitutional Commission.[22] The Parliamentary Constitutional Commission, headed by AKP MP Mustafa Şentop, began scrutinising the proposals in December 2016, earlier than the planned date of January 2017. The Constitutional Commission is formed of 25 Members of which 15 are from the AKP, 5 are from the CHP, 3 are from the HDP and 2 are from the MHP, as per the composition of parliament. Since the AKP held a large majority of the commission's seats, it was expected by media commentators that there would be minimal surprise developments at the scrutiny stage.[23] Debates in the commission were heated, with occasional fights being observed between MPs.[24]

The Constitutional Commission has the power to amend or reject the proposed changes before they are put to a vote for all MPs. The Commission made minor changes to numerous proposals, such as raising the number of members of the Supreme Board of Judges and Prosecutors from 12 to 13.[25] So far, the commission has rejected three of the 21 proposed changes, reducing the constitutional package from 21 proposals to 18. The 5th proposal, which created 'reserve MPs' to take the parliamentary seats that fall vacant between elections, was controversially rejected with just three signatures, well short of the support of 25 commission members or 184 total MPs necessary.[26] It was reported that AKP MPs opposed the creation of 'reserve MPs' on the grounds that it threatened the security of sitting MPs by incentivising reserves to incapacitate them in order to take their seat.[27] The 15th proposal that gave the President the right to structure the civil service and state institutions through executive decrees was also rejected.[28] A day later on 29 December, the 14th proposal which gave the right for the President to appoint senior bureaucratic officials was rejected.

The Commission completed the approval process on 30 December, rejecting 3 of the 21 proposals in total.[29]

Parliamentary Constitutional Commission scrutiny process results
Proposal123456789101112131415161718192021
ResultYYYYNYYYYYYYYNNYYYYYY

Parliamentary voting
MPs voting on the proposed amendments, January 2017

Following the completion of the Constitutional Commission hearings, the 18 proposals were presented to parliament for ratification. Constitutional amendments need a three fifths majority (330 votes) to be put forward to a referendum and a two-thirds majority (367 votes) to be ratified directly. Justice and Development Party (AKP) officials claimed before the vote that even if the 367-threshold was reached, the government would not ratify the changes without a referendum.[30]

Parliament voted on each of the 18 proposals separately in two rounds. The first round served as an indicator of whether the amendments would gather sufficient support, with amendments being proposed by all parties present in the chamber. In the second round, parties are no longer permitted to propose changes to the proposals. The results of the second round are taken into account, with 330 votes needed to send them to a referendum or 367 for direct implementation. A final vote on all of the approved proposals at large, with the same thresholds, was undertaken at the end of the second round, with the entire process being disbanded if votes in favour fell below 330.[31]

Of the total 550 Members of Parliament, 537 were entitled to a vote. 11 MPs from the Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP) were under arrest for terrorism charges and were unable to partake in the vote, with the remaining 48 HDP MPs boycotting the vote after their motion calling for the arrested MPs to be brought to parliament to vote was rejected.[32] The Parliamentary Speaker İsmail Kahraman, who is unable to take part in the vote by virtue of being the Speaker, was hospitalised during the vote, meaning that AKP deputy speaker Ahmet Aydın presided over the proceedings and was therefore unable to cast a vote.[33]

Of the 537 MPs eligible to vote, the AKP held 315, the CHP 133, the MHP 39, the HDP 48 and 2 were independent. Of the MHP's 39 MPs, 6 had openly stated that they would vote against the amendments, leaving the total number of MPs expected to vote 'Yes' at 348. The CHP's 133 MPs and the two independents, which consisted of Aylin Nazlıaka and Ümit Özdağ, voted 'No' while the HDP boycotted the votes.[34]

Theoretical distribution of votes according to party lines
Party Leader Party position Total MPs Eligible to vote Voting yes Voting no Graphical representation
AKPJustice and Development Party Binali Yıldırım Y Yes 317 315 315 0
CHPRepublican People's Party Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu N No 133 133 0 133
MHPNationalist Movement Party Devlet Bahçeli Y Yes 39 39 33 6
HDPPeoples' Democratic Party Selahattin Demirtaş / Serpil Kemalbay N No 59 48
Boycotting
Independents N No (both) 2 2 0 2 MPs ordered by party line. Black denotes MPs ineligible to vote
Total 550 537 348 141 Y Referendum

Parliamentary voting began on 9 January, with the first round of voting being completed on 15 January. Opposition politicians criticised the rushed way in which the votes were conducted, with four to five votes taking place in a day with no adjournments.[35] The votes were marred by numerous irregularities, with CHP Members of Parliament filming AKP MPs openly casting their vote or intimidating uncertain MPs to vote 'Yes'.[36][37] The Minister of Health, Recep Akdağ, was filmed casting an open vote, which is disallowed by the constitution, and openly admitting that he had committed a crime afterwards.[38] AKP MPs responded to attempts to film them with hostility, with fights occasionally breaking out between government and opposition MPs.[39] CHP MP Fatma Kaplan Hürriyet was allegedly strangled by AKP Parliamentary Group Leader Mustafa Elitaş after she filmed Elitaş and Prime Minister Binali Yıldırım casting open votes.[40] Several MPs were hospitalised, while the podium where MPs rose to make speeches was dislocated with one of its €15,000 microphones being reported as missing.[41] The second round of voting was completed on 20 January, with all of the proposed amendments being approved. A final motion to enact the approved amendments was approved by 339 votes, surpassing the 330-vote threshold to hold a referendum but falling short of the 367-vote threshold needed to enact the amendments directly.

Article voting
Proposal Issue First round Second round Results
MP turnout Yes No Other MP turnout Yes No Other
Motion to begin the voting process 480 338 134 3
1 Neutrality of the judiciary 484 347 132 5 486 345 140 1 Y
2 Increasing the number of MPs to 600 from 550 480 343 133 3 485 342 139 4 Y
3 Eligibility for parliamentary candidacy 485 341 139 5 486 342 137 6 Y
4 Elections every five years for both Parliament and Presidency 486 343 139 4 486 342 138 6 Y
5 Powers and responsibilities of Parliament 354 343 7 4 486 342 140 4 Y
6 Audit authorities of Parliament 483 343 137 3 485 342 138 5 Y
7 Election of the President 482 340 136 6 484 340 136 8 Y
8Duties of the President48134013564833391386Y
9Penal responsibility of the President48534313754833411375Y
10Vice-presidency and ministries48334313554813401365Y
11Renewal of elections48334113484813421354Y
12State of Emergency48234413354843421384Y
13Abolition of military courts48234313364843431365Y
14High council of judges and prosecutors48334113394873421396Y
15Budget regulation48334113484863421413Y
16Adaptation of other articles48234113474863421413Y
17Temporary article for transition to new system48434213574853411395Y
18President can be party member &
when changes would be effective		48134413164883431423Y
Motion to enact the approved changes (330 for referendum, 367 for direct implementation)4883391427Y

Several AKP MPs voted openly for the changes, violating the constitutional requirement of a secret vote.[42]

Reception
MHP MPs Özcan Yeniçeri, Ümit Özdağ and Yusuf Halaçoğlu announcing their opposition to the proposed constitutional changes

The amendments were received with heavy criticism from opposition parties and non-governmental organisations, with criticism focusing particularly on the erosion of the separation of powers and the abolition of parliamentary accountability. Constitutional legal experts such as Kemal Gözler and İbrahim Kaboğlu claimed that the changes would result in the Parliament becoming effectively powerless, while the executive president would have controls over the executive, legislative, and judiciary.[43][44] On 4 December, the Atatürkist Thought Association (ADD), Association for the Support of Contemporary Living (ÇYDD) and the Trade Union Confederation held a rally in Ankara despite having their permissions revoked by the Governor of Ankara, calling for a rejection of the executive presidential system on the grounds that it threatened judicial independence and secular democratic values.[45]

The amendments were initially received with mixed responses from the opposition CHP, which have long been critical of the AKP's constitutional plans. Shortly after the proposals were made public and submitted to Parliament on 10 December, Prime Minister Binali Yıldırım reported that the CHP was in agreement with 5 of the proposed changes.[46] However, reception by the CHP was negative, with the party's deputy leader Selin Sayek Böke claiming that the proposals essentially created a "sultanate".[47] Parliamentary group leader Levent Gök, one of the first to comment on the released proposals, claimed that the changes would revert 140 years of Turkish parliamentary democracy, calling on all parties to reject the proposals.[48] Another of the CHP's parliamentary group leaders, Özgür Özel, called the proposals a "regime change", with the parliament being left essentially powerless in scrutinising ministers and holding them to account.[49] Özel claimed that the AKP were unlikely to obtain the 330 votes necessary to put the changes to a referendum, stating that he would be surprised if the number of MPs voting in favour reached 275.[50] CHP MP Selina Doğan claimed that the authoritarian nature of the proposals would effectively end Turkey's EU accession negotiations, citing the lack of any relevance to European values.[51] CHP MP Cemal Oktan Yüksel claimed that the proposals resembled the constitution of Assad's Syria, stating that it wouldn't be a national constitution but "Syria's constitution translated".[52]

Despite having the nationalist MHP's official support, it was reported that Turkish nationalists were also overwhelmingly critical of both the proposals and their party's involvement in their drafting.[53] Bahçeli, who has historically lent support to the AKP in controversial situations, was subject to criticism from all major parties for his decision to support the constitutional amendments, being described as the AKP's "back garden", "life-line" or "spare tyre" by critics.[54][55][56] On 24 October 2016, 5 of the 40 MHP Members of Parliament declared that they would reject the constitutional proposals, against their party line.[57] Ümit Özdağ, who was a leadership candidate against Bahçeli and one of the 5 MPs critical of the changes, had his party membership revoked in November.[58] A poll released by Gezici in December showed that almost two-thirds of MHP supporters were against the proposed changes, though MHP supporters were also the most undecided amongst the other parties.[59] On 27 December, MHP MP Kadir Koçdemir became the fifth MP from his party to publicly state his opposition to the proposals.[60]

Speaking shortly after the proposals were released, the HDP's spokesperson Ayhan Bilgen criticised the proposed changes for being anti-democratic and against the principle of judicial independence. Citing the proposed creation of "executive orders" that can be decreed by the President at will without parliamentary scrutiny, Bilgen criticised the nature of the changes, calling them poorly written and an attempt to cover up constitutional violations that had taken place under the current constitution.[61] However, on 18 December, HDP MP Kadri Yıldırım claimed that there would be no reason to reject the proposals if the changes included a separate "status" for Turkish Kurds and a constitutional entitlement to education for Kurdish citizens in their native Kurdish language.[62] This led to speculation that the HDP could be convinced to support the changes by the AKP government, though the MHP would be unlikely to jointly support any changes that are also endorsed by the HDP.[63] On 21 December, the CHP and HDP issued a parliamentary motion that would declare the proposals "unconstitutional", but the motion was rejected by MPs.[64]

The changes have also received severe criticism from outside Turkey. One commentator went as far as to declare that "if a majority votes yes, this will be the end of parliamentary democracy in Turkey."[65] The NGO Human Rights Watch stated that the changes were a "huge threat to human rights, the rule of law, and the country’s democratic future."[66] The Economist concluded that "a vote for Yes would saddle the country with an elected dictator." [67] The Venice Commission of the Council of Europe, in its March 2017 Opinion on the Constitutional amendments, defined them as "a threat to democracy" and stressed the "dangers of degeneration of the proposed system towards and authoritarian and personal regime".[68] Also, before the vote took place, the openDemocracy website reported that some European news outlets published concerns that the 2017 referendum amounted to something like an "enabling act" for Erdoğan.[69]

Campaign positions

Ruling party AKP and opposition MHP are the signatories of the amendments. MHP has provided their conditional support until their conditions are met.[70] Main opposition CHP's initial position was to wait until the amendments were finalized. CHP leader Kılıçdaroğlu once mentioned of bringing the changes into Grand Assembly.[71] Later, CHP decided to favor No vote and started "Türkiye'yi Böldürmeyeceğiz" (Turkish: We'll not partition Turkey) rallies. Parliament's fourth party HDP is against the changes.

Political parties

NGOs and other groups

Campaigns

'Yes' campaign
The AKP 'Yes' campaign logo. Kararımız evet translates to 'Our decision is yes'
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan campaigning for a 'Yes' vote in Kahramanmaraş, 17 February 2017
Main article: 2017 Turkish constitutional referendum 'Yes' campaign

The 'Yes' campaign has been predominantly led by Justice and Development Party (AKP) politicians, as well as Nationalist Movement Party (MHP) politicians loyal to leader Devlet Bahçeli. Initially expecting a 7 February start to the campaign, the AKP eventually kicked off their official campaign on 25 February with a presentation by Prime Minister Binali Yıldırım at the Ankara sports stadium. Amid poor showings in opinion polls in February, Erdoğan reportedly asked pro-government pollsters to suspend their opinion polling until the end of March, while proposals for a joint electoral rally by both leading AKP and MHP politicians has also been proposed.[154]

The 'Yes' campaign has been criticised for its smear campaign against individuals voting 'No', associating them with numerous terrorist organisations. Prime Minister Binali Yıldırım claiming that they would vote 'Yes' because the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK) and the so-called Fethullah Gülen Terrorist Organisation (FETÖ) were voting 'No', though both organisations have historically been in favour of an executive presidency.[155] President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan also caused controversy when he claimed that those voting 'No' were siding with the coup plotters behind the 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt.[156]

At present, the 'Yes' campaign has been conducted through electoral rallies held by Prime Minister Yıldırım, leading AKP politicians and also President Erdoğan, who has held 'public opening' rallies similar to his tactics in the June 2015 general election.[157] MHP leader Devlet Bahçeli has conducted conferences in favour of a 'Yes' vote, with the first occurring in Konya on 12 February 2017.[158]

On 10 March, the Great Union Party (BBP) led by Mustafa Destici announced that they would support a 'Yes' vote, bringing the total number of parties supporting 'Yes' to six.[159] Both the BBP and MHP have suffered serious opposition to their support for a 'Yes' vote, with BBP members calling for Destici's resignation following his announcement.[160] The MHP suffered a wave of resignations, inner-party suspensions and a rival 'No' campaign run by high-profile nationalist politicians, with opinion polls indicating that a significant majority of MHP voters intend to vote against the proposals.[161][162][163] Most polls put the percentage of 'No' voters in the MHP at between 50% to 80%, with definite 'Yes' voters remaining at 20-25%.[164][165] Politicians supporting 'No' from both the MHP and BBP have claimed that over 95% of their party supporters are favouring a 'No' vote, breaking with their party's executive decision.[166][167]

Key parties campaigning for a 'Yes' vote
Party Leader Details
AKPJustice and Development Party Binali Yıldırım View campaign
MHPNationalist Movement Party (party executive) Devlet Bahçeli View campaign

'No' campaign
Main article: 2017 Turkish constitutional referendum 'No' campaign
CHP leader Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu addressing a 'No' rally in Diyarbakır

The CHP unveiled their campaign logo and slogan on 28 February, using the slogan 'Geleceğim için Hayır' (translating to No for my future). The party planned their first electoral rally in Amasya, though preliminary rallies were held by party leader Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu on 21 December 2016 in Adana and by dissident MP Muharrem İnce on 8 March 2017 at Zonguldak. CHP MPs also made a series of overseas visits to rally support from overseas voters, with former leader Deniz Baykal holding an event in France.[168]

High-profile dissident MHP politicians, such as Meral Akşener, Sinan Oğan, Ümit Özdağ, and Yusuf Halaçoğlu all began a 'No' campaign based on Turkish nationalism, rivalling the MHP's official 'Yes' campaign. The dissident 'No' campaign attracted significantly higher popularity than the MHP's official 'Yes' events, with opinion polls indicating that an overwhelming majority of MHP voters intend to break the party line and vote 'No'. In addition to the MHP dissidents, the Turkish Bars Association and its President Metin Feyzioğlu and Leader of "No" Party Leader Tuna Bekleviç [169][170][171][172][173] embarked on a nationwide tour, intending to meet with locals in numerous towns and villages to rally support for a 'No' vote.[174]

'No' campaigners have faced alleged government-backed coercion and suppression. On 1 March, the main opposition Republican People's Party (CHP) unveiled a 78-point report regarding irregularities and suppression of 'No' campaigners, with Deputy Leader Öztürk Yılmaz claiming that those who were campaigning for a 'No' vote faced fear and state coercion.[175][176] CHP parliamentary group leader Engin Altay also criticised the government for using state funds to fund the 'Yes' campaign while repressing 'No' voters, claiming that their conduct did not allow them to talk of 'democracy'.[177]

Key parties campaigning for a 'No' vote
Party Leader Details
CHPRepublican People's Party Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu View campaign
MHPNationalist Movement Party (opposition within the party) Collective leadership View campaign
HDPPeoples' Democratic Party Selahattin Demirtaş View campaign

Controversies and electoral misconduct

Allegations of electoral misconduct, irregularities throughout the campaign and state coercion of 'No' supporters were widespread prior to, during and after the referendum. European election monitors said the referendum did not meet international standards.[14]

State suppression of 'No' voters

The AKP government and the General Directorate of Security (police) have both been criticised for employing tactics designed to limit the campaigning abilities of 'No' supporters, through arrests, control of the media and political suppression. On 23 January 2017, university students campaigning for a 'No' vote on a commuter ferry in İstanbul were implicated by security officers for 'insulting the president', with their arrests being stopped by onboard passengers.[178] On 31 January, Republican People's Party council member Sera Kadıgil was arrested and later freed on charges of 'insulting religious values and inciting hatred' for campaigning for a 'No' vote on social media.[179] In Bursa, a voter who revealed that he was voting 'No' was reported to the police and later arrested.[180] National television channels have been vastly in favour of the 'Yes' campaign. One study found that 'Yes' supporters received 90% of airtime.[67] A Turkish court banned a pro-Kurdish Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP) song Bejin Na (Say No) which supported the "No" on the grounds that it contravened the constitution and fomented hatred.[181][182]

Municipalities held by pro-'Yes' parties have also sought to limit the campaign events of 'No' voters by denying them rights to hold rallies in public spaces of community halls. Meral Akşener, a leading nationalist politician and one of the most prominent campaigners for a 'No' vote, was stopped from holding speeches when her campaign venues in Yalova and Edirne were abruptly shut down shortly before her events, with posters advertising her events in Eskişehir being ripped down.[183][184] On 11 February while she was making a speech at a hotel hall in Çanakkale, the venue suffered a power cut and was perceived by the pro-opposition media to be a symbol of the oppressive tactics against the 'No' campaign. After initially being obstructed by riot police, attendees at the conference used their phone lights to allow the event to continue.[185][186][187]

Overseas 'Yes' campaign bans

Overseas election campaigning, even in diplomatic missions, is illegal under Turkish law.[188][189] Yet, most political parties in Turkey, including CHP and the ruling AKP, have broken the law.[188][189]

Foreign minister Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu making a statement following the cancellation of campaign events in Germany

In early March, pro-'YES' campaigners, including high-profile AKP government ministers were barred from holding campaign events in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Denmark, and the Netherlands.[190]

Germany

In Germany, local municipalities withdrew permits for Justice Minister Bekir Bozdağ's campaign event in Gaggenau and Economy Minister Nihat Zeybekçi's event in Cologne.[191] While authorities cited security concerns, the insufficient capacities of the rented venues and irregularities in the organisational process, the Turkish government strongly condemned the cancellations and claimed that they were directly linked to an anti-Turkish agenda of the German federal government.[192] Turkish foreign minister Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu claimed that Germany had showed 'double standards' and a disregard for 'human rights and freedom of speech' by cancelling the events. Following a negative reaction by the German federal government to a proposed rally by Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, Erdoğan accused Germany of 'Nazi-style tactics', causing strong condemnation by German officials and a souring of diplomatic relations.[193] The Turkish government also accused Germany of funding and supporting the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK), which is designated as a terrorist organisation in both countries.[194] Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu was due to meet his German counterpart on 8 March, with scheduled campaign speeches in Hamburg also being cancelled due to irregularities with the venues. Çavuşoğlu therefore made his speech in the Hamburg consulate, despite Turkish law forbidding election campaigns in diplomatic missions.[195] The cancellations in Germany were met by condemnation from the main opposition and pro-'No' Republican People's Party, with former leader Deniz Baykal cancelling a planned visit to Germany as a result.[196]

Diplomatic crisis with the Netherlands
Pro-'Yes' protests outside the Dutch embassy in Turkey following the Dutch–Turkish diplomatic crisis
Further information: Netherlands–Turkey relations
Further information: 2017 Dutch–Turkish diplomatic incident

A diplomatic crisis occurred between Turkey and the Netherlands on 11 March, after Çavuşoğlu's official plane had its permission to land revoked mid-air ahead of a scheduled campaign speech. Later that day, Families and Social Policy Minister Fatma Betül Sayan Kaya's convoy was stopped by Dutch police, which blocked her access to the Turkish consulate in Rotterdam. Kaya was later declared persona non grata, with a regional state of emergency being declared and her convoy being asked to leave the country. Kaya was therefore forced to return to Germany, while Çavuşoğlu left for France to attend another campaign event. Violent protests by Turkish expats broke out in Rotterdam following the expulsion of both ministers, with the police making 12 arrests.[197]

The Dutch government had previously asked Turkish ministers to refrain from campaigning in the country, fearing that divisive campaign rhetoric would sow divisions within the Turkish community.[198] Prime Minister Mark Rutte claimed that negotiations with the Turkish government to allow a small scale speech by the minister were still ongoing, when Çavuşoğlu publicly threatened with sanctions should ministers be prevented from campaigning. It was these threats that made the situation unsolvable to the Dutch government.[199]

Many people in Turkey took the side of the Turkish government in the matter, with the pro-'No' main opposition announcing their support for the government and calling on the AKP to freeze diplomatic relations with the Netherlands.[200] All CHP overseas campaign events were later suspended in solidarity, while the pro-'No' MHP dissident camp also expressed their condemnation against the Dutch government for their actions.[201][197][202] In the Dutch parliament all parties, except for the two-seat Denk party, supported the decisions of the Dutch Government. Recep Tayyip Erdoğan reiterated his claim that European governments that suspended campaigning were 'Nazi remnants', which the Dutch government denounced as "unacceptable".[203]

Unstamped ballots

On the referendum day, while the voting was underway, the Supreme Electoral Council of Turkey lifted a rule that required each ballot to have an official stamp. Instead, it ruled that ballots with no stamp would be considered valid, unless there was proof that they were fraudulent. Because ballots have not only stamps but other security measures in place, it doesn't make them illegitimate.[204] The Supreme Electoral Council filed a criminal complaint for the officials that caused the problem by not stamping the ballots.[205] The opposition parties claim that as many as 1.5 million ballots without a stamp were accepted.[206] Opposition parties CHP and HDP have said they will contest the results. CHP leader Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu said that lifting the rule violated Turkish law.[206] According to Meral Akşener, "No" won by 52 percent.[207] The Peoples' Democratic Party contested the election results announced by pro-government Anadolu Agency and insisted that 1.5 million votes without valid stamps should be cancelled.[208]

Opinion polls

Nationwide
Date(s)
conducted		 Polling organisation/client Sample size Considering undecided vote Considering only Yes/No vote
Yes No Undecided Yes No
16 Apr 2017Nationwide results51.248.8–51.248.8
11–13 Apr 2017ORC3.98059.440.6–59.440.6
11–13 Apr 2017Qriously?44.130.625.359.041.0
8–13 Apr 2017A&G6,04852.934.113.060.839.2
8–12 Apr 2017THEMİS–46.153.9–46.153.9
7–10 Apr 2017KONDA3,46246.944.19.051.548.5
5–10 Apr 2017AKAM8,16039.345.715.046.253.8
5–10 Apr 2017MAK5,50054.641.44.056.543.5
5–10 Apr 2017ANAR4,18952.048.0–52.048.0
8–9 Apr 2017Gezici1,39946.643.59.951.348.7
9 Apr 2017Overseas voting for Turkish expats ends
2–8 Apr 2017Konsensus2,00049.046.74.351.248.8
1–8 Apr 2017THEMİS60041.747.311.046.953.1
4–6 Apr 2017Qriously2,59343.531.125.458.341.7
1–4 Apr 2017NET2,70045.947.36.849.250.8
1–2 Apr 2017Gezici–53.346.7–53.346.7
15 Mar–2 Apr 2017CHP4,68133.243.022.743.656.4
28–30 Mar 2017Qriously3,41843.627.429.061.438.6
24–27 Mar 2017ORC2,74055.444.6–55.444.6
27 Mar 2017Konsensus1,55543.145.211.848.851.2
27 Mar 2017Voting for Turkish expats abroad begins in 120 different overseas representations in 57 countries, as well as at customs gates.
10–24 Mar 2017Sonar [n 1]5,00043.3443.3013.3648.851.2
18–22 Mar 2017AKAM2,03237.046.216.844.555.5
17 Mar 2017Gezici–43.545.511.048.951.1
17 Mar 2017CHP–42.046.012.047.752.3
8–15 Mar 2017Times2,00042.351.76.044.355.7
10–15 Mar 2017CHP5,00040.254.85.042.357.7
6–13 Mar 2017Politic's2,75346.236.916.955.744.3
12 Mar 2017A diplomatic crisis erupts between Turkey and the Netherlands after the latter bars Turkish ministers from campaigning in Rotterdam
3–9 Mar 2017AKAM8,12035.648.216.242.457.6
1–7 Mar 2017ORC3,14051.638.79.757.242.8
25 Feb – 2 Mar 2017MAK5,40053.037.010.058.941.1
1 Mar 2017President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan reportedly asks pro-government pollsters to stop conducting polls until the end of March[209]
16–21 Feb 2017AKAM4,06034.945.219.943.656.4
16–19 Feb 2017NET3,53543.845.810.448.951.1
10–18 Feb 2017THEMİS1,98536.249.314.542.457.6
10 Feb 2017President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan approves the referendum, with the date confirmed as Sunday, 16 April 2017
9 Feb 2017Sonar–43.040.017.051.848.2
8 Feb 2017CHP–41.048.011.046.153.9
4–5 Feb 2017Gezici2,86043.745.710.648.951.1
26 Jan – 1 Feb 2017MAK5,40052.035.013.059.840.2
30 Jan 2017GENAR–55.045.0–55.045.0
24–29 Jan 2017Konsensus1,49944.241.114.751.848.2
26 Jan 2017Gezici–41.858.2–41.858.2
21 Jan 2017Parliament votes in favour of submitting all 18 proposed constitutional amendments to a referendum
6–19 Jan 2017MetroPoll2,00042.444.013.649.150.9
11–17 Jan 2017AKAM2,24042.457.6–42.457.6
1–11 Jan 2017ORC2,34062.038.0–62.038.0
3–10 Jan 2017Optimar2,04346.340.013.753.646.4
1–25 Dec 2016Sonar5,00042.344.613.148.751.3
7–16 Dec 2016KHAS1,00036.942.220.946.653.4
15 Dec 2016ORC2,45061.039.0–61.039.0
1–8 Dec 2016The AKP and the MHP agree on draft constitutional proposals and refer them to Parliament for consultation[210][211]
21 Nov – 6 Dec 2016İVEM3,65050.039.011.056.243.8
25 Nov – 3 Dec 2016Gezici–42.058.0–42.058.0
30 Nov 2016MetroPoll–49.051.0-43.356.7
26–27 Nov 2016A&G3,01045.741.612.752.447.6
15–17 Nov 2016Andy-AR1,51647.141.38.553.346.7
31 Oct 2016The AKP present their constitutional proposals to the MHP, beginning negotiations between the two parties[212]
10–16 Oct 2016ORC21,98055.936.27.960.739.3
11–12 Oct 2016Prime Minister Binali Yıldırım accepts the MHP's calls for the AKP to bring their proposals to Parliament[213]
15–16 Jul 20162016 Turkish coup d'état attempt
5–12 Jun 2016ORC2,24058.941.1–58.941.1
1 June 2016MetroPoll1,20041.947.510.546.953.1
30 May 2016Optimar1,50849.341.69.154.245.8
5–6 May 2016ORC1,26558.441.6–58.441.6
25–29 Apr 2016MAK5,50057.033.010.063.336.7
25 Apr 2016AKAM1,21435.045.719.343.456.6
19 Apr 2016Gezici–55.235.59.360.939.1
2–6 Mar 2016ORC4,17657.043.0–57.043.0
12 Feb 2016İVEM–60.031.09.065.934.1
27 Jan – 3 Feb 2016ORC8,32956.143.9–56.143.9
1 Jan 2016GENAR4,90055.040.84.257.442.6
18 May 2015Gezici4,86023.876.2–23.876.2
23 Feb 2015Gezici3,84023.276.8–23.276.8
3 Feb 2015MetroPoll–34.342.223.544.855.2

Overseas
Date(s)
conducted		 Polling organisation/client Sample size Considering undecided vote Considering only Yes/No vote
Yes No Undecided Yes No
16 Apr 2017Overseas results59.540.5–59.540.5
10 Apr 2017MAKExit poll62.038.0–62.038.0
27 Mar–9 Apr 2017Overseas voting for Turkish expats takes place in 120 representations in 57 countries.

Results

Overall results
Choice Nationwide votes % Overseas votes % Customs votes % Total votes %
Y Yes24,325,63351.18778,83359.4652,99754.1725,157,46351.41
N No23,203,31648.82530,98840.5444,83745.8323,779,14148.59
Valid votes
47,528,94998.251,309,82198.8097,83499.2348,936,60498.27
Invalid/blank votes
845,6271.7515,8611.207630.77862,2511.73
Turnout
48,374,57687.451,325,68244.6098,5973.3249,798,85585.43
Registered voters
55,319,222
2,972,676
58,291,898
Source: Supreme Electoral Council of Turkey (YSK)

Results by province
Province Registered voters People voted Valid votes Invalid votes Yes Yes (%) No No (%) Turnout (%)
Adana 1,510,122 1,302,288 1,281,151 21,137 535,932 41.83% 745,219 58.17% 86.24%
Adıyaman 390,493 336,098 329,957 6,141 230,176 69.76% 99,781 30.24% 86.07%
Afyonkarahisar 500,722 446,104 435,854 10,250 281,392 64.56% 154,462 35.44% 89.09%
Ağrı 292,701 208,469 202,528 5,941 87,257 43.08% 115,271 56.92% 71.22%
Aksaray 261,111 220,403 215,895 4,508 162,985 75.49% 52,910 24.51% 84.41%
Amasya 242,414 219,528 215,727 3,801 121,360 56.26% 94,367 43.74% 90.56%
Ankara 3,853,894 3,467,364 3,415,752 51,612 1,668,601 48.85% 1,747,151 51.15% 89.97%
Antalya 1,636,742 1,429,076 1,403,836 25,240 574,421 40.92% 829,415 59.08% 87.31%
Ardahan 67,435 54,178 52,984 1,194 23,455 44.27% 29,529 55.73% 80.34%
Artvin 127,944 108,868 106,478 2,390 49,974 46.93% 56,504 53.07% 85.09%
Aydın 794,509 699,942 687,056 12,886 245,016 35.66% 442,040 64.34% 88.09%
Balıkesir 917,350 824,390 810,339 14,051 368,741 45.50% 441,598 54.50% 89.87%
Bartın 144,809 124,867 120,904 3,963 67,744 56.03% 53,160 43.97% 86.23%
Batman 329,509 273,462 264,515 8,947 96,139 36.35% 168,376 63.65%
Bayburt 57,071 46,772 46,060 710 37,629 81.70% 8,431 18.30%
Bilecik 151,865 137,448 134,821 2,627 65,867 48.86% 68,954 51.14%
Bingöl 175,142 137,171 132,260 4,911 95,987 72.57% 36,273 27.43%
Bitlis 194,243 152,573 148,022 4,551 87,852 59.35% 60,170 40.65%
Bolu 221,967 197,371 193,847 3,524 120,685 62.26% 73,162 37.74%
Burdur 194,288 173,499 169,001 4,498 87,451 51.75% 81,550 48.25%
Bursa 2,109,773 1,885,058 1,856,692 28,366 987,904 53.21% 868,788 46.79%
Çanakkale 398,024 359,839 353,965 5,874 139,974 39.54% 213,991 60.46%
Çankırı 130,649 110,757 108,740 2,013 79,760 73.35% 28,980 26.65%
Çorum 387,151 346,172 340,208 5,964 219,394 64.49% 120,814 35.51%
Denizli 736,208 664,554 651,182 13,372 289,984 44.53% 361,198 55.47%
Diyarbakır 992,819 801,500 776,822 24,678 251,733 32.41% 525,089 67.59%
Düzce 262,542 236,676 232,598 4,078 164,122 70.56% 68,476 29.44%
Edirne 308,502 272,510 267,420 5,090 78,907 29.51% 188,513 70.49%
Elazığ 406,636 342,529 335,394 7,135 240,774 71.79% 94,620 28.81%
Erzincan 154,333 135,686 133,719 1,967 80,903 60.50% 52,816 39.50%
Erzurum 484,753 410,871 403,596 7,275 300,589 74.48% 103,007 25.52%
Eskişehir 636,858 567,634 558,617 9,017 236,994 42.43% 321,623 57.57%
Gaziantep 1,180,938 982,983 967,090 15,893 603,954 62.45% 363,136 37.55%
Giresun 327,882 271,898 266,896 5.002 164,567 61.66% 102,329 38.34%
Gümüşhane 101,312 74,105 72,651 1,454 54,601 75.16% 18,050 24.84%
Hakkâri 162,006 131,017 126,793 4,224 41,104 32.42% 85,689 67.58%
Hatay 1,018,200 892,478 879,383 13,095 401,405 45.65% 477,978 54.35%
Iğdır 117,904 90,461 88,553 1,908 30,817 34.80% 57,736 65.20%
Isparta 310,003 271,693 265,726 5,967 148,917 56.04% 116,809 43.96%
Istanbul 10,529,030 9,340,205 9,207,590 132,615 4,479,272 48.65% 4,728,318 51.35%
İzmir 3,179,748 2,832,920 2,790,403 42,517 870,658 31.20% 1,919,745 68.80%
Kahramanmaraş 719,927 629,154 619,744 9,410 458,349 73.96% 161,395 26.04%
Karabük 173,150 150,064 146,615 3,449 88,969 60.68% 57,646 39.32%
Karaman 171,482 151,676 147,675 4,001 94,289 63.85% 53,386% 36.15
Kars 181,880 141,812 139,109 2,703 70,920 50.98% 68,189 49.02%
Kastamonu 278,876 232,890 227,608 5,282 147,530 64.82% 80,078 35.18%
Kayseri 932,483 834,477 822,636 11,841 557,397 67.76% 265,239 32.24%
Kilis 81,705 70,583 69,373 1,210 44,461 64.09% 24,912 35.91%
Kırıkkale 197,697 169,078 166,262 2,816 103,784 62.42% 62,478 37.58%
Kırklareli 270,019 242,929 239,126 3,803 68,552 26.87% 170,574 71.33%
Kırşehir 163,309 138,471 135,883 2,588 72,363 53.25% 63,520 46.75%
Kocaeli 1,301,355 1,166,946 1,147,261 19,685 650,336 56.69% 496,925 43.31%
Konya 1,475,597 1,298,525 1,274,212 24,313 928,602 72.88% 345,610 27.12%
Kütahya 261,275 70.31% 110,314 29.69%
Malatya 323,638 69.57% 141,539 30.43%
Manisa 417,386 45.67% 496,622 54.33%
Mardin 149,733 40.98% 215,653 59.02%
Mersin 387,611 35.98% 689,748 64.02%
Muğla 184,507 30.70% 416,584 69.30%
Muş 87,314 50.56% 85,370 49.44%
Nevşehir 117,548 65.59% 61,663 34.41%
Niğde 118,141 59.80% 79,427 40.20%
Ordu 275,328 61.89% 169,544 38.11%
Osmaniye 169,918 57.84% 123,860 42.16%
Rize 155,028 75.55% 50,158 24.45%
Sakarya 413,078 68.06% 193,897 31.94%
Samsun 507,303 63.55% 290,932 36.45%
Şanlıurfa 599,073 70.82% 246,835 29.18%
Siirt 69,121 47.81% 74,365 52.19%
Sinop 73,324 57.75% 53,651 42.25%
Şırnak 58,607 28.30% 148,482 71.70%
Sivas 262,404 71.28% 105,730 28.72%
Tekirdağ 242,247 38.91% 380,348 61.09%
Tokat 226,835 63.18% 132,188 36.82%
Trabzon 316,308 66.45% 159,681 33.55%
Tunceli 9,859 19.59% 40,478 80.41%
Uşak 109,263 47.03% 123,053 52.97%
Van 193,584 42.72% 259,575 57.28%
Yalova 71,929 49.73% 72,708 50.27%
Yozgat 179,911 74.27% 62,338 25.73%
Zonguldak 186,197 49.35% 191,117 50.65%
Nationwide results 58,366,647 49,799,163 48,934,116 865,047 25,157,025 51.41% 23,777,091 48.59% 85.32%

Overseas results
Country Yes Yes (%) No No (%)
Albania 153 41.80% 213 58.20%
Algeria 356 43.00% 472 57.00%
Australia 5,960 41.82% 8,290 58.18%
Austria 38,215 73.23% 13,972 26.77%
Azerbaijan 1,024 38.31% 1,649 61.69%
Bahrain 69 13.56% 440 86.44%
Belgium 54,083 74.98% 18,044 25.02%
Bosnia and Herzegovina 750 61.83% 463 38.17%
Bulgaria 365 28.65% 909 71.35%
Canada 3,247 27.92% 8,384 72.08%
China 213 23.77% 683 76.23%
Czech Republic 73 12.54% 509 87.46%
Denmark 6,604 60.63% 4,288 39.37%
Egypt 259 59.00% 180 41.00%
Finland 558 28.45% 1,403 71.55%
France 91,266 64.85% 49,475 35.15%
Georgia 285 40.66% 416 59.34%
Germany 412,149 63.07% 241,353 36.93%
Greece 176 22.62% 602 77.38%
Hungary 232 25.75% 669 74.25%
Iran 121 45.32% 146 54.68%
Iraq 119 34.59% 225 65.41%
Ireland 173 19.93% 695 80.07%
Israel 284 43.43% 370 56.57%
Italy 2,135 37.94% 3,492 62.06%
Japan 416 36.11% 736 63.89%
Jordan 349 75.87% 111 24.13%
Kazakhstan 636 41.41% 900 58.59%
Kosovo 404 57.14% 303 42.86%
Kuwait 191 23.38% 626 76.62%
Kyrgyzstan 499 57.36% 371 42.64%
Lebanon 1,058 93.88% 69 6.12%
Luxembourg 5,987 62.86% 3,538 37.14%
Macedonia 618 57.97% 448 42.03%
Netherlands 82,672 70.94% 33,871 29.06%
New Zealand 32 17.68% 149 82.32%
Northern Cyprus 19,225 45.18% 23,324 54.82%
Norway 2,193 57.20% 1,641 42.80%
Oman 138 24.04% 436 75.96%
Poland 302 25.61% 877 74.39%
Qatar 241 18.89% 1,035 81.11%
Romania 824 44.64% 1,022 55.36%
Russia 833 26.02% 2,368 73.98%
Saudi Arabia 4,475 55.06% 3,653 44.94%
Singapore 284 44.31% 357 55.69%
South Africa 126 36.84% 216 63.16%
Spain 172 13.32% 1,119 86.68%
Sudan 240 65.93% 124 34.07%
Sweden 4,367 47.09% 4,902 52.91%
Switzerland 19,181 38.08% 31,193 61.92%
Thailand 27 12.92% 182 87.02%
Turkmenistan 510 43.74% 656 56.26%
Ukraine 341 35.74 613 64.26%
United Arab Emirates 395 13.31% 2,572 86.69%
United Kingdom 7,177 20.26% 28,247 79.79%
United States 5,296 16.20% 27,397 83.80%
Uzbekistan 169 53.65% 146 46.35%
Border Gates 52,961 54.17% 44,816 45.83%
Overseas results 831,208 59.09% 575,365 40.91%

Reactions

Sovereign states
  •  Austria – Foreign Minister Sebastian Kurz expressed his opposition to Turkey's accession to the European Union.[214]
  •  Azerbaijan – President Ilham Aliyev was the first international leader to call the Turkish President, saying that the result demonstrated "the Turkish people's great support" for Erdoğan's policy.[215]
  •  Belarus – President Alexander Lukashenko congratulated Turkey on the successful referendum.
  •  China – Chinese Deputy Prime Minister Liu Yandong, who was visiting Turkey at the time of the referendum, congratulated Erdoğan and the Turkish people on the victory.[216]
  •  Cyprus – Government spokesman Nicos Christodoulides said that Cyprus hopes Turkey's stance will move the peace talks forward toward the stated goal of reunifying the island as a federation.
  •  France – President François Hollande stated that the Turkish people have the right to decide how to organize political institutions, but the referendum results show that Turkey is divided about the reforms.[217]
  •  Georgia – Prime Minister Giorgi Kvirikashvili congratulated Turkey on the referendum results and remarked that Turkey's stable development was important to Georgia.
  •  Germany – Chancellor Angela Merkel said the tight referendum result showed that Turkey is divided and reports over irregularities should be taken seriously.[217] Peter Altmaier, Merkel's chief of staff, said that Germany "would respect a result that came about in a free and democratic vote". Asked if the result was indeed free and democratic, he said he would wait for the verdict of election observers.[218]
  •  Iran – Iranian Foreign Minister, Mohammad Javad Zarif, extended congratulations to his Turkish counterpart, Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu.[219]
  •  Iraq – Iraqi Vice President Osama al-Nujaifi sent a message to congratulate the Turkish President.[215]
  •  Kazakhstan – President Nursultan Nazarbayev sent a telegram of congratulations to Erdoğan.
  •  Nigeria – President Muhammadu Buhari has congratulated the people and government of Turkey on the successful conclusion of the country's referendum.
  •  Pakistan – President Mamnoon Hussain and Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif also congratulated the Turkish people on the victory.[220]
  •  Palestinian Authority – President Mahmoud Abbas extended congratulations to the Turkish President.[215]
  •  Qatar – Qatar's Emir Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani also congratulated the Turkish President on victory.[215]
  •  Russia – President Vladimir Putin called the Turkish President to extend congratulations on behalf of the Russian people.[221]
  •  Saudi Arabia – Saudi Arabia's cabinet congratulated Erdoğan and the Turkish people on the successful referendum of constitutional amendments.[222]
  •  Somalia – Somali President Mohamed Farmajo has congratulated the people and government of Turkey on the successful referendum on Turkey's future [223]
  •  United States – President Donald Trump called the Turkish President to congratulate him on the victory.[224]

Regional organisations
  •  European Union – The Spokesman for European Commission President, Jean-Claude Juncker, expressed concerns over allegations of irregularities in the referendum and called on Turkish civil authorities to launch transparent investigations into the claims.[225]

See also

Notes
  1. The polling firm concluded that despite the lead of stated 'Yes' votes, there were some 'No' voters who claimed otherwise out of fear and a large number of 'No' voters not answering at all, leading to the conclusion that 'No' voters were in the lead by 51.2%)

References
  1. "Turkish parliament nears approval of presidential system sought by Erdoğan". Reuters. 19 January 2017.
  2. "Turkish committee clears draft expanding Erdoğan's powers". Retrieved 16 April 2017.
  3. "Turkey Parliament Triggers Referendum on Presidential System". Bloomberg. 22 January 2017.
  4. "Erdoğan claims victory in Turkish referendum but result swiftly challenged by opposition". Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 18 April 2017.
  5. "Birçok ilde referandum ve YSK protestosu". Gazeteduvar.com.tr. 18 April 2017. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
  6. http://ataturk.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Seçim-Gözlemi-ilk-rapor.pdf
  7. "AKPM referandum raporunu açıkladı 'YSK kararı yasaya aykırı'". Habererk.com. 1 September 2017. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
  8. "Turkey is about to use democracy to end its democracy". Retrieved 16 April 2017.
  9. "Bahçeli: Danışmanı "eyalet sistemi" diyor, Erdoğan ses çıkarmıyorsa, ülkücülerin kararı ne olabilir?". Archived from the original on 16 April 2017. Retrieved 16 April 2017.
  10. "Erdoğan'dan 'hayır' diyenlere 'terörist'ten sonra 'darbeci' sopası".
  11. "In run-up to referendum, Turks can say anything but 'no'". 17 February 2017. Archived from the original on 11 April 2017. Retrieved 16 April 2017.
  12. habercisi, YARIN | Güzel günlerin. "Almanya'da referandum oylamasında hile iddiası:AKP yöneticisi seçimden önce pusulayla poz verdi".
  13. "Milli Gazete - Almanyadaki referandum sandığında hile". Archived from the original on 11 April 2017. Retrieved 16 April 2017.
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