1971 killing of Bengali intellectuals

At the beginning of Operation Searchlight, on the night of 25 March 1971, a number of professors from Dhaka University were killed.[2][3]

Since the establishment of the State of Pakistan,the rulers of [West Pakistan] discriminated against citizens of East Pakistan and denied them civil and political rights.The discrimination was visible in all disciplines and the attack on the language and culture was direct. As a result,the discontent and anger in the minds of Bengalis turned to political and cultural protests and these movements were led by intellectuals from all partś of the society. They encouraged and seeded the idea of nationalism in the heart of Bengalis through social and cultural activities. As a result of their cultural movement,the people of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) gradually became aware of their rights which turned the movement towards political protests..

Dead bodies of Bengali intellectuals found on 15 December 1971

As the war neared its end, a final effort was made to kill as many intellectuals as possible, to eliminate the future leaders of the new nation of Bangladesh.[4] On 14 December 1971, over 200 of Bangladesh's intellectuals including professors, journalists, doctors, artists, engineers, and writers were abducted from their homes in Dhaka by the Al-Badr militia and the Pakistan Army. Notable novelist Shahidullah Kaiser and playwright Munier Choudhury were among the victims. They were taken blindfolded to torture cells in Mirpur, Mohammadpur, Nakhalpara, Rajarbagh and other locations in different parts of the city. Later they were executed en masse, most notably at Rayerbazar and Mirpur. In memory of the martyred intellectuals, 14 December is mourned in Bangladesh as Shaheed Buddhijibi Dibosh, or Day of the Martyred Intellectuals.[5]

It is widely speculated that the killings of 14 December were orchestrated by Major General Rao Farman Ali. After the liberation of Bangladesh a list of Bengali intellectuals (most of whom were executed on 14 December) was discovered in a page of his diary left behind at the Governor's House. The existence of such a list was confirmed by Ali himself although he denied the motive of genocide. The same was also confirmed by Altaf Gauhar, a former Pakistani bureaucrat. He mentioned an incident in which Gauhar asked Ali to delete a friend's name from the list and Ali did so in front of him.[6]

Many notable intellectuals who were killed from 25 March to 16 December 1971 in different parts of the country include:

• Dr. Abul Fazal Ziaur Rahman (physician)[7]
• Dr. ABM Nurul Alam (physician)[8]
• Dr. AFM Alim Chowdhury (ophthalmologist)
• Ataur Rahman Khan Khadim (physicist)[9]
• Dr. Atiqur Rahman[10]
• Dr. Azharul Haque[11]
• Dr. AKM Asadul Haq
• Altaf Mahmud (lyricist and musician)
• ANM Golam Mostafa (journalist)
• ANM Muniruzzaman (statistician)[12]
• Dr. Anwar Pasha (Bengali literature)
• Dr. Ayesha Bedora Choudhury[13]
• Dhirendranath Datta (politician)
• Dr. Faizul Mahi
• Dr. Fazlur Rahman Khan[14]
• Dr. Govinda Chandra Dev (philosophy)
• Dr. Ghyasuddin Ahmed
• Dr. Jyotirmoy Guhathakurta (English literature)
• Dr. Jekrul Haque (physician)[15]
• Dr. Kalachand Roy (academic)[16]
• Khondakar Abu Taleb (journalist)[17]
• Khondakar Abul Kashem (history)[18]
• Meherun Nesa (poet)
• Munier Chowdhury (Bengali literature)
• Dr. Mufazzal Haider Chaudhury (Bengali literature)
• Muhammad Habibar Rahman (mathematician)[19]
• Dr. Mohammad Sadat Ali (business)[20]
• Mohammad Shamshad Ali (physician)[21]
• Muhammad Shafi (dentist)[22]
• Dr. M Abul Khair (history)
• M Anwarul Azim iIndustrial administrator)[23]
• Mir Abdul Qayyum (psychologist)[24]
• Dr. Mohammed Fazle Rabbee (cardiologist)
• Dr. Mohammad Mortaza[25]
• Mohammad Moazzem Hossain (educationist)[26]
• Mohammad Aminuddin (lawyer)[27]
• Dr. Md Abdul Muktadir (geologist)[28]
• Nizamuddin Ahmed (journalist)[29]
• Nazmul Hoque Sarkar (lawyer)[30]
• Dr. Rashidul Hasan (English literature)
• Ranadaprasad Saha (philanthropist)[31][32]
• Dr. Rakhal Chandra Das (physician)[33]
• Sukharanjan Samaddar (Sanskrit)
• Shahid Saber (journalist)
• Sheikh Abdus Salam (educationist)[34]
• Dr. Sirajul Haque Khan
• Dr. Santosh Chandra Bhattacharyya[35]
• Dr. Shamsuddin Ahmed[36]
• Dr. Suleman Khan[37]
• Sultanuddin Ahmed (engineer)[38]
• Dr. Kosiruddin Talukder[39]
• Shahidullah Kaiser (journalist)
• Selina Parvin (journalist)
• Bishnu Chattopadhyay (freedom fighter and leader of peasant movement)
• Saroj Kumar Nath Adhikari (economics)
• Sheikh Abdul Mannan (journalist)[40]
• Dr. Shamsuddin Ahmed (physician)[41]

On 3 November 2013, a Special Court in Dhaka has sentenced two former leaders of the al-Badr killing squad to death for war crimes committed during Bangladesh's war of liberation in 1971. Chowdhury Mueen-Uddin, a Muslim leader based in London, and Ashrafuz Zaman Khan, based in the US, were sentenced in absentia after the court found that they were involved in the abduction and murders of 18 intellectuals – nine Dhaka University professors, six journalists and three physicians – in December 1971. Prosecutors said the killings were carried out between 10 and 15 December, when Pakistan was losing the war in Bangladesh (then East Pakistan), and were part of a campaign intended to strip the newborn nation of its intellectuals.[42]

On 2 November 2014 International Crimes Tribunal, Bangladesh sentenced Mir Quasem Ali to death for war crimes which include the killings of intellectuals. It was proved in the tribunal that he was a key organiser of the Al-Badr, which planned and executed the killing of the intellectuals on 14 December 1971.[43][44]

The number of intellectuals killed is estimated in Banglapedia[1] as follows:

• Academics – 991
• Journalists – 13
• Physicians – 49
• Lawyers – 42
• Others (litterateurs, artists and engineers) – 16

The district wise break-up of the number of martyred academicians and lawyers published in 1972[45] was as follows –

District and division	Academics			Lawyers
	Primary	Secondary	Higher secondary
Dhaka	37	8	10	6
Faridpur	27	12	4	3
Tangail	20	7	2
Mymensingh	46	28	1	2
Dhaka Division	130	55	17	10
Chittagong	39	16	7	1
Chittagong Hill Tracts	9	4	1	1
Sylhet	19	7		2
Comilla	45	33	1	4
Noakhali	26	13	4	2
Chittagong Division	138	73	13	10
Khulna	48	15	2	2
Jessore	55	31	5	4
Barisal	50	21	4
Patuakhali	3	1
Kushtia	28	13	4
Khulna Division	184	81	15	6
Rajshahi	39	8	3	5
Rangpur	41	22	9	4
Dinajpur	50	10	1	2
Bogra	14	12		2
Pabna	43	9	1	2
Rajshahi Division	187	61	14	15
Bangladesh	639	270	59	41
Martyred academicians (not affiliated to universities) = 968
Martyred university teachers = 21
Total martyred academicians = 989

Administrative districts and divisions mentioned here are as they were in 1972.

Martyred Intellectuals Day is held annually to commemorate the victims. In Dhaka, hundreds of thousands of people walk to Mirpur to lay flowers at the Martyred Intellectuals Memorial. The president and the prime minister of Bangladesh and heads of all three wings of the Bangladesh armed forces pay homage at the memorial.[46]

• 1971 Dhaka University massacre