United States elections, 2017
| Off-year elections | |
| Election day | November 7 |
|---|---|
| Senate elections | |
| Seats contested | 1 mid-term vacancy |
| Net change | Democratic +1, Republican −1 |
 | |
|
Map of the 2017 Senate special elections Democratic gain (1) | |
| House elections | |
| Seats contested | 6 mid-term vacancies |
| Net change | 0 |
 | |
|
Map of the 2017 House special elections Democratic hold (1) Republican hold (5) | |
| Gubernatorial elections | |
| Seats contested | 2 |
| Net change | +1 Democrat, -1 Republican |
 | |
|
Map of the 2017 gubernatorial races Democratic hold (1) Democratic gain (1) No election | |
The 2017 United States elections were held, in large part, on Tuesday, November 7, 2017. This off-year election featured gubernatorial elections in Virginia and New Jersey, as well as state legislative elections in both houses of the New Jersey Legislature and in the Virginia House of Delegates (the lower house of the Virginia legislature). Numerous citizen initiatives, mayoral races, and a variety of other local elections also occurred. Special elections were also held for one seat of the U.S. Senate, representing Alabama, and six seats of the U.S. House of Representatives.
The Democrats picked up the governorship in New Jersey and the Alabama Senate seat that was up for a special election. The governorship in Virginia and the six House seats that were up for special elections did not change party hands.
Analysts such as Harry Enten of FiveThirtyEight[1] and Chris Cillizza of CNN[2] interpreted the 2017 election results overall as demonstrating a move toward the Democratic Party. With the Democrats picking up the Senate seat in Alabama, it reduced the Republicans' majority in the Senate to 51–49. The analysts also noted that although none of five House seats held by a Republican switched to the other party in the 2017 special elections, in each race the Democrat received a higher percentage of votes than in recent elections for the same seat. Furthermore, Democrats made large gains in the Virginia House of Delegates, and won numerous special elections for previously Republican-held seats in other states' legislatures.
Federal elections
The following special elections were held to replace Senators or Representatives who resigned in the 115th U.S. Congress:
Senate
- Alabama Class 2: incumbent Senator Jeff Sessions was confirmed by the Senate to serve as United States Attorney General on February 8, 2017, and subsequently resigned from the Senate. Governor Robert J. Bentley chose Luther Strange, the Attorney General of Alabama, to succeed Sessions, filling the seat until the special election takes place. Although he had the power to schedule an election in 2017, Bentley decided to align it with the 2018 general election. Following Bentley's resignation in April 2017, Governor Kay Ivey decided to reschedule the elections. The primary election took place on August 15 with Doug Jones winning the Democratic nomination. Roy Moore was nominated as the Republican candidate on September 26. Jones won the election on December 12, 2017.[3]
House of Representatives
- California's 34th congressional district: Democrat Xavier Becerra resigned to become Attorney General of California.[4] The primary election was held on April 4, 2017. With no candidate receiving 50% of the vote,[5] a runoff between the top two candidates, Democrats Jimmy Gomez and Robert Lee Ahn, was held June 6. Gomez defeated Ahn 60.1% to 39.9% to become the new representative.
- Georgia's 6th congressional district: Tom Price resigned February 10, 2017, to become the United States Secretary of Health and Human Services.[6] A special election was held on April 18, 2017. A runoff was held on June 20, 2017, and was won by Republican Karen Handel.[7]
- Kansas's 4th congressional district: Republican Mike Pompeo resigned January 23, 2017, to become Director of the Central Intelligence Agency.[8] A special election was held on April 11, 2017, and won by Ron Estes, the Republican Kansas State Treasurer.[9]
- Montana's at-large congressional district: Ryan Zinke resigned on March 1, 2017, to become the United States Secretary of the Interior.[10] Republican Greg Gianforte, a businessman and nominee for the previous year's gubernatorial race, defeated Democrat Rob Quist and Libertarian Mark Wicks 49.7% to 44.1% and 5.7%.[11]
- South Carolina's 5th congressional district: Mick Mulvaney resigned on February 16, 2017, to become the Director of the Office of Management and Budget. A special election was held on June 20, 2017, and was won by Republican Ralph Norman, defeating Democratic nominee, Archie Parnell.
- Utah's 3rd congressional district: Jason Chaffetz resigned on June 30, 2017 for health reasons. Governor Gary Herbert scheduled a special election, the primary was held on August 15 and the general election was held on November 7. Republican John Curtis was elected.[12][13]
State and territorial elections
Gubernatorial
Two states held gubernatorial elections in 2017:
- New Jersey: two-term Republican Chris Christie was term-limited in 2017. Christie campaigned for the 2016 Republican presidential nomination, but withdrew from the race February 10, 2016.[14] Lieutenant Governor Kim Guadagno, a Republican, faced off against Democrat and former U.S. ambassador to Germany Phil Murphy. Murphy was elected on November 7.
- Virginia: one-term Democrat Terry McAuliffe was term-limited in 2017. The election was won by Democratic Lieutenant Governor Ralph Northam.
Legislative
The two states that held gubernatorial elections also held legislative elections:
- New Jersey: New Jersey General Assembly and New Jersey Senate; Democrats added modestly to their majorities in both houses.
- Virginia: Virginia House of Delegates; Democrats made large gains, reducing the Republicans' majority to 1 seat.
As part of a federal court ruling that invalidated its state legislative districts, the North Carolina General Assembly was ordered to hold special elections in the fall of 2017 with updated district lines. However, the US Supreme Court has put a hold on the 2017 election until it rules on the matter.[15][16]
Special elections
A February 25 special election for the Delaware Senate seat left vacant by Bethany Hall-Long when she became the state's lieutenant governor was won by Democrat Stephanie Hansen.
An April 18 special election[17] for the Georgia Senate seat left vacated by Judson Hill[18] when he decided to run for US Congress 6th district seat vacated by Tom Price who was appointed Health and Human Services Secretary. Democratic candidate Christine Triebsch[19] and Republican Candidate Kay Kirkpatrick[20] ran for the vacated Georgia State Senate seat, which was won by Kirkpatrick.
There was a special election in the heavily Republican New York Assembly District 9 on May 23, which was won by Democrat Christine Pellegrino 58–42. Trump had won the district with 60% of the vote.[21]
As of September 13, Democrats have picked up a total of six Republican held seats as a result of special elections. This includes the New York Assembly seat picked up by Christine Pellegrino, two seats in the New Hampshire House of Representatives as well as two more in the Oklahoma House of Representatives, and one seat in the Oklahoma Senate.[22] Republicans picked up a total of one seat, in the Louisiana House of Representatives where Republican John Stefanski won a special election to the seat vacated by Democratic incumbent Jack Montoucet, who resigned to be appointed Secretary of the Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries by Governor John Bel Edwards.[23]
On September 26, Democrats flipped two more Republican-held seats. One was the Florida Senate seat formerly held by Frank Artiles, who had resigned after using racial slurs to describe fellow legislators. The seat was won by Annette Taddeo with 51% of the vote. The other was a seat in the New Hampshire House of Representatives, the third seat in that legislative body to change to Democratic control in 2017.[24]
On October 24 a special election was held to elect a new State Representative for Strafford 13 in the New Hampshire House of Representatives.[25] Casey Conley, a Democrat, won comfortably.[26]
On November 7, several states held special elections. There was a special election to fill the Washington State Senate seat for the Washington's 45th legislative district. Since the State Senate was evenly split going into the election, the contest election determined the partisan balance of power in Washington.[27] Democrat Manka Dhingra won a majority of votes in the first round of the election, but rules required the race to go to a second round regardless.[28] In the second round, with over $9,000,000 spent on the election through campaign contributions and political action committee expenditures, with a small number of votes yet to be counted, Dhingra led by over a 10% margin. Anticipating the Dhingra victory, Democrat Senate Democratic Minority Leader Sharon Nelson described a comprehensive agenda for the 60-day legislative session beginning in January that included voting rights reform and campaign-finance disclosure revision, as well as women’s reproductive health, clean energy and firearms safety measures.[29] Dhingra won the second round.
On the same day, Democrats won a fourth seat in the New Hampshire House of Representatives with Democratic Erika Connors winning an election to fill a vacancy for the Hillsborough 15 district caused by the death of Republican Rep. Steve Vaillancourt.[30] Democrats also picked up two seats previously held by Republicans in the Georgia House of Representatives, as well as advancing two candidates to a runoff election for a Georgia State Senate seat formerly held by a Republican.[31]
On November 14, Democrat Allison Ikley-Freeman won an Oklahoma Senate special election in the previously Republican-held 37th district by 31 votes.[32]
Puerto Rican status referendum
A referendum regarding the political status of Puerto Rico was held on June 11. Puerto Rican voters were asked whether they prefer statehood, independence/free association, or maintain the current U.S. territorial status. This was the fifth such plebiscite overall, and the first one since 2012.[33] Because there were almost 500,000 blank ballots in that 2012 referendum, creating confusion as to the voters' true desire, Congress decided to ignore that vote and then subsequently allocated funds for holding this 2017 one.[34][35] 97% of the voters chose statehood in the referendum, though turnout was only at 23%.[36]
Constitutional convention of New York
Under the provisions of the New York Constitution, every twenty years the state is required to place before the voters a proposal to hold a constitutional convention to be held the following year, with any suggested amendments being voted on in the year after that. Therefore, in November 2017 a proposal was placed on the ballot for a 2018 convention, with any amendments to be voted on in 2019. On this vote, over 80% voted against a constitutional convention.
Mayoral elections
Various elections were held for officeholders in numerous cities, counties, school boards, special districts and others around the country. Below is a list of the mayoral elections held in the main cities of the United States:
- Albuquerque, New Mexico, Democratic state auditor Tim Keller won the open seat. Prior to his victory, Republicans held the city's top leadership position for eight years.
- Atlanta, Georgia: incumbent Democrat Kasim Reed was term-limited and could run for reelection to a third term in office. Democrat Keisha Lance Bottoms was elected to replace Reed.[37]
- Atlantic City, New Jersey: incumbent Republican Mayor Don Guardian was defeated for reelection by Democratic City Councilman Frank Gilliam.
- Birmingham, Alabama: incumbent Democrat William A. Bell was defeated for re-election by fellow Democrat Randall Woodfin.[38][39]
- Boston, Massachusetts: incumbent Democrat Marty Walsh won reelection to a second term in office.
- Buffalo, New York: incumbent Democrat Byron Brown won re-election for a fourth term in office.
- Charlotte, North Carolina: Democratic councilwoman Vi Lyles defeated Republican councilman Kenny Smith to become the city's first African-American female mayor.[40]
- Cincinnati, Ohio: incumbent Democrat John Cranley won reelection to a second term in office.
- Cleveland, Ohio: incumbent Democrat Frank G. Jackson won reelection to a fourth term in office, making him the longest serving mayor in the city's history.[41]
- Detroit, Michigan: incumbent Democrat Mike Duggan won reelection to a second term in office.
- Hoboken, New Jersey: incumbent Democrat Dawn Zimmer decided not to run for reelection.[42] Democratic City Councilman Ravi Bhalla was elected to replace Zimmer, making him the first Sikh mayor in New Jersey history.[43]
- Jackson, Mississippi: incumbent Democrat Tony Yarber ran for reelection but was defeated by fellow Democrat Chokwe Antar Lumumba, son of the late Mayor Chokwe Lumumba.
- Jersey City, New Jersey: incumbent Democrat Steven Fulop was reelected to a second term in office.
- Los Angeles: incumbent Democrat Eric Garcetti won reelection to a second term in office.
- Miami, Florida: incumbent Republican Tomás Regalado was term-limited and could not run for a third term in office. Republican City Commissioner Francis X. Suarez was elected to replace Regalado.[44]
- Minneapolis, Minnesota: incumbent Democrat Betsy Hodges finished third and was eliminated after four rounds of vote tabulations. Fellow Democratic City Council member Jacob Frey was elected mayor, after finishing 1st place in all five rounds of vote tabulations.[45]
- New Orleans: incumbent Democrat Mitch Landrieu is term limited and cannot run for a third term in office. Democrat LaToya Cantrell was elected to succeed Landrieu.[46]
- New York City: incumbent Democrat Bill de Blasio won reelection to a second term in office.
- Omaha, Nebraska: incumbent Republican Jean Stothert won reelection to a second term in office.
- Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: incumbent Democrat Bill Peduto won reelection to a second term in office, with no opposition.
- Rochester, New York: incumbent Democrat Lovely Warren won reelection to a second term.
- Seattle, Washington: incumbent Democrat Ed Murray was not running for re-election before his resignation in September 2017, and subsequent replacement by interim Mayor Bruce Harrell[47] who was replaced by current Mayor Tim Burgess.[48] Democrat former U.S. Attorney for the Western District of Washington Jenny Durkan was elected to succeed Burgess.
- St. Louis, Missouri: incumbent Democrat Francis Slay decided not to run for re-election.[49] Democrat Lyda Krewson was elected to succeed Slay.
- St. Paul, Minnesota: incumbent Democrat Chris Coleman decided not to run for re-election in order to explore a gubernatorial run.[50] Former Democratic City Councilman Melvin Carter III was elected to replace Coleman.[51]
- St. Petersburg, Florida: incumbent Democrat Rick Kriseman was re-elected to a second term in office.[52][53]
- San Antonio, Texas: incumbent Independent Ivy Taylor was defeated for re-election by fellow Independent Ron Nirenberg.
- Syracuse, New York: Ben Walsh (Independence, Reform) defeated Juanita Perez Williams (Democratic), Howie Hawkins (Green), Laura Levine (Republican), and Joseph A. Nicoletti (Working Families).[54]
Milestones
Fifteen candidates who were members of the Democratic Socialists of America were elected to office in thirteen states, most notably Lee Carter in the Virginia House of Delegates, thus adding to the twenty members already holding elected office nationwide.[55]
Tables of partisan control results
These tables show the partisan results of the Congressional special elections and gubernatorial races in 2017. Bold indicates a change in control.
| Before 2017 elections[56] | After 2017 elections[57] | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Seat | Incumbent | State delegation | Winner | State delegation |
| Alabama Class 2 | Rep | Rep 2–0 | Dem | Split 1–1 |
| United States | Rep 52–48[lower-alpha 1] | Rep 51–49[lower-alpha 1] | ||
| Before 2017 elections[56] | After 2017 elections[57] | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Seat | Incumbent | State delegation | Winner | State delegation |
| California 34th | Dem | Dem 39–14 | Dem | Dem 39–14 |
| Georgia 6th | Rep | Rep 10–4 | Rep | Rep 10–4 |
| Kansas 4th | Rep | Rep 4–0 | Rep | Rep 4–0 |
| Montana at-large | Rep | Rep 1–0 | Rep | Rep 1–0 |
| South Carolina 5th | Rep | Rep 6–1 | Rep | Rep 6–1 |
| Utah 3rd | Rep | Rep 4–0 | Rep | Rep 4–0 |
| United States | Rep 241–194 | Rep 241–194[lower-alpha 2] | ||
| State | Incumbent[56] | Winner[57] |
|---|---|---|
| New Jersey | Rep | Dem |
| Virginia | Dem | Dem |
| United States | Rep 34–15–1[lower-alpha 3] | Rep 33–16–1 |
Notes
- 1 2 Maine Senator Angus King and Vermont Senator Bernie Sanders, the two Independents who caucus with the Democrats, are counted as Democrats.
- ↑ Vacant seats that have pending special elections in 2018 are counted as still being held by their respective incumbent party.
- ↑ Reflects the August 2017 announcement by West Virginia Governor Jim Justice that he changed his party affiliation from Democratic to Republican.
References
- ↑ "Special Elections So Far Point To A Democratic Wave In 2018". December 13, 2017. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
- ↑ Editor-at-large, Analysis by Chris Cillizza, CNN. "This number suggests a MAJOR Democratic wave in 2018". Retrieved December 19, 2017.
- ↑ Prokop, Andrew (December 12, 2017). "Doug Jones's win just vastly improved Democrats' chances of retaking the Senate in 2018". Vox. Retrieved December 12, 2017.
- ↑ Wire, Sarah D.; Myers, John (December 1, 2016). "Los Angeles Rep. Xavier Becerra poised to become California's first Latino attorney general". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 2, 2016.
- ↑ "California politics updates: Lawmakers hope to move up California's presidential primary, Gomez and Ahn get post-election boosts". Retrieved April 13, 2017 – via LA Times.
- ↑ Pear, Robert; Rappeport, Alan (February 10, 2017). "Tom Price Is Sworn in as Health Secretary Amid Senate Disunity". The New York Times. Retrieved February 11, 2017.
- ↑ Dixon, Kristal (February 10, 2017). "Gov. Deal Calls Special Election For 6th Congressional District Seat". Patch Media. Retrieved February 11, 2017.
- ↑ "Rep. Mike Pompeo (R-KS04) resignation letter read in House after Senate CIA Director confirmation". Retrieved April 13, 2017.
- ↑ "Live Results: Republicans Defend House Seat in Kansas Special Election". Retrieved April 12, 2017.
- ↑ "Trump taps Montana congressman Ryan Zinke as interior secretary". Washington Post.
- ↑ "Election Results: Gianforte Wins U.S. House Seat in Montana". Retrieved May 26, 2017.
- ↑ "Election Results: Curtis Wins U.S. House Seat in Utah". Retrieved December 19, 2017 – via NYTimes.com.
- ↑ Chaffetz, Jason (May 18, 2017). "Chaffetz Letter to Utah's 3rd Congressional District". U.S. Congressman Jason Chaffetz. Retrieved May 18, 2017.
- ↑ "Republican Chris Christie ends bid for the White House". BBC News. February 10, 2016. Retrieved February 10, 2016.
- ↑ WRAL (November 29, 2016). "Federal court orders new NC legislative elections in 2017 :: WRAL.com". WRAL.com. Retrieved December 1, 2016.
- ↑ WRAL (January 10, 2017). "US Supreme Court puts 2017 legislative election rerun on hold :: WRAL.com". WRAL.com. Retrieved January 23, 2017.
- ↑ Sack, Author Lawton (February 17, 2017). "Special Election Set by Governor Deal for Senate District 32". GeorgiaPol. Retrieved March 15, 2017.
- ↑ Baruchman, Michelle. "Who's who in the race to fill the state Senate seat in east Cobb". ajc. Retrieved March 15, 2017.
- ↑ "Home". www.christine4ga.com. Retrieved March 15, 2017.
- ↑ "Kay Kirkpatrick For Georgia State Senate - Republican - Special Election". KayForSenate.com. Retrieved March 15, 2017.
- ↑ Schwartz, David M. (May 24, 2017). "In upset, Democrat Pellegrino wins 9th District Assembly seat". Newsday. Retrieved June 27, 2017.
- ↑ Blake, Aaron (September 13, 2017). "Democrats are getting some very good news in special elections". Washington Post. Retrieved September 14, 2017.
- ↑ Sanchez, Juan (April 10, 2017). "Louisiana House welcomes two new Republican lawmakers". WDSU. Retrieved September 14, 2017.
- ↑ Cillizza, Chris (September 28, 2017). "Democrats just keep winning Republican seats they shouldn't be winning". CNN. Retrieved September 28, 2017.
- ↑ William M. Gardner (August 23, 2017). "The Governor and Executive Council, at their meeting held on Wednesday, August 23, 2017, approved the Precept to hold a SPECIAL ELECTION for STATE REPRESENTATIVE from STRAFFORD COUNTY DISTRICT NO. 13. (Dover Ward 1)". Sos.nh.gov. Retrieved September 27, 2017.
- ↑ Early, Brian. "Conley easily wins special election". fosters.com. Retrieved 2018-03-22.
- ↑ Strauss, Daniel (July 3, 2017). "The next national special election clash". Retrieved 19 October 2017.
- ↑ Wayman, Tim. "August 1, 2017 Primary results". Elections & Voting. Washington Secretary of State. Retrieved 19 October 2017.
- ↑ Manka Dhingra leading Jinyoung Englund in pivotal 45th District Senate race, Seattle Times, Joseph O’Sullivan, November 7, 2017. Retrieved November 8, 2017.
- ↑ DiStaso, John (November 7, 2017). "Democrats score wins in two NH House special elections". WMUR9. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
- ↑ Crawford, Tom (November 14, 2017). "Democrats show signs of life in Georgia". Thomasville Times-Enterprise. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
- ↑ World, Randy Krehbiel Tulsa. "Democrat pulls off special election victory for Senate seat in west Tulsa County". Retrieved December 19, 2017.
- ↑ Coto, Danica (February 3, 2017). "Puerto Rico gov approves referendum in quest for statehood". Washington Post. DC. Archived from the original on February 4, 2017. Retrieved February 17, 2017.
- ↑ Wyss, Jim (January 26, 2017). "Will Puerto Rico become the newest star on the American flag?". Miami Herald. Miami Herald. Retrieved February 24, 2017.
- ↑ Crabbe, Nathan (June 15, 2014). "Part of our country but still not a State". Gainesville Sun. Gainesville, FL. Retrieved February 24, 2017.
- ↑ Frances Robles (June 11, 2017). "23% of Puerto Ricans Vote in Referendum, 97% of Them for Statehood". The New York Times. Retrieved June 11, 2017.
- ↑ Deere, Stephen (December 6, 2017). "Bottoms declares victory in Atlanta mayoral race; Norwood seeks recount". The Atlanta Journal Constitution. Cox Enterprises. Retrieved December 18, 2017.
- ↑ Edgemon, Erin (October 3, 2017). "Randall Woodfin defeats William Bell in historic Birmingham mayor's race". The Birmingham News. Alabama Media Group. Retrieved October 17, 2017.
- ↑ Wright, Barnett (August 23, 2017). "Attorney Randall Woodfin Forces Incumbent William Bell into Oct. 3 Runoff for Birmingham Mayor". The Birmingham Times. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
- ↑ Morrill, Jim (November 7, 2017). "Democrat Vi Lyles makes history in Charlotte mayoral win". Charlotte Observer. Retrieved November 8, 2017.
- ↑ Higgs, Robert (November 7, 2017). "Cleveland Mayor Frank Jackson wins unprecedented fourth 4-year term". The Plain Dealer. Retrieved November 8, 2017.
- ↑ "Hoboken Mayor Dawn Zimmer says she will not seek re-election". www.nj.com. June 20, 2017. Retrieved October 18, 2017.
- ↑ "Ravi Bhalla wins Hoboken election, becomes N.J.'s first Sikh mayor". www.nj.com. Retrieved November 8, 2017.
- ↑ Smiley, David (November 7, 2017). "Miami's new, homegrown mayor has a 'mandate' and a big agenda". Miami Herald. Retrieved November 8, 2017.
- ↑ Belz, Adam (November 9, 2017). "Jacob Frey wins mayor election in Minneapolis". Minneapolis Star Tribune. Retrieved November 9, 2017.
- ↑ "LaToya Cantrell elected New Orleans' first female mayor". NOLA.com. Retrieved 2017-11-19.
- ↑ Beekman, Daniel (May 9, 2017). "Seattle Mayor Ed Murray won't seek second term: 'It tears me to pieces to step away'". Seattle Times. Retrieved June 20, 2017.
- ↑ "Tim Burgess becomes the 55th Mayor of Seattle". September 18, 2017. Retrieved November 6, 2017.
- ↑ McDermott, Kevin. "St. Louis Mayor Francis Slay announces he will not run again next year". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Retrieved November 17, 2016.
- ↑ "St. Paul Mayor Chris Coleman will not run for re-election". Star Tribune. Retrieved April 11, 2017.
- ↑ "Melvin Carter is St. Paul's new mayor; Jacob Frey leads in Minneapolis". Star Tribune. Retrieved 2017-11-08.
- ↑ Frago, Charlie (January 5, 2017). "St. Petersburg Mayor Rick Kriseman files for re-election". Tampa Bay Times. Archived from the original on May 14, 2017. Retrieved May 9, 2017.
- ↑ "Rick Kriseman elected to 2nd term as Mayor of St. Petersburg". WFLA. 2017-11-08. Retrieved 2017-11-08.
- ↑ Duncan, Brenda. "Election 2017: Results for Syracuse mayor, other Onondaga County races". syracuse.com. Retrieved November 8, 2017.
- ↑ Goldberg, Michelle (November 10, 2017). "Revenge of the Obama Coalition". The New York Times. Retrieved November 10, 2017.
- 1 2 3 "2017 Pre-Election Legislative Partisan Composition Table" (PDF). National Conference of State Legislatures. Retrieved December 31, 2017.
- 1 2 3 "2017 Post-Election Legislative Partisan Composition Table" (PDF). National Conference of State Legislatures. Retrieved December 31, 2017.