Timeline of the gunpowder age

This is a timeline of the history of gunpowder and related topics such as weapons, warfare, and industrial applications. The timeline covers the history of gunpowder from the first hints of its origin as a Taoist alchemical product in China until its replacement by smokeless powder in the late 19th century.

2nd century

YearDateEvent
142Earliest possible reference to gunpowder appears in the Cantong qi, otherwise known as the Book of the Kinship of Three, a Taoist text on the subject of alchemy by Wei Boyang, who lived in the Eastern Han dynasty.[1][2]

4th century

YearDateEvent
300The ingredients of gunpowder are recorded in the Baopuzi, also known as The Master Who Embraces Simplicity, by Taoist philosopher Ge Hong, who lived in the Jin dynasty (265–420).[2][3]

5th century

YearDateEvent
492Tao Hongjing, a Taoist alchemist, notes that saltpeter burns with a purple flame.[4]

8th century

YearDateEvent
756The Taoist Mao Kua reports in his Pinglongren (Recognition of the Recumbent Dragon) that by heating saltpeter, the yin of the air can be obtained, which combines with sulphur, carbon, and metals other than gold.[5]

9th century

YearDateEvent
808The Taoist priest Qing Xuzi mentions the gunpowder formula in his Taishang Shengzu Jindan Mijue, describing six parts sulfur to six parts saltpeter to one part birthwort herb.[6]
858The Taoist text Zhenyuan miaodao yaolüe (Classified Essentials of the Mysterious Way of the True Origin of Things) contains a warning on the dangers of gunpowder: "Some have heated together sulfur, realgar (arsenic disulphide), and saltpeter with honey; smoke [and flames] result, so that their hands and faces have been burnt, and even the whole house burned down."[6]

10th century

YearDateEvent
904Fire arrows utilizing gunpowder are used by Southern Wu troops during the siege of Yuzhang.[7][8]
919The gunpowder slow match appears in China.[9]
950Fire lances appear in China.[10]
969Gunpowder propelled fire arrows, rocket arrows, are invented by Yue Yifang and Feng Jisheng.[11]

11th century

YearDateEvent
1000Tang Fu demonstrates gunpowder pots and caltrops to the Song court and is rewarded.[12]
1002Shi Pu demonstrates fireballs utilizing gunpowder to the Song court and blueprints are created for promulgation throughout the realm.[12]
1044The chemical formula for gunpowder appears in the military manual Wujing Zongyao, also known as the Complete Essentials for the Military Classics.[13][14]
"Thunderclap bombs" are mentioned in the Wujing Zongyao.[15]
A "triple-bed-crossbow" firing fire arrows is mentioned in the Wujing Zongyao.[16]
1067Private trade of gunpowder ingredients is banned in the Song dynasty.[17]
1076Trade of gunpowder ingredients with the Liao and Western Xia dynasties is outlawed by the Song court.[12]
1083Three hundred thousand fire arrows are produced by the Song court and delivered to two garrisons.[12]

12th century

YearDateEvent
1110The Song army puts on a firework display for the emperor including a spectacle which opened with "a noise like thunder" and explosives that light up the night. Considered by some to be the first mention of gunpowder fireworks.[18]
1126FebruaryJingkang Incident: Thunderclap bomb as well as fire arrows and fire bombs are used by Song troops during the siege of Kaifeng by the Jin dynasty (1115–1234).[19]
1127December"Molten metal bombs", suspected to contain gunpowder, are employed by Song troops when the Jin army returns with fire arrows and gunpowder bombs made by captured Song artisans. Kaifeng is taken. [20]
1128The earliest extant depiction of a cannon appears among the Dazu Rock Carvings, one of which is a human figure holding a gourd shaped hand cannon.[21]
1129Gunpowder weapons are applied to naval warfare as Song warships are outfitted with trebuchets and supplies of gunpowder bombs.[22]
1132Siege of De'an: Fire lances are used by Song troops.[23][24][25]
Gunpowder is referred to specifically for its military applications for the first time and is known as "fire bomb medicine" rather than "fire medicine".[22]
Firecrackers using gunpowder are mentioned for the first time.[26]
1159Fire arrows are employed by a Song fleet in sinking a Jin fleet off the shore of Shandong peninsula.[27]
116126–27 NovemberBattle of Caishi: Thunderclap bombs are employed by Song treadmill boats in sinking a Jin fleet on the Yangtze.[27]
1163Fire lances are attached to war carts, known as "at-your-desire-war-carts", for defending Song mobile trebuchets.[22]

13th century

YearDateEvent
1207Thunderclap bombs are employed by Song forces in a sneak attack on a Jin camp, killing 2000 men and 800 horses.[15]
1221Iron casing bombs are employed by Jin troops in the siege of Qi Prefecture (Hubei).[28]
1227The Wuwei Bronze Cannon, excavated in 1980, is dated to the Western Xia (1038–1227) period. It is currently the oldest possible extant cannon, however like the Heilongjiang hand cannon it contains no inscription and dating is based on contextual evidence.[29]
1230Co-viative projectiles are added to fire lances.[30]
1231"Thunder crash bombs" are employed by Jin troops in destroying a Mongol warship.[31]
1232Reusable fire lance barrels made of durable paper are employed by Jin troops during the Mongol siege of Kaifeng.[31]
1237Large bombs requiring several hundred men to hurl using trebuchets are employed by Mongols in the siege of Anfeng (modern Shouxian, Anhui).[32]
1240The Middle East acquires knowledge of gunpowder.[33]
1245Rockets are used during a military exercise conducted by the Song navy.[34]
1257Three-hundred thirty-three "fire emitting tubes" are produced in a Song arsenal in Jiankang Prefecture (Nanjing, Jiangsu).[35][36]
1258In India, gunpowder is used in pyrotechnics.[37]
1259The History of Song describes a "fire-emitting lance" employing a pellet wad projectile which occludes the barrel. Some consider this to be the first bullet.[35][36]
The city of Qingzhou produces one to two thousand iron cased bomb shells a month and sends them in deliveries of ten to twenty thousand at a time to Xiangyang and Yingzhou.[38]
1264A display of miniature rockets frightens the Song empress.[39]
1267In Europe gunpowder is mentioned in textual sources by Roger Bacon, in his Opus Majus.[40][41]
1272Battle of Xiangyang: Fire lances are used by a Song riverine relief force to repel boarders.[42]
1276Reusable fire lance barrels made of metal are employed by the Song army.[43]
Fire lances are used by Song cavalry in combating Mongols.[42]
1277A suicide bombing occurs in China when Song garrisons set off a large bomb, killing themselves.[44][45]
1280"Eruptors," cannons firing co-viative projectiles, are employed in the Yuan dynasty.[46]
A major accidental explosion occurs in China when a Yuan gunpowder storehouse at Weiyang, Yangzhou catches fire and explodes, killing 100 guards and hurling building materials over 5 km away.[47]
The Middle East acquires fire lances and rockets.[48] Hasan al-Rammah writes, in Arabic, recipes for gunpowder, instructions for the purification of saltpeter, and descriptions of gunpowder incendiaries.[33]
Europe acquires the gunpowder formula.[49]
1281Bombs are employed by Mongols in the Mongol invasions of Japan.[50]
1287Hand cannons are employed by the troops of Yuan Jurchen commander Li Ting in putting down a rebellion by Mongol prince Nayan.[51]
1288The Heilongjiang hand cannon is dated to this year based on contextual evidence and its proximity to the rebellion by Mongol prince Nayan, although it contains no inscription.[52][53]
1293 Small cannons are used during the Mongol invasion of Java.[54]
1298The Xanadu Gun, the oldest confirmed extant hand cannon, is dated to this year based on its inscription and contextual evidence.[55]

14th century

YearDateEvent
1300In India Mongol mercenaries deploy fire arrows during a siege.[56]
1307The Armenian monk Hetoum writes about a powerful weapon having been invented in China.[57]
1325Bronze "thousand-ball thunder-cannons" on four wheeled carriages appear in the Yuan dynasty.[58]
1326In Europe the depiction of a cannon appears.[59][60]
1330In Andalusia cannons are mentioned in textual sources.[61]
Europe's oldest extant firearm, the Loshult gun, is dated to this year.[62]
1333Earliest extant cannon arrow projectile is dated to this year. Now kept in the Eltz Castle.[63]
1338An organ gun and three pounds of gunpowder are recorded to have been in the possession of a raiding party that sacked Southampton.[59]
1339The word "cannon", derived from the Greek kanun and Latin canna, meaning "tube," is used for the first time in Europe.[64]
The word "gun" is used to describe a firearm in English for the first time.[64]
1340A "watermelon bomb" containing miniature rockets known as "ground rats" is employed by Liu Bowen against rebels and pirates in Zhejiang.[65]
1344Wooden cannons appear in Europe.[66]
134626 AugustBattle of Crécy: Organ guns are used.[67]
The term "bombard" is used to refer to guns of any kind.[68]
1350Cast iron technology becomes reliable enough to make one-piece iron cannons in China.[69]
Flintlock and wheellock mechanisms are employed in igniting land mines and naval mines in China.[70]
In China organ guns appear.[71]
Two wheeled gun carriages appear in China.[72]
India acquires rockets.[73]
Majapahit conquest of Nusantara reached its greatest extent. Guns called cetbang are used in the campaign.[54][74]
1358Defending garrisons fire cannons en masse at the siege of Shaoxing and defeat a Ming army.[75]
1360In the middle east guns start appearing in textual sources.[61]
In Southeast Asia the presence of gunpowder is attested to.[76]
136330 August – 4 OctoberBattle of Lake Poyang: Cannons are used in ship combat and a new weapon called the "No Alternative" also appears. It consists of a reed mat bundled together with gunpowder and iron pellets hung on a pole from the foremast of a ship. When an enemy ship is within range, the fuse is lit, and the bundle falls onto the enemy ship spitting iron pellets and burning their men and sails.[77]
1364Breech loading cannons start appearing in Europe.[78]
1366Two-thousand four-hundred large and small cannons are deployed by the Ming army at the siege of Suzhou.[75]
India acquires firearms.[79]
1368Crouching-tiger cannons are employed by the Ming army.[80]
1370Gunpowder is corned to strengthen the explosive power of land mines in the Ming dynasty.[81]
Cannon projectiles transition from stone to iron ammunition in the Ming dynasty.[82]
1372Cannons made specifically for naval usage appear in the Ming dynasty.[83]
1373The term "hand gun", also known as handgonne, gunnies, vasam scolpi, pot, capita, and testes, appears in European texts for the first time.[84]
1374Goryeo starts producing gunpowder.[85]
Cannons breach a city wall for the first time in Europe.[57]
1375"Basilisk" cannons appear.[86]
A 900 kg supergun is produced in Europe.[87]
Flash pans are added to hand cannons.[88]
European gunsmiths begin testing barrels for structural integrity, improving quality.[89]
1377Goryeo starts producing cannons and rockets.[90][91]
1380"Wasp nest" rocket launchers are manufactured for the Ming army.[65]
24 JuneBattle of Chioggia: In Europe rockets are used in battle.[92]
Europeans develop the means to produce saltpeter for themselves.[66]
1382European sailing ships are equipped with cannons.[93]
3 MayBattle of Beverhoutsveld: The first military conflict in Europe where cannons play a decisive role.[94]
1388Ming–Mong Mao War: Volley fire is implemented with cannons by the Ming artillery corps in the anti-insurrection war waged against the Mong Mao.[95]
Saltpeter plantations start appearing in Europe.[96]
1390Đại Việt soldiers kill the king of Champa, Che Bong Nga, using hand cannons.[97]
1396In Europe mounted knights start employing fire lances.[98]
139817 DecemberIndia acquires bombs.[99]
1399(Germany)'s oldest extant firearm is dated to this year.[100]

15th century

YearDateEvent
1400In Europe the gunpowder slow match appears.[101]
Li Jinglong uses rocket launchers against the army of the Yongle Emperor.[65]
Springalds are entirely replaced by gunpowder weapons[102]
1405Europe acquires bombs.[46]
1407Ironwood wadding is added to Ming cannons, increasing their effectiveness.[103]
1409Battle carts armed with cannons firing iron fletched darts are produced in Joseon.[104]
1410Joseon ships are equipped with cannons.[105]
"Culverins" are mentioned for the first time.[86]
"Saker" cannons appear.[86]
1411A "serpentine" lever is added to the stocks of hand cannons in Europe to hold matches. The resulting firearm, the hook gun, would come to be known as the arquebus.[106]
1412Shells are used as ammunition in the Ming dynasty.[107]
1419During the Lantern Festival, the Ming imperial palace puts on a display of pyrotechnics involving rockets running along wires which light up lanterns, illuminating the palace.[92]
1420In Europe war wagons are used as mobile firearm platforms during the Hussite Wars.[27]
1425In Europe gunpowder corning is practiced.[108]
1429Mounted infantry carrying hand cannons are employed by the Ming army.[109]
1431A 12,000 kg wrought iron supergun capable of firing 300 kg projectiles, called Dulle Griet, is produced in Europe.[110]
European cannon projectiles transition from stone to iron ammunition.[111]
1437In Europe shells are used as ammunition.[112]
A master gunner in Europe is forced to make a pilgrimage to Rome after scaring his fellow soldiers, who accused him of satanic devilry, with an astounding rate of fire of three rounds in one day.[113]
1447Sejong the Great of Joseon decrees that all fire-squads should carry standardized firearms.[114]
1450European walls become lower and thicker in response to cannons.[115]
Trunnions appear in Europe.[116]
15 AprilBattle of Formigny: Marks the rapid decline of the English longbow as they prove to be inferior to cannons in both range and rate of fire.[117]
1451A type of multiple arrow rocket launcher known as the "Munjong Hwacha" is produced in Joseon.[118]
1453Modifiable two wheeled gun carts known as limbers appear, greatly improving cannon maneuverability and mobility.[119][116]
1456In India cannons become widespread.[120]
14603 AugustJames II of Scotland is killed by one of his own guns, which exploded while he was standing close to it.[89]
"Mortars" are mentioned for the first time.[86]
1464A 16,800 kg cast bronze supergun known as the Great Turkish Bombard is created in the Ottoman Empire.[121]
1470A shoulder stock is added to hand cannons in Europe.[84]
1472In India land mines appear.[122]
1475The matchlock mechanism is added to the arquebus, making it the first firearm with a trigger.[123]
1479A four layer artillery tower is built at Querfurth in Saxony.[124]
1480Guns reach their classic form in Europe.[125]
"Falconets" are mentioned for the first time.[126]
"Minion" cannons appear.[126]
1486European oar ships start carrying cannons.[127]
1488Henry VII of England's ships, the Regent and Sovereign, are among the first to carry enough cannons to deliver a 'ship killing' blow at a distance.[128]
1498Specialized hunting firearms with rifled barrels appear in Europe.[129]
149925 AugustBattle of Zonchio: Breech-loading iron cannons are used in naval warfare.[130]
The term musket or moschetto is used for the first time in Europe.[84]

16th century

YearDateEvent
1500India acquires matchlocks.[131]
The term "artillery" solidifies as a general term for cannons, their ammunition, support equipment, and operating personnel.[64]
150328 AprilBattle of Cerignola: Marks the first military conflict where arquebusiers played a decisive role.[132]
1505The wheellock appears in Europe as an expensive alternative to the matchlock.[84]
1508India acquires Portuguese cannons.[133]
The earliest extant rifles are dated to this year.[84]
1510Japan acquires cannons.[134]
Portuguese "Frankish" cannons are used on Guangdong's coastline by Chinese pirates.[135]
1515A man in (Germany) accidentally shoots a prostitute in the chin with a pistol. Considered to be the earliest recorded firearm accident.[136]
1516Đại Việt produces matchlocks.[137]
1521A larger arquebus capable of penetrating plate armor known as the musket appears in Europe.[138]
1523The Ming dynasty produces breech-loading swivel guns based on Portuguese designs.[135]
152629 AugustBattle of Mohács: Volley fire is implemented with matchlocks by Ottoman Janissaries.[139]
1527"Ordnance" is used to describe artillery for the first time.[140]
1530The star fort becomes the dominant type of defensive structure in Italy.[141]
Earliest dated "carbine" made in Augsburg.[84]
1533Composite metal cannons are produced in the Ming dynasty.[142][143][144]
1537Handheld breech-loading firearms start appearing in Europe.[145]
Niccolò Fontana Tartaglia applies mathematical applications to artillery trajectories in his Nova Scientia.[146]
1540Cast iron cannons in Europe become reliable enough to arm sailing ships with two full broadsides.[147]
In Southeast Asia matchlocks start seeing widespread use.[148]
Cavalry in Europe start abandoning the lance and adopt the wheellock pistol.[149]
1541Gunpowder is used for hydraulic engineering in the Ming dynasty.[150]
1543Japan acquires knowledge of matchlocks.[148]
154427 JanuaryIn Japan Tanegashima Tokitaka employs matchlocks in the invasion of Yakushima.[151]
Wooden cannons are used for the last time in Europe.[152]
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor attempts to standardize gun types.[153]
1545Gujarat experiments with composite metal cannons.[144]
Niccolò Fontana Tartaglia invents the gunner's quadrant, an instrument which calculates trajectory.[146]
1548The Ming army starts fielding matchlocks.[154]
1550The large arquebus known as the musket becomes obsolete due to lack of armor, but continues as the most widely used term for similar firearms in Europe.[155]
The snaphance flintlock mechanism appears in Europe.[156]
The 'flask trail' carriage replaces solid stock trail carriages in Europe.[157]
1560Qi Jiguang publishes his Jixiao Xinshu describing the musket volley fire technique and his experience training the Ming army in its use.[158]
1561The Ming dynasty starts producing handheld breech-loading firearms.[159][160]
1563Joseon starts producing breech-loading swivel guns.[161]
1568Calivers are mentioned for the first time in Europe.[84]
1573In Europe explosive mines are implemented by Samuel Zimmermann of Augsburg.[162]
1574In Europe designs for naval mines are completed.[163]
157528 JuneBattle of Nagashino: In Japan Oda Nobunaga's tanegashima troops employ volley fire.[148]
Trigger guards start appearing on European firearms.[155]
1580Revolvers appear in Europe.[164]
15948 DecemberWilliam Louis, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg describes the countermarch volley fire technique in a letter to his cousin Maurice, Prince of Orange, and starts training the Dutch army in volley fire.[165]
1598Ming cavalry experiments with firing a three-barreled matchlock before using it as a shield while they attack with a saber using their other hand.[166]
Bayonets are attached to Ottoman firearms.[167]

17th century

YearDateEvent
1600Ottoman cavalry starts carrying pistols.[168]
The term "howitzer" comes to refer to the weapon.[169]
1606Ming muskets are attached with plug bayonets.[170]
1607Joseon musketeers are trained in the volley fire technique.[171]
1611Paper cartridges are introduced by Gustavus Adolphus.[172]
Rifles are used in warfare by Denmark.[84]
1613In Japan Date Masamune orders the construction of the Date Maru, a ship built in the style of a Spanish galleon, capable of carrying large cannons.[173]
161914–18 AprilBattle of Sarhu: Later Jin cavalry defeats Ming and Joseon musketeers.[174]
1620Ming foundries start producing Hongyipao.[142]
1627Gunpowder is used for mining in Europe.[175]
1629Holland experiments with composite metal cannons.[144]
1632Ming defensive planners build some star forts but they don't catch on in China.[176]
1633Ming dockyards start construction of multidecked broadside sailing ships capable of holding large cannons under the supervision of Zheng Zhilong.[177]
1635Telescopes are used for aiming artillery in the Ming dynasty.[178]
1636The Dutch attempt to trade flintlock firearms with the Japanese but the new firing mechanism doesn't catch on in Japan.[70]
1637Shimabara Rebellion: In Japan the last major military engagement involving muskets, before firearm suppression policies are enacted, is conducted against an uprising of peasant-farmers and landless samurai.[179]
164220 JanuaryLi Zicheng's rebels manage to create a two zhang breach in Ming fortifications using cannons.[180]
164326 JulyStorming of Bristol: In Europe fire lances are used for the last time.[181]
1650Battleships carrying 60 to 120 cannons in broadside batteries appear in Europe.[182]
16623 JulySamuel Pepys' diary mentions a mechanic who claimed to be able to make a machine-gun like pistol.[183][184]
1671European forces attach bayonets to their firearms.[167]
1680The snaphance goes out of fashion in favor of the "true" flintlock in Europe.[155]
1694India acquires flintlocks.[185]

18th century

YearDateEvent
1702In Europe telescopes are used to aid in the aiming of artillery.[186]
1715Jean Maritz introduces the horizontal drilling technique for casting cannons, increasing their reliability and accuracy while reducing the amount of metal needed for the barrel.[187]
1718James Puckle invents the Puckle gun, a breech loading flintlock with a revolving set of chambers capable of firing 63 shots in seven minutes.[184]
1720France establishes Europe's first national artillery school.[188]
1725Flintlock firearms completely displace matchlocks in Europe.[156]
1742Benjamin Robins invents the ballistic pendulum, which provides the first way to accurately measure the velocity of a bullet.[189]
1750Firearms overtake the composite bow in cost, ease of use, range, and rate of fire, making mounted horse archers completely obsolete.[190]
A detent is added to flintlocks to prevent the sear from catching in the half-cock notch.[84]
1755Naval guns are outfitted with flintlocks[191]
1759"Carronades" appear.[192]
1770A roller bearing is added to flintlocks to reduce friction and produce more sparks.[84]
1780A waterproof pan is added to flintlocks.[84]
1783Sir William Congreve, 1st Baronet improves gunpowder production by constructing dedicated testing ranges, new saltpeter refineries, and special proving houses. He also discovers "cylinder powder", gunpowder produced using charcoal sealed in iron cylinders, which is twice as powerful as traditional gunpowder and less likely to spoil, giving British gunpowder a reputation as best in the world.[193]
1790England begins fielding block trail carriages, invented by Sir William Congreve, 1st Baronet, the most advanced artillery transport of the time.[194]
179922 AprilIron-cased Mysorean rockets are deployed by the Kingdom of Mysore against the East India Company.[195]

19th century

YearDateEvent
1803England starts producing shrapnel shells.[196]
1804Sir William Congreve, 2nd Baronet starts experimenting extensively with rockets based on Mysorean rockets.[195]
1805Congreve rockets are produced in Britain.[197]
1807British forces successfully deploy 40,000 rockets and ignite devastating fires in Copenhagen[198]
1812Jean Samuel Pauly invents a cartridge containing a primer, making it the first self-contained cartridge.[199]
Joseph Manton patents the gravitating lock, which prevents muzzle loaders from accidentally firing while the muzzle is held upward.[84]
1815Joshua Shaw invents percussion caps.[200]
1820British guns are manufactured with bouched vents.[201]
1825The percussion cap mechanism starts replacing flintlocks in Europe.[202]
1829Rocket programs in continental Europe fizzle out as poor performance lead to their rejection until the 20th century.[203]
1830The percussion cap becomes the most widely accepted firing mechanism in Europe.[200]
1831William Bickford invents the safety fuse.[204]
1835Casimir Lefaucheux invents the first practical breech loading firearm with a cartridge.[205]
1836Johann Nicolaus von Dreyse invents the Dreyse needle gun, a breech loading rifle, increasing the rate of fire to six times that of muzzle loading weapons.[205]
1837Edward Alfred Cowper uses gunpowder explosions as railway fog-signals to alert the locomotive crew of danger.[206]
1841Wei Yuan recommends the incorporation of flintlock firearms into the Qing army but matchlocks continue to be used.[202]
1845Gong Zhenlin invents cast iron molds for the casting of iron cannons.[178]
1849Claude-Étienne Minié invents the Minié ball and makes the rifle a viable military firearm, ending the smoothbore musket era.[207]
1854Rifles are deployed during the Crimean War with resounding success, proving to be vastly superior to smoothbore muskets.[207]
Volcanic Repeating Arms produces a rifle with a self-contained cartridge.[199]
1855The Elswick Ordnance Company starts producing the Armstrong Gun.[143]
Edward Boxer uses rockets for throwing life-lines to shipwrecked sailors.[206]
1860Benjamin Tyler Henry invents the Henry rifle, the first reliable repeating rifle.[208]
1861Richard Jordan Gatling invents the Gatling gun, capable of firing 200 gunpowder cartridges in a minute.[209]
1862The Qing dynasty starts production of percussion caps for rifles.[210]
Li Xiucheng of the Taiping army equips his army with foreign rifles.[70]
1863Alfred Nobel invents dynamite, the first stable explosive stronger than gunpowder.[204]
1864Li Hongzhang of the Qing dynasty equips his army with 15,000 foreign rifles.[70]
1873Winchester Repeating Arms Company introduces the Model 1873 Winchester rifle.[208]
In Europe cast iron molds are utilized in casting cannons.[178]
187720 July – 10 DecemberSiege of Plevna: The first time metallic cartridge repeating rifles have a large impact in battle.[208]
1880Smokeless powder is invented and starts replacing gunpowder, also known as black powder.[211]
1884Hiram Maxim invents the Maxim gun, the first single-barreled machine gun.[209]
1886A safer and more stable form of smokeless powder is invented in France.[209]
1890European countries transition to smokeless powder, which is referred to as "gunpowder", whereas the old mixture is known as "black powder".[212]

20th century

YearDateEvent
1902Smokeless powder is adopted nearly everywhere in the world and "black powder" is relegated to hobbyist usage. So ends the Gunpowder Age.[211]

See also

Citations

  1. ↑ "History of Gunpowder". Retrieved 14 October 2016.
  2. 1 2 Acosta, Oscar. "American Firearms Gun History". americanfirearms.org. americanfirearms.org. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
  3. ↑ "The Explosive Quest for Immortality". Retrieved 14 October 2016.
  4. ↑ Needham 1986, p. 97.
  5. ↑ Partington 1960, p. 286.
  6. 1 2 Lorge 2008, p. 32.
  7. ↑ 天佑初，王茂章征安仁义于润州，洎城陷，中十余创，以功迁左先锋都尉。从攻豫章，（郑）璠以所部发机「飞火」，烧龙沙门，率壮士突火先登入城，焦灼被体，以功授检校司徒。(Rough Translation: During the beginning of Tianyou Era (904–907), Zheng Fan followed Wang Maozhang in a campaign against Runzhou, which was guarded by rebel An Renyi. He was severely injured in the process and as the result he was promoted to Junior General of Left Vanguard. At the campaign of Yuchang, he ordered his troops to shoot off a machine to let fire fly and burn the Longsha Gate, after which he led his troops over the fire and entered the city. His body was scorched, for which he was appointed Prime Minister Inspectorate.) Records of Nine Kingdoms ch. 2
  8. ↑ Andrade 2016, p. 31.
  9. ↑ Needham 1986, p. 85.
  10. ↑ Andrade 2016, p. 35.
  11. ↑ Liang 2006.
  12. 1 2 3 4 Andrade 2016, p. 32.
  13. ↑ Needham 1986, p. 118-124.
  14. ↑ Ebrey 1999, p. 138.
  15. 1 2 Andrade 2016, p. 41.
  16. ↑ Needham 1986, p. 154.
  17. ↑ Kelly 2004, p. 4.
  18. ↑ Kelly 2004, p. 2.
  19. ↑ Andrade 2016, p. 34.
  20. ↑ Andrade 2016, p. 34-35.
  21. ↑ Lu 1988.
  22. 1 2 3 Andrade 2016, p. 38.
  23. ↑ Needham 1986, p. 222.
  24. ↑ Chase 2003, p. 31.
  25. ↑ Lorge 2008, p. 33-34.
  26. ↑ Andrade 2016, p. 40.
  27. 1 2 3 Andrade 2016, p. 39.
  28. ↑ Andrade 2016, p. 42.
  29. ↑ Andrade 2016, p. 330.
  30. ↑ Needham 1986, p. 230.
  31. 1 2 Andrade 2016, p. 46.
  32. ↑ Andrade 2016, p. 47.
  33. 1 2 Kelly 2004, p. 22.
  34. ↑ Needham 1986, p. 511.
  35. 1 2 Andrade 2016, p. 51.
  36. 1 2 Partington 1960, p. 246.
  37. ↑ Khan 2004, p. 18.
  38. ↑ Needham 1986, p. 173-174.
  39. ↑ Needham 1986, p. 509.
  40. ↑ Chase 2003, p. 58.
  41. ↑ Kelly 2004, p. 25.
  42. 1 2 Needham 1986, p. 227.
  43. ↑ Needham 1986, p. 228.
  44. ↑ Andrade 2016, p. 50-51.
  45. ↑ Partington 1960, p. 250, 244, 149.
  46. 1 2 Needham 1986, p. 267.
  47. ↑ Needham 1986, p. 209-210.
  48. ↑ Needham 1986, p. 259.
  49. ↑ Kelly 2004, p. 23.
  50. ↑ Stephen Turnbull (19 February 2013). [url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qo4amAg_ygIC&pg=PT41 The Mongol Invasions of Japan 1274 and 1281]. Osprey Publishing. pp 41–42. ISBN 978-1-4728-0045-9. Retrieved 6 September 2016.
  51. ↑ Needham 1986, p. 293-4.
  52. ↑ Chase 2003, p. 32.
  53. ↑ Needham 1986, p. 293.
  54. 1 2 Dr. J.L.A. Brandes, T.B.G., LII (1910)
  55. ↑ Andrade 2016, p. 52-53.
  56. ↑ Roy 2015, p. 115.
  57. 1 2 Chase 2003, p. 59.
  58. ↑ Needham 1986, p. 319.
  59. 1 2 Kelly 2004, p. 29.
  60. ↑ Andrade 2016, p. 76.
  61. 1 2 Andrade 2016, p. 75.
  62. ↑ Andrade 2016, p. 79-80.
  63. ↑ McLachlan 2010, p. 8.
  64. 1 2 3 Kinard 2007, p. ix.
  65. 1 2 3 Needham 1986, p. 514.
  66. 1 2 Kinard 2007, p. 32.
  67. ↑ Kelly 2004, p. 19-37.
  68. ↑ Andrade 2016, p. 83.
  69. ↑ Chase 2003, p. 144.
  70. 1 2 3 4 Needham 1986, p. 466.
  71. ↑ Needham 1986, p. 463.
  72. ↑ Needham 1986, p. 323.
  73. ↑ Khan 2008, p. 63.
  74. ↑ Reid, Anthony (2012). Anthony Reid and the Study of the Southeast Asian Past. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 978-981-4311-96-0.
  75. 1 2 Andrade 2016, p. 66.
  76. ↑ Purton 2010, p. 201.
  77. ↑ Andrade 2016, p. 60.
  78. ↑ Needham 1986, p. 366.
  79. ↑ Khan 2004, p. 9-10.
  80. ↑ Needham 1986, p. 313.
  81. ↑ Andrade 2016, p. 110.
  82. ↑ Andrade 2016, p. 105.
  83. ↑ Needham 1986, p. 296.
  84. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Phillips 2016.
  85. ↑ Seoul National University-College of Humanities-Department of History (30 April 2005). "History of Science in Korea". Vestige of Scientific work in Korea. Seoul National University. Retrieved 27 July 2006.
  86. 1 2 3 4 Kinard 2007, p. 53.
  87. ↑ Wagner 2006, p. 34.
  88. ↑ Needham 1986, p. 289.
  89. 1 2 Kinard 2007, p. 35.
  90. ↑ Korean Broadcasting System-News department (30 April 2005). "Science in Korea". Countdown Begins for Launch of South Korea's Space Rocket. Korean Broadcasting System. Retrieved 27 July 2006.
  91. ↑ Chase 2003, p. 173.
  92. 1 2 Needham 1986, p. 516.
  93. ↑ Rose 2002, p. 15.
  94. ↑ Kinard 2007, p. 58.
  95. ↑ Andrade 2016, p. 157.
  96. ↑ McLachlan 2010, p. 20.
  97. ↑ Tran 2006, p. 75.
  98. ↑ Needham 1986, p. 260.
  99. ↑ Purton 2010, p. 185.
  100. ↑ Handgonne Faustbüchse, archived from the original on 14 October 2016, retrieved 17 October 2016
  101. ↑ Willbanks 2004, p. 6.
  102. ↑ Purton 2010, p. 400.
  103. ↑ Needham 1986, p. 311.
  104. ↑ Rocket carts of the Ming Dynasty, retrieved 18 October 2016
  105. ↑ Turnbull 2003, p. 20-21.
  106. ↑ Needham 1986, p. 425.
  107. ↑ Needham 1986, p. 264.
  108. ↑ Chase 2003, p. 61.
  109. ↑ Chase 2003, p. 68.
  110. ↑ Kinard 2007, p. 52.
  111. ↑ Andrade 2016, p. 106.
  112. ↑ Needham 1986, p. 411.
  113. ↑ Kinard 2007, p. 37.
  114. ↑ Andrade 2016, p. 164.
  115. ↑ Andrade 2016, p. 211.
  116. 1 2 Kelly 2004, p. 66.
  117. ↑ Kinard 2007, p. 61.
  118. ↑ "Articles of 1451, Munjongsillok of Annals of Joseon Dynasty (from book 5 to 9, click 문종 for view)". National Institute of Korean History. 1451. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
  119. ↑ Needham 1986, p. 51.
  120. ↑ Chase 2003, p. 131.
  121. ↑ Schmidtchen (1977b), pp. 226–228
  122. ↑ Khan 2004, p. 32.
  123. ↑ Petzal 2014, p. 5.
  124. ↑ Arnold 2001, p. 37.
  125. ↑ Andrade 2016, p. 103-104.
  126. 1 2 Kinard 2007, p. 54.
  127. ↑ Konstam 2002, p. 10.
  128. ↑ Rose 2002, p. 96.
  129. ↑ Curtis 2014, p. 5.
  130. ↑ Grant 2011, p. 88.
  131. ↑ Khan 2004, p. 131.
  132. ↑ Andrade 2016, p. 167.
  133. ↑ Andrade 2016, p. 140.
  134. ↑ Needham 1986, p. 430.
  135. 1 2 Andrade 2016, p. 141.
  136. ↑ Kelly 2004, p. 76.
  137. ↑ Tran 2006, p. 107.
  138. ↑ Arnold 2001, p. 75-78.
  139. ↑ Andrade 2016, p. 149.
  140. ↑ Kinard 2007, p. 75.
  141. ↑ Arnold 2001, p. 45.
  142. 1 2 Andrade 2016, p. 201.
  143. 1 2 Needham 1986, p. 334.
  144. 1 2 3 "The Rise and Fall of Distinctive Composite-Metal Cannons Cast During the Ming-Qing Period". Retrieved 19 December 2016.
  145. ↑ Needham 1986, p. 457.
  146. 1 2 Kinard 2007, p. 69.
  147. ↑ Chase 2003, p. 71.
  148. 1 2 3 Andrade 2016, p. 169.
  149. ↑ Arnold 2001, p. 98.
  150. ↑ Needham 1986, p. 543.
  151. ↑ Lidin 2002, p. 4.
  152. ↑ Kinard 2007, p. 33.
  153. ↑ Kinard 2007, p. 74.
  154. ↑ Andrade 2016, p. 171.
  155. 1 2 3 Needham 1986, p. 428.
  156. 1 2 Needham 1986, p. 429.
  157. ↑ Kinard 2007, p. 72.
  158. ↑ Andrade 2016, p. 173.
  159. ↑ Needham 1986, p. 33.
  160. ↑ Needham 1986, p. 380.
  161. ↑ Chase 2003, p. 174.
  162. ↑ Needham 1986, p. 202.
  163. ↑ Needham 1986, p. 205.
  164. ↑ Pauly 2004.
  165. ↑ Andrade 2016, p. 145.
  166. ↑ Chase 2003, p. 148.
  167. 1 2 Needham 1986, p. 444.
  168. ↑ Chase 2003, p. 96.
  169. ↑ Kinard 2007, p. 99.
  170. ↑ Needham 1986, p. 456.
  171. ↑ Andrade 2016, p. 183.
  172. ↑ Kelly 2004, p. 132.
  173. ↑ "Watanoha, Ishinomaki: The San Juan somehow survived" (サン・ファン号「何とか耐えた」　石巻・渡波) Archived 23 March 2011 at the Wayback Machine.. Kahoku Online Network. 18 March 2011.
  174. ↑ Andrade 2016, p. 187.
  175. ↑ Needham 1986, p. 535.
  176. ↑ Andrade 2016, p. 212.
  177. ↑ Andrade 2016, p. 204.
  178. 1 2 3 Needham 1986, p. 412.
  179. ↑ Needham 1986, p. 469.
  180. ↑ Swope 2013.
  181. ↑ Needham 1986, p. 262.
  182. ↑ Harding 1999, p. 38.
  183. ↑ The Diary of Samuel Pepys: Thursday 3 July 1662. "After dinner, was brought to Sir W. Compton a gun to discharge seven times, the best of all devices that ever I saw, and very serviceable, and not a bawble; for it is much approved of, and many thereof made."
  184. 1 2 Needham 1986, p. 410.
  185. ↑ Khan 2004, p. 137.
  186. ↑ Needham 1986, p. 413.
  187. ↑ Chase 2003, p. 201.
  188. ↑ Kinard 2007, p. 107.
  189. ↑ Robins 1742.
  190. ↑ Roy 2015, p. 9.
  191. ↑ Kinard 2007, p. 115.
  192. ↑ Kinard 2007, p. 116.
  193. ↑ Andrade 2016, p. 252.
  194. ↑ Kinard 2007, p. 109.
  195. 1 2 Needham 1986, p. 518.
  196. ↑ Kinard 2007, p. 126.
  197. ↑ Kinard 2007, p. 119.
  198. ↑ Kinard 2007, p. 121.
  199. 1 2 Willbanks 2004, p. 14.
  200. 1 2 Willbanks 2004, p. 11.
  201. ↑ Kinard 2007, p. 134.
  202. 1 2 Needham 1986, p. 465.
  203. ↑ Kinard 2007, p. 123.
  204. 1 2 Needham 1986, p. 537.
  205. 1 2 Willbanks 2004, p. 15.
  206. 1 2 Needham 1986, p. 544.
  207. 1 2 Willbanks 2004, p. 12.
  208. 1 2 3 Willbanks 2004, p. 17.
  209. 1 2 3 Chase 2003, p. 202.
  210. ↑ Needham 1986, p. 467.
  211. 1 2 Andrade 2016, p. 294.
  212. ↑ Kelly 2004, p. 232.

References

  • Adle, Chahryar (2003), History of Civilizations of Central Asia: Development in Contrast: from the Sixteenth to the Mid-Nineteenth Century
  • Ágoston, Gábor (2008), Guns for the Sultan: Military Power and the Weapons Industry in the Ottoman Empire, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-60391-9
  • Agrawal, Jai Prakash (2010), High Energy Materials: Propellants, Explosives and Pyrotechnics, Wiley-VCH
  • Andrade, Tonio (2016), The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-13597-7 .
  • Arnold, Thomas (2001), The Renaissance at War, Cassell & Co, ISBN 0-304-35270-5
  • Benton, Captain James G. (1862). A Course of Instruction in Ordnance and Gunnery (2 ed.). West Point, New York: Thomas Publications. ISBN 1-57747-079-6.
  • Brown, G. I. (1998), The Big Bang: A History of Explosives, Sutton Publishing, ISBN 0-7509-1878-0 .
  • Buchanan, Brenda J., ed. (2006), Gunpowder, Explosives and the State: A Technological History, Aldershot: Ashgate, ISBN 0-7546-5259-9
  • Chase, Kenneth (2003), Firearms: A Global History to 1700, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-82274-2 .
  • Cocroft, Wayne (2000), Dangerous Energy: The archaeology of gunpowder and military explosives manufacture, Swindon: English Heritage, ISBN 1-85074-718-0
  • Cowley, Robert (1993), Experience of War, Laurel .
  • Cressy, David (2013), Saltpeter: The Mother of Gunpowder, Oxford University Press
  • Crosby, Alfred W. (2002), Throwing Fire: Projectile Technology Through History, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-79158-8 .
  • Curtis, W. S. (2014), Long Range Shooting: A Historical Perspective, WeldenOwen .
  • Earl, Brian (1978), Cornish Explosives, Cornwall: The Trevithick Society, ISBN 0-904040-13-5 .
  • Easton, S. C. (1952), Roger Bacon and His Search for a Universal Science: A Reconsideration of the Life and Work of Roger Bacon in the Light of His Own Stated Purposes, Basil Blackwell
  • Ebrey, Patricia B. (1999), The Cambridge Illustrated History of China, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-43519-6
  • Grant, R.G. (2011), Battle at Sea: 3,000 Years of Naval Warfare, DK Publishing .
  • Hadden, R. Lee. 2005. "Confederate Boys and Peter Monkeys." Armchair General. January 2005. Adapted from a talk given to the Geological Society of America on 25 March 2004.
  • Harding, Richard (1999), Seapower and Naval Warfare, 1650–1830, UCL Press Limited
  • al-Hassan, Ahmad Y. (2001), "Potassium Nitrate in Arabic and Latin Sources", History of Science and Technology in Islam, retrieved 23 July 2007 .
  • Hobson, John M. (2004), The Eastern Origins of Western Civilisation, Cambridge University Press .
  • Johnson, Norman Gardner. "Explosive". Encyclopædia Britannica. Chicago.
  • Kelly, Jack (2004), Gunpowder: Alchemy, Bombards, & Pyrotechnics: The History of the Explosive that Changed the World, Basic Books, ISBN 0-465-03718-6 .
  • Khan, Iqtidar Alam (1996), "Coming of Gunpowder to the Islamic World and North India: Spotlight on the Role of the Mongols", Journal of Asian History, 30: 41–5 .
  • Khan, Iqtidar Alam (2004), Gunpowder and Firearms: Warfare in Medieval India, Oxford University Press
  • Khan, Iqtidar Alam (2008), Historical Dictionary of Medieval India, The Scarecrow Press, Inc., ISBN 0-8108-5503-8
  • Kinard, Jeff (2007), Artillery An Illustrated History of its Impact
  • Konstam, Angus (2002), Renaissance War Galley 1470-1590, Osprey Publisher Ltd. .
  • Liang, Jieming (2006), Chinese Siege Warfare: Mechanical Artillery & Siege Weapons of Antiquity, Singapore, Republic of Singapore: Leong Kit Meng, ISBN 981-05-5380-3
  • Lidin, Olaf G. (2002), Tanegashima – The Arrival of Europe in Japan, Nordic Inst of Asian Studies, ISBN 8791114128
  • Lorge, Peter A. (2008), The Asian Military Revolution: from Gunpowder to the Bomb, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-60954-8
  • Lu, Gwei-Djen (1988), "The Oldest Representation of a Bombard", Technology and Culture, 29: 594–605
  • McLachlan, Sean (2010), Medieval Handgonnes
  • McNeill, William Hardy (1992), The Rise of the West: A History of the Human Community, University of Chicago Press .
  • Morillo, Stephen (2008), War in World History: Society, Technology, and War from Ancient Times to the Present, Volume 1, To 1500, McGraw-Hill, ISBN 978-0-07-052584-9
  • Needham, Joseph (1980), Science & Civilisation in China, 5 pt. 4, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-08573-X
  • Needham, Joseph (1986), Science & Civilisation in China, V:7: The Gunpowder Epic, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-30358-3 .
  • Nicolle, David (1990), The Mongol Warlords: Ghengis Khan, Kublai Khan, Hulegu, Tamerlane
  • Nolan, Cathal J. (2006), The Age of Wars of Religion, 1000–1650: an Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization, Vol 1, A-K, 1, Westport & London: Greenwood Press, ISBN 0-313-33733-0
  • Norris, John (2003), Early Gunpowder Artillery: 1300–1600, Marlborough: The Crowood Press .
  • Partington, J. R. (1960), A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder, Cambridge, UK: W. Heffer & Sons .
  • Partington, J. R. (1999), A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, ISBN 0-8018-5954-9
  • Patrick, John Merton (1961), Artillery and warfare during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, Utah State University Press .
  • Pauly, Roger (2004), Firearms: The Life Story of a Technology, Greenwood Publishing Group .
  • Perrin, Noel (1979), Giving up the Gun, Japan's reversion to the Sword, 1543–1879, Boston: David R. Godine, ISBN 0-87923-773-2
  • Petzal, David E. (2014), The Total Gun Manual (Canadian edition), WeldonOwen .
  • Phillips, Henry Prataps (2016), The History and Chronology of Gunpowder and Gunpowder Weapons (c.1000 to 1850), Notion Press
  • Purton, Peter (2010), A History of the Late Medieval Siege, 1200–1500, Boydell Press, ISBN 1-84383-449-9
  • Robins, Benjamin (1742), New Principles of Gunnery
  • Rose, Susan (2002), Medieval Naval Warfare 1000-1500, Routledge
  • Roy, Kaushik (2015), Warfare in Pre-British India, Routledge
  • Schmidtchen, Volker (1977a), "Riesengeschütze des 15. Jahrhunderts. Technische Höchstleistungen ihrer Zeit", Technikgeschichte 44 (2): 153–173 (153–157)
  • Schmidtchen, Volker (1977b), "Riesengeschütze des 15. Jahrhunderts. Technische Höchstleistungen ihrer Zeit", Technikgeschichte 44 (3): 213–237 (226–228)
  • Swope, Kenneth M. (2013), The Military Collapse of China's Ming Dynasty, 1618–44 (Asian States and Empires), Routledge .
  • Tran, Nhung Tuyet (2006), Viêt Nam Borderless Histories, University of Wisconsin Press .
  • Turnbull, Stephen (2003), Fighting Ships Far East (2: Japan and Korea Ad 612–1639, Osprey Publishing, ISBN 1-84176-478-7
  • Urbanski, Tadeusz (1967), Chemistry and Technology of Explosives, III, New York: Pergamon Press .
  • Villalon, L. J. Andrew (2008), The Hundred Years War (part II): Different Vistas, Brill Academic Pub, ISBN 978-90-04-16821-3
  • Wagner, John A. (2006), The Encyclopedia of the Hundred Years War, Westport & London: Greenwood Press, ISBN 0-313-32736-X
  • Watson, Peter (2006), Ideas: A History of Thought and Invention, from Fire to Freud, Harper Perennial (2006), ISBN 0-06-093564-2
  • Willbanks, James H. (2004), Machine guns: an illustrated history of their impact, ABC-CLIO, Inc.


This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.