Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution

The drafting of the Constitution of the United States began on May 25, 1787, when the Constitutional Convention met for the first time with a quorum at the Pennsylvania State House (now Independence Hall) in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to revise the Articles of Confederation, and ended on September 17, 1787, the day the Constitution drafted by the convention's delegates to replace the Articles was adopted and signed. The ratification process for the Constitution began that day, and ended when the final state, Rhode Island, ratified it on May 29, 1790. In addition to key events during the Constitutional Convention and afterward while the Constitution was before the states for their ratification, this timeline includes important events that occurred during the run-up to the convention and during the nation's transition from government under the Articles of Confederation to government under the Constitution, and concludes with the unique ratification vote of Vermont, which at the time was a sovereign state outside the Union. The time span covered is 5 years, 9 months, from March 25, 1785 to January 10, 1791.

1785

March 25 • Maryland–Virginia conference convenes

Initially scheduled to assemble in Alexandria, Virginia on March 21, delegates representing the states of Maryland and Virginia gather at Mount Vernon, the Fairfax County home of George Washington, to address navigational rights in the states' common waterways.[1] Attending what later became known as the Mount Vernon Conference were: Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer, Thomas Stone, and Samuel Chase, from Maryland; along with George Mason, and Alexander Henderson of Virginia.[2]

March 28 • Maryland–Virginia conference concludes

Delegates approve a thirteen-point agreement, commonly known as the Mount Vernon Compact, regulating commerce, fishing, and navigation in the waters of the Potomac and Pocomoke Rivers, and Chesapeake Bay.[1] The agreement was subsequently ratified by both the Virginia and Maryland General Assemblies, becoming the nation's first interstate compact.[3][4]

1786

January 21 • Conference to address certain defects of the federal government called

Virginia General Assembly calls for an interstate convention for the purpose of discussing and developing a consensus about reversing the protectionist trade and commerce barriers existing between the various states.[5]
September 11 • Annapolis Convention convenes 
Delegates representing Delaware, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, and Virginia meet at George Mann's Tavern[6] in Annapolis, Maryland to discuss ways to facilitate commerce between the states and establish standard rules and regulations. Appointed delegates from Massachusetts, New Hampshire, North Carolina, and Rhode Island either arrived too late to participate or otherwise did not attend.[7] Four states: Connecticut, Georgia, Maryland and South Carolina, did not appoint delegates.
September 14 • Annapolis Convention adjourns 
The convention report, sent to Congress and the legislatures of the various states, contains a request that another convention be held the following May at Philadelphia to discuss amending the Articles of Confederation.[5][6]

November 23 •

New Jersey elects delegates to the proposed constitutional convention. David Brearley, Jonathan Dayton, William Houston, William Livingston, and William Paterson will attend.[8]

December 4 •

Virginia elects delegates to the proposed constitutional convention. John Blair Jr., James Madison, Jr., George Mason, James McClurg, Edmund Randolph, George Washington, and George Wythe will attend.[8]

December 30 •

Pennsylvania elects delegates to the proposed constitutional convention. George Clymer, Thomas FitzSimons, Benjamin Franklin, Jared Ingersoll, Thomas Mifflin, Gouverneur Morris, Robert Morris, and James Wilson will attend.[8]

1787

January 6 •

North Carolina elects delegates to the proposed constitutional convention. William Blount, William Davie, Alexander Martin, Richard Dobbs Spaight, and Hugh Williamson will attend.[8]

January 17 •

New Hampshire elects delegates to the proposed Philadelphia Convention. Nicholas Gilman and John Langdon will attend.[8]

February 3 •

Delaware elects delegates to the proposed constitutional convention. Richard Bassett, Gunning Bedford, Jr., Jacob Broom, and John Dickinson, and George Read will attend.[8]

February 10 •

Georgia elects delegates to the proposed constitutional convention. Abraham Baldwin, William Few, William Houstoun, and William Pierce will attend.[8]

February 21 • Convention to discuss revisions to the Articles of Confederation called

The Congress of the Confederation calls a constitutional convention "for the sole and express purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation and reporting to Congress and the several legislatures such alterations and provisions therein and when agreed to in Congress and confirmed by the States render the Federal Constitution adequate to the exigencies of Government and the preservation of the Union".[9]

March 3 •

Massachusetts elects delegates to the upcoming constitutional convention. Elbridge Gerry, Nathaniel Gorham, Rufus King, and Caleb Strong will attend.[8]

March 6 •

New York elects delegates to the upcoming constitutional convention. Alexander Hamilton, John Lansing, Jr., and Robert Yates will attend.[8]

March 8 •

South Carolina elects delegates to the upcoming constitutional convention. Pierce Butler, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, Charles Pinckney, and John Rutledge will attend.[8]

April 23 •

Maryland elects delegates to the upcoming constitutional convention. Daniel Carroll, Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer, Luther Martin, James McHenry, and John Mercer will attend.[8]

May 5 •

A motion to send delegates to the constitutional convention fails in the Rhode Island General Assembly.[10]
Independence Hall, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
South facade of Independence Hall (formerly the Pennsylvania Statehouse), Philadelphia, where the Constitution was forged

May 14 • Constitutional Convention scheduled to begin

As only a small number of delegates have arrived in Philadelphia, the convention's opening meeting is postponed for lack of a quorum.[11]

May 14 •

Connecticut elects delegates to the constitutional convention. Oliver Ellsworth, William Samuel Johnson and Roger Sherman will attend.[8]

May 17 •

A letter from "Certain Citizens of Rhode Island" is sent to the convention expressing their support for its work and their regret that not every state will be participating.[10]

May 25 • Constitutional Convention convenes

As enough delegates have gathered at the Pennsylvania State House to constitute a quorum, the constitutional convention is called to order and delegates begin their work. George Washington is elected president of the convention. William Jackson is selected as the secretary to the convention. Alexander Hamilton, Charles Pinckney and George Wythe are chosen to prepare rules for the convention.[12]
George Washington, President of the Constitutional Convention
George Washington, who served as president of the 1787 Constitutional Convention
Nathaniel Gorham, Chairman of the Committee of the Whole
Nathaniel Gorham, who served as chairman when delegates met as a Committee of the Whole

May 29 •

Virginia Plan (also known as the Large State Plan or the Randolph Plan) for structuring the federal government is presented by Edmund Randolph.[13]

May 29 •

Pinckney Plan for structuring the federal government is presented by Charles Pinckney.[14]

May 30 •

Nathaniel Gorham is elected to serve as chairman of the Committee of the Whole.[15]

June 15 •

New Jersey Plan (also known as the Small State Plan or the Paterson Plan) for structuring the federal government is presented by William Paterson.[16]

June 18 •

Hamilton Plan (also known as the British Plan) for structuring the federal government is presented by Alexander Hamilton.[17]

July 2 •

Committee of Eleven composed of Abraham Baldwin, Gunning Bedford, William Davie, Oliver Ellsworth, Benjamin Franklin, Elbridge Gerry, Luther Martin, George Mason, John Rutledge, William Patterson, and Robert Yates, is selected to work out a compromise on the issue of representation in the two houses of the federal legislature. Committees like this one, composed of one delegate from each state represented, were established on several occasions during the convention in order to secure a breakthrough so that the deliberative process could move forward in a productive fashion.[18]

July 16 •

Committee of Eleven report, proposing proportional representation for seats in the House of Representatives based on population, equal representation for each State in the Senate, and that all money bills would originate in the House, is approved by the convention (5–4–1). This is known as the Connecticut Compromise (also known as the Great Compromise).[19]

July 24 •

Committee of Detail, composed of John Rutledge, Edmund Randolph, Nathaniel Gorham, Oliver Ellsworth, and James Wilson, is selected to write a first draft constitution reflective of the Resolutions passed by the convention up to that point.[12]

August 6 •

Committee of Detail report, proposing a twenty-three article (plus preamble) constitution is presented.[20]
August 18 •
Committee of Eleven composed of Abraham Baldwin, George Clymer, John Dickinson, Rufus King, John Langdon, William Livingston, George Mason, James McHenry, Charles C. Pinkney, Roger Sherman, and Hugh Williamson, is selected to address issues related to Federal assumption of state debts. Issues related to the militia are referred to this committee on August 20.[18]

August 22 •

Committee of Eleven composed of Abraham Baldwin, George Clymer, John Dickinson, William Johnson, Rufus King, John Langdon, William Livingston, Luther Martin, James Madison, Charles C. Pinkney, and Hugh Williamson, is selected to address issues related to federal tax and duty levying powers and also its power to regulate or prohibit the migration or importation of slaves.[18]

August 25 •

Committee of Eleven composed of Pierce Butler, Daniel Carrol, Jonathan Dayton, William Few, Thomas FitzSimons, Nathaniel Gorham, John Langdon, George Mason, George Read, Roger Sherman, and Hugh Williamson, is selected to consider issues related to interstate trade and navigation.[18]

August 31 •

Committee of Eleven (Leftover Business) composed of Abraham Baldwin, David Brearly, Pierce Butler, Daniel Carrol, John Dickinson, Nicholas Gilman, Rufus King, James Madison, Gouvernour Morris, Roger Sherman, and Hugh Williamson, is selected to settle "such parts of the Constitution as have been postponed, and such parts of Reports as have not been acted on".[12]
Voting record of the Constitutional Convention, September 15, 1787
The convention voting record, which reflects the mutual concessions and compromises that produced the Constitution; this page records the final vote taken September 15, 1787

September 1–8 •

Committee of Eleven (Leftover Business) addresses several outstanding issues—including the method of choosing a president, the length of a presidential term of office, the president's treaty making power, and the impeachment of the president—and makes a series of reports.[18]

September 8 •

Committee of Style and Arrangement, composed of Alexander Hamilton, William Johnson, Rufus King, James Madison, and Gouverneur Morris, is selected to distill a final draft constitution from the twenty-three approved articles.[12]

September 12 •

Committee of Style and Arrangement presents the completed final draft of the Constitution to the convention for its consideration. The twenty-three articles have been reorganized into a cohesive document containing seven articles, a preamble and a closing endorsement, of which Gouverneur Morris was the primary author.[8] The committee also presented a proposed letter to accompany the constitution when delivered to Congress.[21]

September 13–14 •

The official copy of the draft Constitution is engrossed by Jacob Shallus.[22]

September 15 •

The draft Constitution receives the unanimous approval of the state delegations.[23]
Scene at the Signing of the United States Constitution
Howard Chandler Christy's Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States

September 17 • Constitution signed and convention adjourns

The approved Constitution is signed by thirty-nine delegates from twelve states (all but Rhode Island). One delegate, John Dickinson, who was ill and not present, had George Read sign his name by proxy. Three delegates present declined to sign the document: Edmund Randolph, George Mason, and Elbridge Gerry. George Washington, as president of the convention, signed first. The other delegates then signed, grouped by state in strict congressional voting order. Washington, however, signed near the right margin, and so when the delegates ran out of space beneath his signature, they began a second column of signatures to the left. Jackson, the convention secretary, also signed as a witness. The convention then adjourned sine die.[6]

September 18 • Proposed Constitution published

The Pennsylvania Packet prints the first public copies of the proposed Constitution in Philadelphia.[11]

September 20 •

Proposed Constitution is received by Congress.[24]

September 27 •

First Anti-Federalist letter by "Cato" is published.[25]

September 28 •

Congress of the Confederation votes to transmit the proposed Constitution to the thirteen states for ratification.[26]

October 5 •

First Anti-Federalist letter by "Centinel" is published.[27]

October 8 •

First Anti-Federalist letter by "Federal Farmer" is published.[28]

October 18 •

First Anti-Federalist letter by "Brutus" is published.[29]
A 1787 advertisement for The Federalist
An advertisement for The Federalist, 1787, using the pseudonym "Philo-Publius"

October 27 •

First of The Federalist Papers by "Publius", Federalist No. 1, is published in The Independent Journal.[30] The planned series of essays would, the authors hoped, "give a satisfactory answer to all the [Anti-Federalist] objections which shall have made their appearance, that may seem to have any claim to your attention."[31]

November 20 •

Ratifying convention begins in Pennsylvania.[32]

December 3 •

Ratifying convention begins in Delaware.[33]

December 7 • Ratification

Delaware becomes the first state to ratify the Constitution (30–0).[34][35]

December 11 •

Ratifying convention begins in New Jersey.[36]

December 12 • Ratification

Pennsylvania becomes the second state to ratify the Constitution (46–23).[34][35]

December 18 • Ratification

New Jersey becomes the third state to ratify the Constitution (38–0).[34][35][36]

December 18 •

Pennsylvania convention Anti-Federalist minority publishes their "Dissent".[37]

December 25 •

Ratifying convention begins in Georgia.[38]

1788

January 2 • Ratification

Georgia becomes the fourth state to ratify the Constitution (26–0).[34][35]

January 3 •

Ratifying convention begins in Connecticut.[39]

January 9 • Ratification

Connecticut becomes the fifth state to ratify the Constitution (128–40).[34][35]

January 9 •

Ratifying convention begins in Massachusetts.[40]

February 6 • Ratification

Massachusetts becomes the sixth state to ratify the Constitution (187–168).[34][35] In addition to ratifying the constitution, Massachusetts requests that nineteen alterations be made to it.[41]

February 13–22 •

Ratifying convention (first session) held in New Hampshire.[42]

March 1 •

Rhode Island legislature calls for popular referendum on the proposed Constitution.[43]

March 24 •

Voters in Rhode Island vote down the Constitution (2,708–237).[43]

April 10 •

Albany Antifederal Committee publishes a circular forcefully objecting to the proposed constitution, calling the frame of government "more arbitrary and despotic than that of Great Britain."[44]

April 21 •

Ratifying convention begins in Maryland.[42]

April 28 • Ratification

Maryland becomes the seventh state to ratify the Constitution (63–11).[34][35]

May 12 •

Ratifying convention begins in South Carolina.[45]

May 23 • Ratification

South Carolina becomes the eighth state to ratify the Constitution (149–73).[34][35] In addition to ratifying the constitution, South Carolina requests that two alterations be made to it.[45]

June 2 •

Ratifying convention begins in Virginia.[42]

June 17 •

Ratifying convention begins in New York.[46]

June 18 •

Ratifying convention (second session) begins in New Hampshire.[47]

June 21 • Ratification

New Hampshire becomes the ninth state to ratify the Constitution (57–47).[34][35] In addition to ratifying the constitution, New Hampshire requests that twelve alterations be made to it.[48]
Dates the 13 states ratified the Constitution

June 21 •

Having been ratified by nine of the thirteen states, the Constitution is officially established.[49]

June 25 • Ratification

Virginia becomes the tenth state to ratify the Constitution (89–79).[34][35] In addition to ratifying the constitution, Virginia requests that 20 alterations be made to it.[50]

July 2 •

Congress President Cyrus Griffin informs Congress that New Hampshire has ratified the Constitution and notes that this is the ninth ratification transmitted to them. A committee is formed to examine all ratifications received thus far and to develop a plan for putting the new Constitution into operation.[51][52]

July 21 – August 2 •

First ratifying convention held in North Carolina. With the hope of effecting the incorporation of a bill of rights into the frame of government, delegates vote (184–84) neither to ratify nor to reject the Constitution.[53]

July 26 • Ratification

New York becomes the eleventh state to ratify the Constitution (30–27).[34][35] In addition to ratifying the constitution, New York requests that thirty-three alterations be made to it.[54]

September 13 •

Congress of the Confederation certifies that the new constitution has been duly ratified and sets date for first meeting of the new federal government and the presidential election.[51][55]

December 15, 1788 – January 10, 1789 • Presidential election held

First quadrennial presidential election under the new Constitution is held.[56]

1789

February 4 • Electoral College convenes

Presidential electors meet to cast their votes in their respective states. George Washington is unanimously elected to be the nation's first president and John Adams is elected its first vice president, receiving 34 of 69 votes cast. Only ten of the thirteen states cast electoral votes in this election. North Carolina and Rhode Island were ineligible to participate as they had not yet ratified the Constitution. The New York legislature failed to appoint its allotted electors in time, so there were no voting electors from New York.[56][57]
Federal Hall, New York, New York
Federal Hall, New York City, first seat of government of the United States under the Constitution

March 4 • United States Congress convenes

The federal government begins operations under the new form of government as members of the 1st United States Congress are seated at Federal Hall in New York City. The Senate of eleven states would include 20 Federalists and two Anti-federalists (both from Virginia). The House would seat 48 Federalists and 11 Anti-federalists (from four states: Massachusetts, New York, South Carolina, and Virginia).[58] However, the initial meeting of each chamber must be adjourned due to lack of a quorum.[59]

April 1 • House of Representatives reconvenes

With a quorum being present representatives begin their work. Frederick Muhlenberg of Pennsylvania is elected Speaker of the House.[60]

April 6 • Senate reconvenes

With a quorum being present senators begin their work. John Langdon of New Hampshire is elected President pro tempore of the Senate.[61]

April 6 • Electoral votes counted

The House and Senate, meeting in joint session, certify that George Washington has been elected President of the United States and John Adams elected as Vice President.[56][62]

April 21 • John Adams assumes vice presidential duties

John Adams is sworn in as Vice President of the United States in the Senate chamber at Federal Hall in New York City.[63]
George Washington, inaugurated as President, April 30, 1789
George Washington's inauguration as the first President of the United States, April 30, 1789

April 30 • George Washington assumes presidential duties

George Washington inaugurated as President of the United States at Federal Hall in New York City. Washington placed his hand upon a Bible belonging to the St. John's Lodge No. 1, A.Y.M.[64] as Chancellor of New York Robert Livingston administered the presidential oath of office.[56][65]

September 25 • Constitutional amendments proposed by Congress

Twelve articles of amendment to the Constitution are approved by the Senate, having been passed by the House on the preceding day, both without recorded vote, and sent to the states for ratification.[66] Articles Three through Twelve were ratified as additions to the Constitution December 15, 1791, and are collectively known as the Bill of Rights.[67] Article Two became part of the Constitution May 7, 1992 as the Twenty-seventh Amendment.[68] Article One is technically still pending before the states.[34]

November 16 •

Second ratifying convention begins in North Carolina.[69]

November 21 • Ratification

North Carolina becomes the twelfth state to ratify the Constitution (194–77).[34][35] In addition to ratifying the constitution, North Carolina requests that twenty-six alterations be made to it.[70]

1790

February 2 • Supreme Court of the United States convenes

The Supreme Court of the United States holds its inaugural session with a quorum present at the Royal Exchange Building on Broad Street in New York City, with Chief Justice John Jay presiding.[71] As set by the Judiciary Act of 1789, the Supreme Court would initially consist of a chief justice and five associate justices.[72]

March 1–6 •

Ratifying convention (first session) held in Rhode Island.[43]

May 24 •

Ratifying convention (second session) begins in Rhode Island.[43]

May 29 • Ratification

Rhode Island becomes the thirteenth and final state to ratify the Constitution (34–32).[34][35] In addition to ratifying the constitution, Rhode Island requests that twenty-one alterations be made to it.[73]

1791

January 6 •

Convention to consider joining the United States begins in Vermont.[74]

January 10 • Ratification and application

Vermont votes to ratify the Constitution and to apply for admission to the Union (105–2).[74]
Original parchment pages of the United States Constitution
Original parchment pages of the United States Constitution

See also

References

  1. 1 2 "Mount Vernon Conference". Digital Encyclopedia. Mount Vernon, Virginia: Mount Vernon Ladies' Association, George Washington's Mount Vernon. Retrieved October 7, 2015.
  2. ↑ Alden, Henry Mills, ed. (1880). Harper's New Monthly Magazine. Digitized May 14, 2008. 60. New York: Harper & Brothers. p. 364. Retrieved October 5, 2017.
  3. ↑ "Maryland-Virginia Compact of 1785". Virginia Law. Richmond, Virginia: Legislative Information System, Commonwealth of Virginia. Retrieved October 5, 2017.
  4. ↑ "The Mt. Vernon Compact & The Annapolis Convention". Annapolis, Maryland: Maryland State Archives. Retrieved October 5, 2017.
  5. 1 2 Scharf 1888, p. 268
  6. 1 2 3 Wright Jr & MacGregor Jr 1987, p. 264
  7. ↑ Ferling 2003, p. 268
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 "Meet the Framers of the Constitution". America's Founding Documents. Washington, D.C.: The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved September 7, 2017.
  9. ↑ "Resolution of Congress, 21 Feb. 1787". The Founders' Constitution. University of Chicago Press. Retrieved October 4, 2015.
  10. 1 2 "Letter from Certain Citizens of Rhode Island to the Federal Convention". Ashland, Ohio: TeachingAmericanHistory.org. Retrieved October 21, 2015.
  11. 1 2 Maier 2010, p. 27
  12. 1 2 3 4 Vile, John R. (April 2006). "The Critical Role of Committees at the U.S. Constitutional Convention of 1787". The American Journal of Legal History. 48 (2): 147–176. doi:10.2307/25434790. JSTOR 25434790.
  13. ↑ "Variant Texts of the Virginia Plan, Presented by Edmund Randolph to the Federal Convention". The Avalon Project at Yale Law School. Retrieved March 31, 2014.
  14. ↑ "The Plan of Charles Pinckney (South Carolina), Presented to the Federal Convention". The Avalon Project at Yale Law School. Retrieved March 31, 2014.
  15. ↑ Vile 2005, p. 324
  16. ↑ Madison 1787, June 15
  17. ↑ "Variant Texts of the Plan Presented by Alexander Hamilton to the Federal Convention". The Avalon Project at Yale Law School. Retrieved March 31, 2014.
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 "Committee Assignments Chart and Commentary". Ashland, Ohio: TeachingAmericanHistory.org. Retrieved March 30, 2014.
  19. ↑ Madison 1787, July 16
  20. ↑ Madison 1787, August 6
  21. ↑ Madison 1787, September 12
  22. ↑ Vile 2005, p. 705
  23. ↑ Madison 1787, September 15
  24. ↑ Maier 2010, p. 52
  25. ↑ "Cato I". Ashland, Ohio: TeachingAmericanHistory.org. Retrieved March 30, 2014.
  26. ↑ Elliot 1836a, p. 319
  27. ↑ "Centinel I". Ashland, Ohio: TeachingAmericanHistory.org. Retrieved March 30, 2014.
  28. ↑ "Federal Farmer I". Ashland, Ohio: TeachingAmericanHistory.org. Retrieved March 30, 2014.
  29. ↑ "Brutus I". Ashland, Ohio: TeachingAmericanHistory.org. Retrieved March 30, 2014.
  30. ↑ Millican 1990, p. 58
  31. ↑ Gunn 1994, p. 540
  32. ↑ Maier 2010, p. 100
  33. ↑ Maier 2010, p. 122
  34. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Kilpatrick 1961, p. 24
  35. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Vile 2005, p. 658
  36. 1 2 "1787 Convention Minutes". New Jersey Department of State. Retrieved October 21, 2015.
  37. ↑ "The Dissent of the Minority of the Convention of Pennsylvania". Ashland, Ohio: TeachingAmericanHistory.org. Retrieved March 30, 2014.
  38. ↑ "The Georgia Ratifying Convention Meets". Ashland, Ohio: TeachingAmericanHistory.org. Retrieved October 21, 2015.
  39. ↑ Maier 2010, p. 137
  40. ↑ Maier 2010, p. 155
  41. ↑ Elliot 1836a, p. 322
  42. 1 2 3 Maier 2010, p. 125
  43. 1 2 3 4 "Rhode Island History Chapter 3: The Revolutionary Era, 1763-1790". Rhode Island General Assembly. Retrieved October 12, 2015.
  44. ↑ Maier 2010, p. 133
  45. 1 2 Elliot 1836a, p. 325
  46. ↑ "Nation at the Crossroads: The Great New York Debate over the Constitution, 1787–88". New-York Historical Society. Retrieved October 21, 2015.
  47. ↑ Maier 2010, p. 315
  48. ↑ Elliot 1836a, p. 326
  49. ↑ Maier 2010, p. 361
  50. ↑ Elliot 1836c, pp. 659–661
  51. 1 2 Elliot 1836a, pp. 332–333
  52. ↑ Maier 2010, pp. 376–377
  53. ↑ North Carolina History Project. "Hillsborough Convention of 1788". Raleigh, North Carolina: John Locke Foundation. Retrieved October 12, 2015.
  54. ↑ Elliot 1836a, pp. 329–319
  55. ↑ Maier 2010, p. 429
  56. 1 2 3 4 "Presidential Election of 1789". Digital Encyclopedia. Mount Vernon, Virginia: Mount Vernon Ladies' Association, George Washington's Mount Vernon. Retrieved October 21, 2015.
  57. ↑ Maier 2010, p. 438
  58. ↑ Maier 2010, p. 433
  59. ↑ "March 4: A forgotten huge day in American history". Philadelphia: National Constitution Center. March 4, 2013. Retrieved October 21, 2015.
  60. ↑ "Muhlenberg, Frederick Augustus Conrad, (1750 - 1801)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
  61. ↑ "Langdon, John, (1741 - 1819)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
  62. ↑ "Senate Journal. 1st Congress, 1st session". April 6, 1789. p. 7.
  63. ↑ Smith 1962, pp.744
  64. ↑ "George Washington Inaugural Bible". St. John's Lodge No. 1, AYM. Retrieved October 4, 2015.
  65. ↑ "George Washington's Inaugural Address". The National Archives. Retrieved October 4, 2015.
  66. ↑ Labunski 2006, p.240
  67. ↑ "Constitution of the United States—A History". America's Founding Documents. Washington D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved October 4, 2015.
  68. ↑ Killian, Johnny H.; Costello, George A.; Thomas, Kenneth R., eds. (2004). "The Constitution of the United States of America: Analysis and Interpretation" (PDF). U.S. Senate Document No. 108–17. Contributors: David M. Ackerman, Henry Cohen, Robert Meltz. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 44 n.19. Retrieved October 4, 2015.
  69. ↑ "Minutes of the North Carolina Constitutional Convention at Fayetteville". Documenting the American South. UNC University Library. Retrieved October 21, 2015.
  70. ↑ Elliot 1836d, pp. 244–247
  71. ↑ "The Court as an Institution". Washington, D.C.: Public Information Office, Supreme Court of the United States. Retrieved February 28, 2018.
  72. ↑ "Landmark Legislation: Judiciary Act of 1789". Washington, D.C.: Federal Judicial Center. Retrieved February 28, 2018.
  73. ↑ Elliot 1836a, pp. 336–337
  74. 1 2 Forbes, C.S. (March 1902). "Vermont's Admission to the Union". The Vermonter: A State Magazine. VII (8): 102. Retrieved March 29, 2014.

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