William Livingston

William Livingston
1st Governor of New Jersey
In office
August 31, 1776 – July 25, 1790
Preceded by William Franklin
as Royal Governor
Succeeded by Elisha Lawrence
Acting Governor
Personal details
Born (1723-11-30)November 30, 1723
Albany, Province of New York, British America
Died July 25, 1790(1790-07-25) (aged 66)
Elizabeth, New Jersey, U.S.
Resting place Green-Wood Cemetery, Brooklyn, New York
Spouse(s)
Susannah French
(m. 1745; her death 1789)
Children 13, including Brockholst
Parents Philip Livingston
Catherine Van Brugh
Relatives See Livingston family
Alma mater Yale College

William Livingston (November 30, 1723 – July 25, 1790) was an American politician who served as the Governor of New Jersey (1776–1790) during the American Revolutionary War and was a signer of the United States Constitution.

Early life

Livingston was born in Albany in the Province of New York on November 30, 1723. He was the son of Philip Livingston (1686–1749), the 2nd Lord of Livingston Manor, and Catherine Van Brugh, the only child of Albany mayor Pieter Van Brugh (1666–1740). His older siblings included Robert Livingston (1708–1790), 3rd Lord of Livingston Manor, Peter Van Brugh Livingston (1710–1792), New York State Treasurer, and Philip Livingston (1716–1778), a member of the New York State Senate.[1]

Livingston received his early education from local schools and tutors. At age 13, Livingston was sent to live for a year and prepare for college with the Anglican missionary catechist and Yale College graduate Henry Barclay who lived among the Iroquois Indians in the Mohawk Valley at Fort Hunter.[2] Livingston enrolled at Yale in 1737 and graduated in 1741. He went on to New York City, where he studied law and became a law clerk first for the eminent lawyer James Alexander. He left Alexander's office in the spring of 1746 before finishing his apprentiship due to some disagreement,[3] and joined the office William Smith, Sr.[4]

Career

He became a lawyer in 1748[5] and began his practice in New York City. In 1752, he founded a weekly journal, the Independent Reflector, along with fellow Presbyterian lawyers William Smith, Jr., the son of his law teacher, and John Morin Scott. The three were called by contemporaries "The Triumvirate".[6] The Reflector was New York's first serial non-newspaper publication and the only one being published in British North America at the time. It was used as a platform by the political upstate Presbyterian landed "country faction" led by Livingston for challenging the powerful downstate Anglican and Dutch Reformed merchant or "popular faction" led by chief justice James De Lancey. Most notably the Triumvirate attacked the founding of King's College as a conspiracy by Anglicans to install a bishop in America, including his former tutor now Rev. Henry Barclay Rector of Trinity Church and his former law teacher James Alexander.

Publication of the Reflector ceased with the fifty-second issue in late 1753 after political pressure was brought to bear upon its printer, James Parker,[4] but Livingston and his allies continued to attack the college over the next year with columns in newspapers.[7] By raising divisive issues of region, he managed to divert half the funds raised by a state lottery for the college to fund the construction of a new jail and a detention house for sailors from diseased ships. King's College was defiantly opened despite Livingston's efforts by President Rev. Samuel Johnson in July of 1754, and granted a charter by the King on October 31, 1754.[8]

Though he failed to close the college, and no bishop arrived as predicted, Livingston remained politically active and served one term in the New York Assembly until his political allies lost power in 1769.[4]

New Jersey

In 1772, he moved to Elizabethtown (today Elizabeth, New Jersey), where he rented a house in town. A young Alexander Hamilton lived here with Livingston for at least the winter while he attended Francis Barber's grammar school.[9][10] Livingston started construction of a large country home to house his growing family. The house, known as Liberty Hall, still stands today.[4] After attaining considerable influence amongst the local patriots, Livingston was elected to serve as one of New Jersey's delegates to the Continental Congress. He served from July 1774 to June 1776. In October 1775, he was commissioned a brigadier general of the New Jersey Militia.

Letter from Governor William Livingston to Israel Shreve, 1778

In August 1776, he was elected Governor of New Jersey and was reelected to the office each year until his death in 1790.[4] For much of the time between 1776 and 1779, the family was located in Parsippany for safety.

Liberty Hall was frequently visited by British troops or naval forces since there was a substantial reward for Livingston's capture. One attempt to kidnap him took place in mid-June 1779. False information about Livingston visiting his second home in Parsippany resulted in a raid by Loyalists and their subsequent capture. The Loyalist mayor of New York City (and a distant cousin through the Schuyler family), David Mathews, was suspected by being behind the attempted capture of Livingston.[11]

The family returned to Liberty Hall in 1779 to begin restoring their looted home. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1782.[12]

Later years

Livingston led the New Jersey Delegation to the 1787 Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and was one of the signers of the Constitution.[4] He was appointed United States Minister to the Netherlands in 1788 by U.S. Congress but turn down the proposition.

Personal life

Livingston married Susannah French (1723–1789) in New Jersey in 1745. She was the daughter of landowner, Philip French III and Susanna (née Brockholst) French.[13] Her paternal grandparents were Phillip French, the 27th Mayor of New York City, and Annetje (née Philipse) French (the daughter of Frederick Philipse). Her maternal grandparents were Susanna Maria Brockholst and Anthony Brockholst, an acting Governor of Colonial New York under Sir Edmund Andros.[13][14] They went on to have 13 children, including:[15][1][16]

Livingston died on July 25, 1790 in Elizabeth, New Jersey, and was originally buried at Trinity Church, Manhattan, but on May 7, 1844 was reinterred at Green-Wood Cemetery, Brooklyn.

Descendants

Livingston's daughter, Sarah, was born in 1756 and was educated at home in penmanship, English grammar, the Bible, and classic literature. At a time when women were usually relegated to the kitchen, she was brought up to be politically aware, even serving at times as her father's secretary.[18] who married John Jay at the age of 17 and became United States First Lady (age 22) while Jay served as the President of the Continental Congress from 1778–1779. Sarah accompanied John Jay to Spain and then Paris where he, along with John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, and Henry Laurens negotiated the Treaty of Paris. She is credited with writing the celebratory Treaty of Paris dinner toast. When Sarah and John returned to New York, Jay was appointed U.S. Foreign Secretary, and her Parisian training came in handy, as she and her husband established the custom of weekly dinners for the diplomatic corps and other guests in the U.S. capital city of New York. Sarah would go on to serve in her hospitality role as the wife of the first Chief Justice of the United States and First Lady of New York.

Another descendant of William Livingston was Julia Kean, wife of United States Secretary of State and New York Governor Hamilton Fish.

Legacy

In 1747, Livingston wrote and published a long pastoral poem entitled, "Philosophic Solitude, or the Choice of a Rural Life". One of the first successful original poems written by an American colonist, it was anthologized numerous times into the 19th century. In 1754, Livingston also played a key role in founding the New York Society Library, which is still in existence over a quarter of a millennium later.

The township of Livingston, New Jersey was given its name in his honor,[19] as was Governor Livingston High School in Berkeley Heights, New Jersey.

The Livingston campus of Rutgers University New Brunswick also was given its name in his honor.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Livingston, Edwin Brockholst (1910). The Livingstons of Livingston Manor: Being the History of that Branch of the Scottish House of Callendar which Settled in the English Province of New York During the Reign of Charles the Second; and Also Including an Account of Robert Livingston of Albany, "The Nephew," a Settler in the Same Province and His Principal Descendants. New York: The Knickerbocker Press. Retrieved November 16, 2017.
  2. ↑ Dexter, Franklin Bowditch, Biographical sketches of the graduates of Yale College: with annals of the college, Holt, 1885, Volume 1, pp.503–504
  3. ↑ Dexter, p.682
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Wright, Jr., Robert K. & MacGregor Jr., Morris J. "William Livingston". Soldier-Statesmen of the Constitution. Washington, DC: United States Army Center of Military History. CMH Pub 71-25.
  5. ↑ Dexter, p. 682
  6. ↑ Lustig, Mary Lou, Privilege and Prerogative: New York's Provincial Elite, 1710–1776,Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press, 1995, p. 83
  7. ↑ McCaughey, Robert A., Stand, Columbia : a history of Columbia University in the city of New York, 1754–2004, Columbia University Press, 2003, pp. 18–19
  8. ↑ McCaughey, pp. 21–22
  9. ↑ Hamilton John C., The Life of Alexander Hamilton, D. Appleton, 1840, Volume 1, p.8; Hamilton John C., History of the Republic, D. Appleton & Company, 1857, Volume 1, p. 46
  10. ↑ "Where Did Alexander Hamilton Live While Attending Grammar School in Elizabethtown, New Jersey? – Discovering Hamilton". Discovering Hamilton. 2018-01-22. Retrieved 2018-01-30.
  11. ↑ McBurney, Christian. Abductions in the American Revolution, 2016, page 74
  12. ↑ "Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter L" (PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved July 28, 2014.
  13. 1 2 "Susannah French Livingston". womenhistoryblog.com. History of American Women. 30 January 2009. Retrieved 16 November 2017.
  14. ↑ Hoffman, Samuel Verplanck (1903). Collections of The New-York Historical Society for the Year 1902 | Publication Fund Series. New York: Printed for the Society. p. 91. Retrieved 16 November 2017.
  15. ↑ "America's Founding Fathers – Delegates to the Constitutional Convention: New Jersey". U.S. National Archives & Records Administration. Archived from the original on June 6, 2016.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Reynolds, Cuyler (1914). Genealogical and Family History of Southern New York and the Hudson River Valley: A Record of the Achievements of Her People in the Making of a Commonwealth and the Building of a Nation. Lewis Historical Publishing Company. pp. 1335–1336. Retrieved 16 November 2017.
  17. ↑ Rapelje, George (1834). A Narrative of Excursions, Voyages, and Travels, Performed at Different Periods in America, Europe, Asia, and Africa. p. 12. Retrieved 16 November 2017.
  18. ↑ About Sarah Livingston Jay. Accessed October 13, 2014.
  19. ↑ About Livingston Archived July 27, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.. Accessed March 9, 2007.
  • United States Congress. "William Livingston (id: L000374)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
  • Wikisource "Livingston, William". Encyclopædia Britannica. 16 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 813.
  • New Jersey Governor William Livingston, National Governors Association
  • "PHILOSOPHIC SOLITUDE" (1747) by William Livingston
  • William Livingston at Find a Grave – cenotaph at Trinity Churchyard
  • William Livingston at Find a Grave – Green-Wood Cemetery
  • Green-Wood Cemetery Burial Search
Political offices
Preceded by
William Franklin
Royal Governor		 Governor of New Jersey
1776–1790		 Succeeded by
Elisha Lawrence
Acting Governor
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