Timeline of Burmese history
This is a timeline of Burmese or Myanmar history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Burma and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of Burma. See also the list of Burmese leaders.
15th century BCE
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1500s BCE | Earliest evidence of copper and bronze works, rice growing, domesticating chickens and pigs in Irrawaddy valley |
5th century BCE
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 500 BCE | Iron-working settlements south of present-day Mandalay |
2nd century BCE
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 180 BCE | Beikthano city fortified by Pyu people who had entered the Irrawaddy valley from north; beginning of Pyu city-states |
1st century BCE
1st century
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 70 | Pyu city of Halin in existence |
2nd century
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 200 | The Pyu convert to Buddhism (to 400) |
7th century
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 7th century | Mon migrations to Lower Burma from Haribhunjaya and Dvaravati (present-day Thailand) (to 900) | |
| 640 | 21 March | The Pyu of Sri Ksetra Kingdom launch the Burmese calendar with the start date of 22 March 638.[note 1] |
9th century
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 832 | Pyu city-states destroyed by Nanzhao raids | |
| 849 | 23 December | Pyinbya founds Pagan (Bagan) |
10th century
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| c. 980 | Earliest evidence of Pagan walls | |
| 984 | Earliest evidence of Burmese alphabet (according to an 18th-century recast stone inscription)[1] |
11th century
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1004 | Pagan sends embassy to Song court at Bianjing | |
| 1035 | Earliest evidence of Burmese alphabet (at the Mahabodhi Temple, India)[2] | |
| 1044 | 11 August | Anawrahta ascends to Pagan throne |
| 1050s | Anawrahta founds Pagan Empire including, Thaton, near Shan States, North Arakan, Tenasserim (to 1060) | |
| 1056 | Anawrahta converted to Theravada Buddhism by Shin Arahan | |
| 1057 | 17 May | Pagan conquers Thaton Kingdom according to the Burmese chronicles |
| 1071 | Anawrahta helps restart Theravada Buddhism in Ceylon | |
| 1082–84 | Rebellion in Lower Burma by Yamankan | |
| 1084 | 21 April | Kyansittha becomes king |
| 1090 | Kyansittha builds Ananda Temple |
12th century
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1102 | Earliest inscription of the word Mranma (Myanmar) (in Mon script)[3] | |
| 1106 | Burmese embassy to Song China | |
| 1113 | Myazedi inscription, earliest evidence of a more settled Burmese script | |
| 1118 | Pagan restores Letyaminnan to north Arakanese throne | |
| 1144 | Alaungsithu builds Thatbyinnyu Temple | |
| 1170 | Affirmation of Burman leadership of Pagan: Burmese script becomes the primary script, replacing Mon and Pyu scripts | |
| 1174 | Narapatisithu founds the Royal Burmese Armed Forces, the first known standing army in Burmese history | |
| 1180 | Ceylonese raids to Bassein (Pathein) | |
| Schism develops in Burmese Buddhism; majority of monks shift to Mahavihara school | ||
| 1190 | The word Mranma first appears in Burmese[3] | |
| 1200 | Dhamaavisala Dhammathat code of law compiled | |
13th century
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1210 | Kyaukse weir built | |
| 1211 | 18 August | Sithu II dies and Htilominlo succeeds |
| 1218 | Htilominlo builds Htilominlo Temple, the last of the great temples | |
| 1235 | 19 July | Kyaswa becomes king of Pagan |
| 1256 | 6 May | Narathihapate placed on Pagan throne |
| 1273 | First mention of Mian (for Mranma) in Chinese[3] | |
| 1277 | April | The first Mongol invasion begins |
| 1279 | 17 April | Thawun Gyi and Thawun Nge found Toungoo (Taungoo) as a frontier outpost |
| 1283 | 22 September | Second Mongol campaign begins |
| 1285 | c. 11 January | Wareru seizes governorship of Martaban (Mottama) |
| 1286 | 3 March | Pagan and Mongol commands sign ceasefire agreement |
| June | Burmese embassy led by Shin Ditha Pamauk leaves for Beijing | |
| 1287 | January | The Pagan Empire acknowledges suzerainty of the Mongol Empire |
| 30 January | Wareru declares independence and founds Kingdom of Ramanya | |
| 1 July | King Narathihapate is assassinated | |
| 1289 | 30 May | Kyawswa becomes king of Pagan |
| 1293 | Wareru receives recognition as a vassal of Sukhothai | |
| 1296 | Wareru and Tarabya decisively defeat a major Pagan invasion | |
| 1297 | 20 March | Kyawswa receives recognition by the Mongol Emperor as a Mongol vassal[4] |
| 17 December | Kyawswa overthrown and Myinsaing Kingdom founded[4] | |
| 1298 | June/July | Ramanya receives recognition as a tributary of the Mongols[4] |
| 1299 | 8 May | Saw Hnit placed as Myinsaing's puppet king of Pagan |
14th century
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1301 | 15 January | Last Mongol invasion begins |
| 6 April | Mongol forces retreat from Myinsaing | |
| 1303 | 4 April | Mongols evacuate Tagaung, retreat to Yunnan[5] |
| 1307 | c. 14 January | Wareru is assassinated and Hkun Law succeeds the Martaban throne |
| 1310 | 13 April | Athinkhaya dies |
| 1311 | 10 April | Saw O becomes king of Martaban |
| 1313 | 7 February | Thihathu founds Pinya Kingdom |
| 1315 | 15 May | Sagaing secession begins |
| 1316 | 26 March | Saw Yun's completes fortification of capital Sagaing |
| 1323 | by 28 September | Saw Zein become king of Martaban |
| 1327 | 5 February | Tarabya I becomes king of Sagaing |
| 1330 | Martaban defeats Sukhothai; throws off nominal allegiance to Sukhothai | |
| 1340 | 1 September | Uzana I abdicates Pinya throne |
| 1344 | 29 March | Kyawswa I becomes undisputed ruler of Pinya |
| 1350 | 12 December | Kyawswa II becomes king of Pinya |
| 1352 | 23 February | Thihapate becomes king of Sagaing |
| 1356 | Massive Shan raids into Upper Burma begin (to 1368) | |
| 1359 | 19 March | Kyawswa II dies and Narathu succeeds Pinya throne |
| 1362 | Binnya U raises the height of the Shwedagon Pagoda to 66 feet | |
| 1364 | c. February | Byattaba seizes Martaban; Binnya U sets up camp at Donwun |
| April | Maw forces sack Sagaing | |
| May | Maw forces sack Pinya | |
| September | Thado Minbya takes over Pinya | |
| 1365 | 26 February | Thado Minbya founds Ava Kingdom |
| 1367 | 5 September | Swa Saw Ke becomes king of Ava |
| 1369 | Byattaba drives Binnya U out to Pegu (Bago) | |
| 1370 | Shan state of Kale becomes tributary of Ava | |
| 1373 | North Arakan asks for a Burmese regent | |
| 1383 | by 28 October | Princess Maha Dewi becomes regent of Hanthawaddy Pegu |
| 1384 | 4 January | Razadarit becomes king of Pegu |
| 1385 | Forty Years' War between Ava and Hanthawaddy Pegu begins | |
| 1389 | Razadarit consolidates all three Mon-speaking regions in Lower Burma | |
| 1400 | April | Tarabya becomes king of Ava |
| 25 November | Minkhaung I becomes king of Ava |
15th century
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1406 | Arakan vassal to Ava or Hanthawaddy Pegu (To Ava: 1406–1407, 1412–1413; To Pegu 1407–1412; 1413–1422/(1430?) (to 1430) | |
| Ava conquers Shan States of Mohnyin, Mogaung, Hsipaw | ||
| 1415 | 13 March | Minye Kyawswa killed in action |
| 1430 | 16 November | Min Saw Mon founds city of Mrauk-U[6] |
| 1437 | Mrauk-U conquers Thandwe, unifying the entire Arakan coast for the first time | |
| 1459 | Mrauk-U conquers Chittagong | |
| 1446 | Chinese invade Upper Burma, demanding surrender of a runaway Shan chief. His dead body was given up. Chinese records say events occurred in 1448–1449 | |
| 1450 | Binnya Kyan increases the height of the Shwedagon Pagoda to 302 feet | |
| Rise of early Burmese vernacular literature | ||
| 1480 | Multiple rebellions by its vassals against Ava's rule. Prome, Yamethin and Mohnyin break away (to 1490) | |
| 1482 | Thado Minsaw successfully breaks away from Ava, founds Prome Kingdom | |
| 1485 | Mingyi Nyo becomes ruler of Toungoo; stays loyal to Ava |
16th century
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1501 | 7 April | Narapati II becomes king of Ava |
| 1502 | Ava cedes Kyaukse to Toungoo to buy its loyalty, and cedes Shwebo District to Mohnyin | |
| 1510 | 16 October | Toungoo declares independence from Ava |
| 1527 | 13 March | Confederation of Shan States conquers Ava, and installs Thohanbwa as vassal king |
| 1530 | 24 November | Tabinshwehti becomes king of Toungoo |
| 1534 | c. November | Toungoo–Hanthawaddy War (1534–41) begins |
| 1538 | c. November | Toungoo forces capture Pegu; Toungoo–Ava War (1538–45) begins |
| 1539 | c. March 31 | Pegu made capital of Toungoo Kingdom |
| 1541 | May | Toungoo forces capture Martaban |
| 1545 | 12 October | Toungoo forces invades Arakan |
| 1547 | 30 January | Min Bin and Tabinshwehti agree to a truce |
| 1547 | November | First Burmese invasion of Siam begins |
| 1549 | February | Burmese and Siamese commands agree to a truce |
| 1550 | 30 April | Tabinshwehti is assassinated |
| 1551 | 11 January | Bayinnaung takes Toungoo |
| 1555 | 22 January | Bayinnaung captures Ava, and annexes Upper Burma |
| 1557 | January–March | Bayinnaung annexes cis-Salween Shan States; abolishes animal sacrifice at Popa Hill and human sacrifice at Shan Hills |
| 1558 | 2 April | Bayinnaung annexes Lan Na |
| 1563 | April | Bayinnaung captures farther Shan States (Kengtung and Chinese Shan states) |
| 1564 | 18 February | Siam becomes Burmese vassal following the Burmese–Siamese War (1563–64) |
| 1565 | 2 January | Burmese forces capture Vientiane, capital of Lan Xang |
| 1568 | 12 May | Pegu learns of Siamese rebellion |
| 1569 | 2 August | Burmese–Siamese War (1568–69) restores Burmese rule in Siam |
| 1574 | 6 December | Burmese forces capture Vientiane |
| 1581 | 10 October | Bayinnaung dies, and his eldest son Nanda succeeds |
| 1584 | 3 May | Siam declares independence |
| 1584–95 | Repeated Burmese invasions fail to reconquer Siam. Siam regains Tenasserim coast up to Mawlamyaing | |
| 1597 | All regions of the kingdom now in revolt | |
| 1599 | Fall of First Toungoo Empire after Pegu sacked by the Arakanese and Toungoo (city) forces. Siam captures the entire Tenasserim coast to Martaban. Arakanese capture delta ports; appoint Portuguese mercenary de Brito governor of Syriam | |
| Siamese invasions take Martaban (1600) and Lan Na (1602) (to 1605) | ||
| 1600 | Nyaungyan restores central rule to Upper Burma and Shan States (to 1606) |
17th century
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1603 | De Brito at Syriam declares independence from Arakan, repels Arakanese attacks (to 1605) | |
| 1609 | Portuguese mercenary Tibao captures Sandwip in East Bengal, northernmost Arakanese territory | |
| 1613 | 29 March | Anaukpetlun captures Portuguese Syriam |
| 1614 | December | Anaukpetlun recaptures the Tenasserim coast down to Tavoy, and all of Lan Na |
| 1617 | Min Khamaung recovers Sandwip. Beginning of Arakanese raids on Dakha | |
| 1619 | English East India Company sends a representative to Pegu | |
| 1625 | Arakanese sack Dakha | |
| 1627 | English and Dutch East India companies open branches in Burma | |
| 1635 | Capital moved to Ava from Pegu | |
| 1638 | Thalun's revenue inquest | |
| 1660 | Arakanese use coined currency | |
| 1658 | Yongli Emperor of Ming China given refuge at Sagaing | |
| 1659–1661 | Renegade Ming forces occupy near Shan states and attack Ava | |
| 1662 | 15 January | Surrender of the Yongli Emperor to Qing forces |
| Siamese invasion of Lan Na and Tenasserim repelled (to 1664) | ||
| 1666 | January | Mogul Empire defeats Arakan and captures Chittagong Province |
| 1677 | English and Dutch East India companies close branches in Burma | |
| 1683 | Dutch East India Company closes its branch in Arakan | |
| 1688 | French East India Company opens a branch in Syriam | |
18th century
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1709 | English open a branch in Syriam | |
| 1724 | Meiteis raid Upper Burma (to 1749) | |
| 1727 | October | Lan Na revolts; defeats Ava's attacks (1727–1728) and (1731–1732) |
| 1735 | China annexes northern Shan States (present-day Kachin State, northern Shan State, and trans-Salween Shan State) | |
| 1740 | 29 November | The Mon of Lower Burma break away, found Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom |
| Restored Hanthawaddy gradually pushes upcountry and captures Ava, ending the Tougnoo Dynasty. The Siamese move up their control up the Tenasserim coast, taking Tavoy and then Martaban by 1751 (to March 1752) | ||
| 1752 | 29 February | Alaungpaya founds the Konbaung Dynasty |
| 23 March | Toungoo Dynasty falls | |
| 20 April | Konbaung-Hanthawaddy War begins | |
| 1753 | 26 April | English seize Negrais |
| 1755 | 5 May | Alaungpaya captures Dagon, having conquered the Irrawaddy delta in April |
| 1756 | 25 July | Alaungpaya captures French-defended Syriam. |
| Alaungpaya sends a punitive expedition to Manipur | ||
| 1757 | 6 May | Pegu captured; end of Restored Hanthawaddy |
| 1758 | November | Konbaung armies overrun Manipur, reassert Burmese authority in northern Shan States which had been annexed by the Chinese in the 1730s (to 1759) |
| 1759 | 6 October | English driven out at Negrais |
| 1760 | May | Burmese invasion of Siam falls short; regains the Tenasserim coast to Tavoy |
| 1763 | January | Lanna rebellion put down |
| 1765 | January–March | Burmese armies capture Laotian states of Luang Prabang and Vientiane |
| March | Hsinbyushin puts down a rebellion in Manipur | |
| 23 July | Capital moved to Ava | |
| 23 August | Start of Burmese–Siamese War (1765–67) | |
| December | Start of Chinese invasions (1765–69) of Burma | |
| 1767 | 7 April | Burmese armies sack Ayutthaya; end of Ayutthaya Kingdom |
| 1768 | January–March | Burmese armies withdrawn from Siam and redeployed to the Chinese front. Burmese defenses against the Chinese invasions held. Siam recaptures all of its territories (except Tenasserim) (to 1770) |
| 1769 | 22 December | End of Sino-Burmese War |
| 1770 | January | Rebellion in Manipur put down |
| 1775 | 15 January | Lan Na (Chiang Mai) revolts, seeks and receives Siamese help. |
| April | Hsinbyushin raises the Shwedagon Pagoda to its present height | |
| November | Another Burmese invasion of Siam fails; Southern Lan Na becomes Siamese vassal (to 1776) | |
| 1778 | December | Laotian states (Luang Prabang and Vientiane) stop paying tribute, switch sides to Siam |
| 1783 | 13 May | Capital moved to Amarapura |
| 1785 | 2 January | Konbaung armies capture Mrauk U, ending five centuries of Arakanese independence |
| Bodawpaya's invasion of Siam fails; Lan Na now firmly in Siamese camp (to 1786) | ||
| 1787 | Defeats Siamese invasion of Tenasserim | |
| 1790 | Resumes diplomatic relationship with China | |
| 1792 | Defeats another Siamese invasion of Tenasserim | |
| 1797 | Burmese invasion of Lan Na and Luang Prabang fails |
19th century
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1802 | Ceylonese monks seek ordination at Amarapura | |
| 1803 | Siamese invasion of Kengtung fails (to 1804) | |
| 1809 | Burmese invasion of Junkceylon (Phuket) fails (to 1812) | |
| 1814 | February | Burma annexes Manipur |
| 1817 | Assam becomes tributary to Burma | |
| 1819 | Burmese put down rebellions in Assam and Manipur | |
| 1822 | 3 June | Burmese put down another rebellion in Assam, and make it a Burmese province |
| 1824 | 5 March | Start of First Anglo-Burmese War |
| 1826 | 24 February | End of First Anglo-Burmese War; Burma cedes Arakan, Assam, Manipur and Tenasserim |
| 1849 | Defeats Siamese invasion of Kengtung (to 1855) | |
| 1852 | Second Anglo-Burmese War; British seize Lower Burma | |
| 1853 | British expand Rangoon (modern-day downtown Yangon) | |
| 1859 | 23 May | Mindon moves capital to newly founded city of Mandalay |
| 1866 | Head of reform movement, Crown Prince Kanaung is assassinated. | |
| 1871 | Fifth Buddhist council convenes | |
| 1875 | March | Mindon cedes Karenni States to the British to avoid annexation |
| 1878 | Rangoon College founded | |
| 1885 | 29 November | Third Anglo-Burmese War; end of Burmese monarchy |
| 1886 | British "pacification" of Burma (to 1896) | |
| 1 January | Burma is proclaimed a British colony. February: Burma is proclaimed a province of British India |
20th century
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1920 | First Rangoon University strike | |
| 1921 | The Dyarchy reforms begin | |
| 1930 | Nationalist and leftist Dobama Asiayone founded | |
| Peasants' rebellion (to 1932) | ||
| 1936 | Second Rangoon University strike | |
| 1937 | Burma is separated from British India and becomes a separate colony | |
| 1938 | Third Rangoon University strike and nationwide strikes | |
| 1941 | Burma Independence Army formed with Japanese help | |
| 1942 | Japanese occupation of Burma. Thai occupation of Kengtung (to 1945) | |
| 1945 | Return of British rule | |
| 1947 | 12 February | Panglong Agreement signed by Shan, Kachin, Chin and Burman leaders to gain independence from the British[7] |
| 19 July | Aung San and most of his cabinet assassinated. U Nu and his AFPFL party prepare to take power from the British by finishing Burma’s first constitution[8] | |
| 24 September | 1947 Constitution guarantees the Federated Shan States (later Shan and Kayah states), Kachin State, and Karen State, the right to secede after a period of ten years after independence | |
| 1948 | 4 January | Burma gains independence from the United Kingdom with U Nu as Prime Minister[9] |
| 1949 | Insurgencies begin | |
| 1950 | Burmese Army repels Nationalist Chinese invasion of Shan State (to 1961) | |
| 1958 | Caretaker government, led by army Chief of Staff General Ne Win, formed following a split in the ruling AFPFL party. (Caretaker Gov. rule till 1960) | |
| 1960 | U Nu's party faction wins decisive victory in 1960 elections, but his promotion of Buddhism as the state religion and his tolerance of separatism angers the military. | |
| 1961 | U Thant becomes 3rd Secretary-General of the United Nations. Yangon hosts Second Southeast Asian Peninsular Games | |
| 1962 | 2 March | Democratically elected government of U Nu is overthrown by Ne Win, who abolishes the federal system and inaugurates "the Burmese Way to Socialism" – nationalising the economy, forming a single-party state with the BSPP as the sole political party, and banning independent newspapers |
| 7 July | Government guns down student protesters | |
| 1969 | Yangon hosts Fifth Southeast Asian Peninsular Games | |
| 1974 | Ne Win proclaims a new constitution. Chin Special Division becomes Chin State; Mon State is created out of Tenasserim Division. Government guns down student protesters following U Thant's death | |
| 1985 | Repeated demonetization of higher denomination kyat notes; Intensification of economic hardship on general populace (to 1987) | |
| 1988 | Nationwide uprising brings down Ne Win's government. Military crushes protests, forms a ruling junta, promises elections | |
| 1989 | Junta changes the English spellings of geographic names, including the country's name (to Myanmar) | |
| 1990 | National League for Democracy wins 82% of the seats in the general election. Junta refuses to hand over power, jails NLD leader Aung San Suu Kyi | |
| Western nations and Japan begin economic sanctions against Myanmar | ||
| 1991 | Aung San Suu Kyi is awarded the Nobel Peace Prize | |
| 1997 | Myanmar is admitted to ASEAN |
21st century
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 2003 | February | A major bank run in private banking occurs |
| 2005 | 7 May | Bombings kill 11 people and injured 162 |
| 6 November | Junta moves the capital to Naypyidaw | |
| 2007 | Junta suppresses anti-government protests, killing scores of protesters, including Buddhist monks | |
| 2008 | 2008 Constitution reserves 25% of the seats in a bicameral Hluttaw to the military. | |
| 2 May | Cyclone Nargis kills nearly 140,000 people and devastates the Irrawaddy delta | |
| 2009 | 27–30 August | 1st Kokang incident occurs |
| 2010 | 15 April | Bombings kill 10 people and injured 178 |
| 21 October | Government changes country's flag and its official name is adopted as "Republic of the Union of Myanmar"[7] | |
| November | The 2010 general election gives the victory to military-backed USDP[7] | |
| November | Aung San Suu Kyi is released from house arrest[7] | |
| 2011 | 31 January | The first session of Pyidaungsu Hluttaw (parliament) convenes |
| 24 March | An earthquake occurs in Shan State | |
| 30 March | Thein Sein becomes President of Burma | |
| Reforms in Burma begins | ||
| 2012 | Economic sanctions imposed by the European Union and the United States are eased | |
| 13 January | Prominent political prisoners including Min Ko Naing are released | |
| 1 April | National League for Democracy wins in by-elections | |
| 2 May | Aung San Suu Kyi becomes a lawmaker | |
| June–October | Rakhine State riots occurs | |
| 9 November | A train crash kills at least 27 people and injured 80 | |
| November | Government suppresses copper mine protests | |
| 2013 | March–October | Tensions between Buddhist and Muslim flare into violent clashes in various cities |
| 11–17 October | Bombings kill 3 people and injured 10 | |
| 11–22 December | 27th Southeast Asian Games takes place | |
| 2014 | 14–20 January | 7th ASEAN Para Games takes place |
| March–April | A nationwide census takes place (Total population 51,486,253) | |
| 12–13 November | Ninth East Asia Summit takes place | |
| 2015 | February–June | 2nd Kokang incident occurs |
| March | Government suppresses education law protests | |
| July–September | Severe flooding occur | |
| 10 November | The 2015 general election gives the victory to NLD | |
| 22 November | A major landslide kills at least 116 people | |
| 2016 | 1 February | The second session of Pyithu Hluttaw (lower house) convenes |
| 3 February | The second session of Amyotha Hluttaw (upper house) convenes | |
| 8 February | The second session of Assembly of the Union (Union Parliament) convenes | |
| 8 February | The second session of State and Region Hluttaws (regional parliaments) convenes | |
| 30 March | Htin Kyaw becomes President of Myanmar | |
| 6 April | Aung San Suu Kyi becomes State Counsellor of Myanmar (de facto prime minister) |
See also
Notes
- ↑ (Maha Yazawin Vol. 1 2006: 143): The calendar was reset in year 640 CE. The starting epochal date of the Burmese calendar was 22 March 638. Year 2 of the Burmese calendar began on 21 March 640 per (Eade 1989: 39).
References
Bibliography
- Aung-Thwin, Michael (2005). The mists of Rāmañña: The Legend that was Lower Burma (illustrated ed.). Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 9780824828868.
- Charney, Michael W. (2006). Powerful Learning: Buddhist Literati and the Throne in Burma's Last Dynasty, 1752–1885. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan.
- Hall, D.G.E. (1960). Burma (3rd ed.). Hutchinson University Library. ISBN 978-1-4067-3503-1.
- Harvey, G. E. (1925). History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd.
- Htin Aung, Maung (1967). A History of Burma. New York and London: Cambridge University Press.
- Kala, U (1720). Maha Yazawin Gyi (in Burmese). 1–3 (2006, 4th printing ed.). Yangon: Ya-Pyei Publishing.
- Kyaw Thet (1962). History of Burma (in Burmese). Yangon: Yangon University Press.
- Myat Soe, ed. (1964). Myanma Swezon Kyan (in Burmese). 9 (1 ed.). Yangon: Sarpay Beikman.
- Myint-U, Thant (2006). The River of Lost Footsteps—Histories of Burma. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 978-0-374-16342-6.
- Pan Hla, Nai (1968). Razadarit Ayedawbon (in Burmese) (8th printing, 2004 ed.). Yangon: Armanthit Sarpay.
- Royal Historical Commission of Burma (1832). Hmannan Yazawin (in Burmese). 1–3 (2003 ed.). Yangon: Ministry of Information, Myanmar.
- Than Tun (December 1959). "History of Burma: A.D. 1300–1400". Journal of Burma Research Society. XLII (II).
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