LATAM Brasil

LATAM Airlines Brasil
IATA ICAO Callsign
JJ TAM TAM
Founded November 11, 1975
(as TAM – Transportes Aéreos Regionais S/A)
May 15, 1990 (as TAM Airlines)
May 4, 2016 (as LATAM Airlines)
Commenced operations July 12, 1976
Hubs
Focus cities
Frequent-flyer program LATAM Pass
Alliance Oneworld[1]
Subsidiaries LATAM Cargo Brasil
LATAM Paraguay
Fleet size 147 (287 LATAM Group)
Destinations 109
Company slogan

Juntos, mais longe. (Portuguese)

Together, further. (English)
Parent company LATAM Airlines Group
Headquarters São Paulo, Brazil
Key people Jerome Cadier (CEO)
Revenue Increase US10.7 billion (2017)
Net income Increase US$109.4 million (2017)
Website www.latam.com

LATAM Airlines Brasil, formerly TAM Airlines[2] (Portuguese: TAM Linhas Aéreas[3]), is the Brazilian brand of LATAM Airlines Group. The merger of TAM with LAN Airlines was completed on June 22, 2012.[4] According to the National Civil Aviation Agency of Brazil (ANAC), between January and December 2017, LATAM had 32.6% of the domestic, and 74.9% of the international market share in terms of passenger-kilometers flown,[5] making it the second largest domestic and largest international airline in Brazil.

Before the takeover, TAM was Brazil's and Latin America's largest airline.[6][7] Its headquarters are in São Paulo,[8] operating scheduled services to destinations within Brazil, as well as international flights to Europe and other parts of North and South America. Shares in the company were traded on the São Paulo Exchange (BM&F Bovespa) and New York Stock Exchange as "TAM".[9] Prior to the merger with LAN, the company closed its capital, transferring its shares to LATAM Airlines Group. However, in August 2015, it was announced that the two airlines would fully rebrand as LATAM, with one livery to be applied on all aircraft by 2018.[10][11] The airline withdrew from the Star Alliance, and joined Oneworld, effective 31 March 2014.[1]

History

The Origins: TAM – Táxi Aéreo Marília

TAM – Táxi Aéreo Marília and TAM – Transportes Aéreos Regionais were two different entities, although both belonged to the TAM Group. TAM – Marília, an air taxi company founded in 1961 at the city of Marília, provided the start-up infrastructure for TAM – Regionais.

TAM – Transportes Aéreos Regionais (KK)

On November 11, 1975, the Government of Brazil created the Brazilian Integrated System of Regional Air Transportation and divided the country in five different regions, for which five newly created regional airlines received a concession to operate air services. Founded by Rolim Adolfo Amaro[12] TAM – Transportes Aéreos Regionais S/A was the third of those regional airlines to be made operational. Its services started on July 12, 1976, and its operational area comprised parts of the Southeast and Central West regions of Brazil, specifically the states of Mato Grosso do Sul, and parts of Mato Grosso, and São Paulo plus the possibility of serving the cities of Cuiabá, Rio de Janeiro, Londrina, Maringá and Brasília when linking them to its area of concession.[13]

TAM – Linhas Aéreas Regionais was formed as a joint-venture between TAM – Táxi Aéreo Marília and VASP, the latter of which was then a state-owned airline. The airline received the IATA code KK[14] on October 13, 1999. The new airline flew Embraer EMB 110 Bandeirantes at first, but these proved grossly inadequate for the task at hand, and even at full capacity needed to be subsidized by the government in order to be profitable.

TAM went on to purchase three used Fokker F27 turboprops, which were subsequently refurbished by Fokker in the Netherlands. In order to obtain the import authorization for the aircraft, a deal was struck with the government in which TAM was forced to maintain 3 Bandeirantes for every F27, as well as removing 5 seats from each one, bringing the F27's capacity down to 40 passengers. A fourth F27, previously owned by Air New Zealand, was added to the TAM fleet in 1981. By 1983, TAM had acquired 10 F27s. By 1981, TAM had flown one million passengers, and two million by 1984.

TAM (KK) joint operations with TAM (JJ)

The headquarters of TAM
Former TAM logo

In August 1986, the company, under financial stress, went public and began floating stock in the market. The same year, TAM – Transportes Aéreos Regionais (KK) acquired another regional airline, VOTEC, which operated in areas of northern and central Brazil. VOTEC was then renamed Brasil Central Linhas Aéreas. TAM and Brasil Central were both regional airlines and operated in different designated areas. They however operated as a consortium with integrated networks and fleet, with the most notable differences being the flight number IATA codes (whereas TAM had the IATA code KK, Brasil Central operated with the code JJ inherited from VOTEC), the different color schemes of the aircraft, and their designated areas of operation. In 1988, TAM flew its 3 millionth passenger.

On May 15, 1990, the Brazilian Government lifted restrictions on operational areas of regional airlines allowing them to fly anywhere in Brazil. As a consequence, Brasil Central was renamed TAM – Transportes Aéreos Meridionais, acquired the same color scheme of TAM (KK) but maintained the IATA code JJ.

In 2000 TAM (KK) was merged into TAM (JJ) and TAM (JJ) was renamed TAM Transportes Aéreos. The code JJ was maintained and the code KK was released back to IATA. It is now used by AtlasGlobal.

Despite TAM's success in the market, it was evident the airline would not last long when competing against airlines such as Varig and VASP, both of which already possessed Boeing 737s in their fleet. Amaro then tried to buy VASP, which was about to be privatized, and called the project "Revolution". Having lost the bid, he opted for slower growth with a gradual addition of new aircraft, re-dubbed "Evolution".

Consolidation of Services

On September 15, 1989, TAM arranged for the acquisition of two Fokker 100 jets. Like the F27s before them, TAM did not actually purchase these aircraft, but used Amaro's credibility to arrange for a third-party asset management company, Guinness Peat Aviation to purchase them and subsequently lease them back to TAM. Two more were added in 1991. In 1992, TAM carried its eight millionth passenger. By 1993, through the use of the Fokker 100 fleet, which now numbered at 14, TAM was serving 56 cities in Brazil.

In 1996 TAM bought another airline, Helisul Linhas Aéreas, which used the trade name of TAM. In 1997, TAM ordered its first large jets; the airline ordered 45 planes from Airbus, including 10 A330s, 4 A319s, and 34 A320s. In 1997, the Airbuses began to be delivered and the airline flew its first international service, from São Paulo to Miami International Airport. In 1998 TAM purchased the passenger division of Itapemirim Transportes Aéreos.

Two years later, in 1999, services to Europe were inaugurated through a code share service with Air France, to Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport. In 2000, the airline was renamed TAM Linhas Aéreas in Portuguese. Long running discussions to merge with Varig ended in 2004. In 2008, TAM transported 30,144,000 passengers, with an average load factor of 71%.[15] As of 2010, the airline is owned by the Amaro family (46.25%), Amaro Aviation Part (3.52%), treasury stocks (0.27%) and minority shareholders (49.96%). It employs 24,000 staff.[15] On May 13, 2010, TAM became the 27th member of Star Alliance.[16] David Barioni served as the airline's president from 2007 to 2009.[17][18]

In 2009 TAM decided to replace its Passenger Service System provided by Sabre, known as Sabresonic, with the Altéa platform from Amadeus.[19] The migration to Altéa was completed in the first quarter of 2010.[20]

On March 30, 2011, TAM signed a letter of intentions to purchase up to 31% of the shares of TRIP Linhas Aéreas, a regional airline which code-shares with TAM since 2004.[21] A final decision had however been postponed,[22] and finally in February 2012 the purchase agreement was not renewed. On May 28, 2012, TRIP was sold to Azul Brazilian Airlines.[23] Code-sharing operations ended on March 28, 2013.[24]

On December 21, 2009, TAM Airlines purchased Pantanal Linhas Aéreas. At that time TAM decided to maintain Pantanal as a separate airline within the TAM Group integrated into the network of TAM.[25] Starting August 1, 2011 Pantanal operated flights on behalf of TAM, all with origin and destination at São-Paulo-Congonhas Airport. On March 26, 2013 Brazilian authorities approved the incorporation of all Pantanal assets by TAM and Pantanal ceased to exist.[26] The incorporation process was completed on August 23, 2013.[27]

In January 2013, the Jet Airliner Crash Data Evaluation Centre (JACDEC) determined that TAM Airlines had the second worst safety record in the world. The ratings take into account the number and deadliness of the hull losses (destroyed airplanes) they have suffered in the past 30 years, how they have fared more recently, and how many flights they have flown without incident. The results do not take into account the cause of the hull losses, or whether the airline is at fault, so they are not a perfect measure of how safely an airline behaves.[28]

The creation of LATAM Airlines Group

The last logo of TAM before merger with LAN Airlines

On August 13, 2010, TAM signed a non-binding agreement with Chilean airline LAN Airlines to merge and create LATAM Airlines Group.[29] This was changed into a binding agreement on January 19, 2011.[30] Latam agreement was approved with 11 restrictions by Chilean authorities on September 21, 2011. These included transferring 4 slots at São Paulo-Guarulhos to competitors interested in operating flights to Santiago de Chile, renouncing membership to either Oneworld or Star Alliance, restricting increase capacity on flights between Brazil and Chile, and opening code-share possibilities and fidelity program membership to interested competitors.[31] On December 14, 2011, Brazilian authorities approved the agreement imposing similar restrictions as Chilean authorities. By August 2012 LATAM made a decision in favor of Oneworld and frequencies between São Paulo and Santiago de Chile were reduced: TAM had two pairs of slots while LAN had four. LAN ceded two pairs to competitors interested in using them which later was known to be Sky Airline.[32] The merger was completed on June 22, 2012.[4] As of May 5, 2016 TAM adopted the name LATAM.[33]

Subsidiary: LATAM Paraguay

In 1994 TAM Airlines established a small subsidiary airline in Paraguay called ARPA - Aerolíneas Paraguayas with a fleet consisting mostly of Cessna 208 Caravan aircraft, formerly operated by TAM. On September 1, 1996, TAM via ARPA, purchased 80% of the shares of the former state-owned LAP – Líneas Aéreas Paraguayas and merged it with ARPA. The new airline was named TAM – Transportes Aéreos del Mercosur and maintained the IATA code of LAP, PZ. Today TAM owns 94.98% and the Paraguayan government 5.02% of the shares.

In 2008, following a branding strategy, the name TAM Mercosur was dropped and the airline adopted an identical corporate identity of TAM Airlines. However, its corporate structure remained the same.[34] This airline is today informally known as TAM Paraguay, and uses the IATA code PZ. In 2016 the airline was rebranded to LATAM Paraguay, at the same time as all other airlines of LATAM group.

Destinations

The network of LATAM Brasil and LATAM Paraguay covers Brazil, Paraguay, Europe, Africa, and North and South America.

Codeshare agreements

LATAM Brasil codeshares with the following airlines:[35]

Fleet

On June 16, 2005, TAM purchased 20 additional Airbus A320 family aircraft (including the A319, A320 and A321), with an additional 20 options. These are expected to be delivered between late 2007 and 2010, adding to the already scheduled delivery of 6 A320s between 2006 and 2008. At the same time, the company signed a memorandum of understanding with Airbus stating its intent to buy 10 of the new Airbus A350-900 plus 5 options, with deliveries planned due to commence at the end of 2014. However, LATAM received its first A350 in early 2016.[36]

TAM has also signed a firm contract with Airbus to acquire 37 additional aircraft. The order comprises twelve A319s, 16 A320s, three A321s and three A330s and includes twelve unspecified extra options. This would bring the number of aircraft in TAM's fleet acquired directly from Airbus to 115 aircraft.[37] The commitments are separate from deals in earlier years for 29 firm-ordered A320s and 20 options. The deliveries were concluded by 2010. In 2013, TAM announced that it would phased out 3 of the oldest Boeing 767 it operates; however, it later changed plans and decided to keep the aircraft, adding some more aircraft from LAN Airlines instead. They replaced the A330-200s. TAM also received the first aircraft of the A320 family with Sharklets in April 2013.

Fleet maintenance is partially conducted at the technology center at São Carlos Airport.[38][39]

Current fleet

LATAM Brasil Airbus A320neo
LATAM Brasil Airbus A350-900
LATAM Brasil Boeing 777-300ER still in TAM Brasil livery

The LATAM fleet consists of 287 aircraft (as of September 2018):[40]

LATAM Brasil Fleet
Aircraft In Service Orders Passengers Notes
C Y Total
Airbus A319-100 22 — — 144 144 PT-TMD is painted in a "Rio 450" livery
Airbus A320-200 62 14 12 144 156 4 leased to LATAM Paraguay
— 174 174
Airbus A320neo — 20 — 174 Are operating in LATAM Chile
Airbus A321-200 31 – — 220 220
Airbus A321neo – 19 TBA
Airbus A350-900 8 5 30 309 339 A350 launch customer in the Americas
Airbus A350-1000 — 14 TBA
Boeing 767-300ER 14 — 30 191 221 PT-MOC are painted in Oneworld livery
Boeing 777-300ER 10 — 56 323 379
Total 149 62

Retired fleet

LATAM Airlines Retired Fleet[41]
Aircraft Total Introduced Retired
Airbus A330-200 20 1998 2016
Airbus A340-500 2 2007 2011
Cessna 208B Grand Caravan[42] Unknown 1999 Unknown
Embraer EMB 110 Bandeirante 14 1976 1996
Fokker F27 10 1980 2000
Fokker 50 9 1990 2001
Fokker 100 53 1991 2008
McDonnell Douglas MD-11 3 2007 2009
Piper PA-31-350 Navajo[43] Unknown 1976 Unknown

LATAM Fidelidade

LATAM Fidelidade (LATAM Loyalty) is the frequent flyer program of LATAM Brasil. Program points can be redeemed for tickets on airlines of the LATAM group Oneworld and other selected partners. It is divided into the following categories and percentages of mileage accrual:[44]

Card Type Oneworld Status Points Needed / Year Economy class Business class First class
LATAM (former WHITE)——100%150%200%
GOLD (former BLUE)Ruby10,000100% + 25%150% + 25%200% + 25%
PLATINUM (former RED)Sapphire40,000100% + 75%150% + 75%200% + 75%
BLACK (former RED PLUS)Emerald100,000100% + 100%150% + 100%200% + 100%
BLACK SIGNATURE (former BLACK)Emerald150,000100% + 100%150% + 100%200% + 100%

Incidents and accidents

This building across the street from Congonhas-São Paulo Airport and the fuel station seen to the left of it were completely destroyed in 2007 following an accident. The building used to host offices and a warehouse for the TAM Express service (now LATAM Cargo Brasil). A memorial garden and monument now stand at the site.
  • On February 8, 1979, an Embraer EMB 110 Bandeirante registration PT-SBB operating a flight from Bauru to São Paulo-Congonhas, while on initial climb from Bauru, struck trees and crashed into flames. All 2 crew and 16 passengers died.[45][46]
  • On October 7, 1983, an Embraer EMB 110C Bandeirante registration PP-SBH flying from Campo Grande and Urubupungá to Araçatuba struck the ground just short of the runway threshold after missing the approach at Araçatuba Airport twice. Seven crew and passengers died.[47][48]
  • On June 28, 1984, an Embraer EMB 110C Bandeirante registration PP-SBC operating a chartered flight by Petrobras from Rio de Janeiro-Galeão to Macaé flew into São João Hill while descending through rain and clouds over the Municipality of São Pedro da Aldeia. All 16 passengers and 2 crew died. The passengers were journalists of well-known Brazilian networks who were preparing a special report about the Campos Basin oil fields.[49][50]
  • On February 12, 1990: a Fokker F27 registration PT-LCG operating a flight from São Paulo-Congonhas to Bauru, due to faulty approach procedures touched down at Bauru 775 m past the runway threshold. The pilot was unable to initiate a go-around procedure and went past the end of the runway, hitting a car that was passing on a road nearby. One crew member and two occupants of the car died.[51]
  • On October 31, 1996, a Fokker 100 registration PT-MRK and operating as Flight 402 from São Paulo-Congonhas to Rio de Janeiro-Santos Dumont crashed into an urban area during takeoff procedures and after engine no. 2 suffering at least three uncommanded reverse thrust deployments and thus losing power, stalled, rolled to the right and struck two buildings. All 95 passengers and crew on board and 4 people on the ground died.[52][53]
  • On July 9, 1997, a Fokker 100 registration PT-WHK operating flight 283 en route from São José dos Campos to São Paulo-Congonhas. The aircraft was climbing after take-off from São José dos Campos when a bomb exploded in the rear part of the passenger cabin. The uncontrolled decompression blew one passenger out of the aircraft. The aircraft made a successful emergency landing in São Paulo, despite the hole in the fuselage. The aircraft was repaired and returned to service.[54]
  • On September 15, 2001, a Fokker 100 registration PT-MRN operating the charter flight 9755, flying from Recife to São Paulo-Congonhas via Campinas-Viracopos, following an uncontrolled engine failure en route to Campinas had 3 cabin windows shattered by fragments of the engine and made an emergency landing at Belo Horizonte-Confins. One passenger was sucked out partly and held by another passenger until the aircraft landed. The passenger did not survive.[55][56]
  • On July 17, 2007, an Airbus A320 registration PR-MBK operating flight 3054 from Porto Alegre to São Paulo-Congonhas overran the runway while landing at Congonhas, crossed a major thoroughfare and impacted against a TAM Express warehouse. All 187 passengers and crew perished, as did 12 people on the ground.[57]
  • On September 28, 2018, an empty Airbus A320 registration PT-MZJ of more than 18 years old, got off the pusher truck during towing at the São Paulo-Congonhas and the rear hit a palm and other Trees. The palm crushed the right rear wing.[58]

Sister companies

  • TAM Cargo provides cargo services.[59]
  • Multiplus Fidelidade is the customer loyalty network.[59] On November 8, 2011, Multiplus and the Canadian company Aimia, administrator of Aeroplan, the loyalty program of Air Canada, established a joint-venture to create in Brazil a third company that would administer loyalty schemes of other companies.[60]
  • TAM Aviação Executiva provides air services for business executives.[59]
  • TAM Viagens provides vacation package services for Brazilians,[59] while TAM Vacations provides vacation package services for Americans.[61][62]
  • Cine TAM: a cinema in São Paulo owned by the airline.
  • TAM Museum: a museum of vintage aircraft located in São Carlos and maintained by TAM Group.[59]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Young, Kathryn M. (2013-10-01). "LAN Colombia joins oneworld; TAM to join March 31, 2014 | Finance & Data content from". ATWOnline. Retrieved 2014-02-02.
  2. ↑ TAM Airlines Archived 2008-09-24 at the Wayback Machine.. Retrieved February 2, 2009.
  3. ↑ "Resumo Historico do Grupo TAM". Retrieved 26 January 2012. (in Portuguese)
  4. 1 2 "Chile's LAN Airlines completes takeover of rival TAM". Reuters. June 22, 2012.
  5. ↑ "Demanda e oferta do transporte aéreo" (in Portuguese). Agência Nacional de Aviação Civil (ANAC). 14 February 2018. Retrieved 11 April 2018.
  6. ↑ "AméricaEconomía - Ránking las 500 mayores empresas de América latina". rankings.americaeconomia.com. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
  7. ↑ "Press release" (PDF) (Press release). TAM. February 21, 2008.
  8. ↑ Contact Us TAM Airlines. Retrieved September 21, 2009.
  9. ↑ TAM S.A., Joins NYSE Group, Inc. as 3rd Latin American IPO for 2006 Archived May 24, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.
  10. ↑ "LAN and TAM to operate as LATAM with a new livery" retrieved 9 August 2015
  11. ↑ "LATAM's entire fleet to have new livery by 2018" retrieved 9 August 2015
  12. ↑ Guaracy, Thales (2003). O sonho brasileiro: como Rolim Adolfo Amarou criou a TAM e sua filosofia de negócios (in Portuguese). Girafa. p. 480. ISBN 85-89876-02-0.
  13. ↑ Garófalo, Gílson de Lima (1982). O Mercado Brasileiro de Transporte Aéreo Regional (in Portuguese). São Paulo: Instituto de Pesquisas Econômicas. pp. 103–107, 122–125.
  14. ↑ "TAM". 13 October 1999. Archived from the original on 13 October 1999. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
  15. 1 2 Airways magazine, Fast Facts - TAM Linhas Aereas, February 2010, p. 25
  16. ↑ "TAM Airlines joins Star Alliance". Star Alliance. 13 May 2010. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 28 August 2010.
  17. ↑ "Bologna deixa comando da TAM, David Barioni assume". Estadão. Retrieved June 20, 2016.
  18. ↑ "Bologna deixa comando da TAM, David Barioni assume". UOL Economia. Retrieved June 20, 2016.
  19. ↑ "News Channel - Homepage - flightglobal.com". Flightglobal.com. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
  20. ↑ Amadeus processes record number of airline passengers through its Altea platform (press release) | ABTN Archived 2012-08-01 at Archive.is
  21. ↑ Westphalen, Ana Luísa (March 30, 2011). "TAM negocia com TRIP e pode ter participação de 31% na aérea regional" (in Portuguese). Valor Online. Archived from the original on September 17, 2012. Retrieved April 18, 2011.
  22. ↑ Komatsu, Alberto (November 21, 2011). "TAM reforça gestão do mercado interno" (in Portuguese). Valor Econômico. Retrieved December 13, 2011.
  23. ↑ "Azul e Trip anunciam fusão" (in Portuguese). Folha.com. May 28, 2012. Retrieved May 28, 2012.
  24. ↑ "TAM cancela acordo de compartilhamento com a Trip" (in Portuguese). O Estado de S. Paulo. April 2, 2013. Retrieved April 3, 2013.
  25. ↑ "TAM compra Pantanal Linhas Aéreas por R$13 milhões" (in Portuguese). O Estado de S. Paulo. 21 December 2009. Archived from the original on 27 July 2010. Retrieved 28 August 2010.
  26. ↑ "Ata da reunião deliberativa realizada em 26 de março de 2013" (PDF) (in Portuguese). ANAC. March 26, 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved June 30, 2014.
  27. ↑ "TAM Informa" (in Portuguese). TAM. August 14, 2013. Retrieved June 30, 2014.
  28. ↑ Davies, Alex (January 23, 2013). "The World's 10 Most Dangerous Airlines". Yahoo Finance. Archived from the original on January 25, 2013. Retrieved January 23, 2013.
  29. ↑ "LAN says signs non-binding deal with TAM to merge". Reuters. August 13, 2010. Retrieved August 13, 2010.
  30. ↑ "TAM e LAN assinam acordos vinculativos sobre a LATAM" (in Portuguese). TAM Linhas Aéreas. January 19, 2011. Retrieved August 14, 2011.
  31. ↑ Seabra, Luciana (September 21, 2011). "Tribunal chileno aprova fusão de TAM e LAN com 11 condições" (in Portuguese). Valor Econômico. Retrieved September 26, 2011.
  32. ↑ Rodrigues, Eduardo; Froufe, Célia (December 14, 2011). "Com restrições, CADE aprova fusão TAM/Lan" (in Portuguese). O Estado de S. Paulo. Retrieved December 15, 2011.
  33. ↑ "LATAM and You". LATAM. Archived from the original on 2 June 2016. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
  34. ↑ "TAM Airlines Consolidates Fleet and Initiates New Air Network" (Press release). Sao Paulo, Brazil: PRNewswire. 27 May 2008. Retrieved 22 December 2017.
  35. ↑ "Profile on TAM Airlines". CAPA. Centre for Aviation. Archived from the original on 2016-10-29. Retrieved 2016-10-29.
  36. ↑ "TAM Airlines becomes first A350 XWB operator from the Americas". Retrieved 15 May 2017.
  37. ↑ Airliner World January 2007
  38. ↑ "Centro Tecnológico de São Carlos," TAM Airlines
  39. ↑ "Brazil MRO sector poised for major expansion". Flightglobal. 6 July 2010. Retrieved 6 July 2010.
  40. ↑ "LATAM Airlines Brasil Fleet". Retrieved 17 October 2017.
  41. ↑ "TAM Fleet - Airfleets aviation". www.airfleets.net. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
  42. ↑ "PT-MEE - TAM Express". Jetphotos.net. 30 January 2011.
  43. ↑ "Aviation Photo #1189807: Piper PA-31-350 Navajo Chieftain - TAM". Airliners.net. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
  44. ↑ "Pontos em voo" (in Portuguese). TAM. Retrieved 9 August 2014.
  45. ↑ "Accident description PT-SBB". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 20 May 2011.
  46. ↑ Germano da Silva, Carlos Ari César (2008). "Compensador automático". O rastro da bruxa: história da aviação comercial brasileira no século XX através dos seus acidentes 1928-1996 (in Portuguese) (2 ed.). Porto Alegre: EDIPUCRS. pp. 308–312. ISBN 978-85-7430-760-2.
  47. ↑ "Accident description PP-SBH". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 8 May 2011.
  48. ↑ Germano da Silva, Carlos Ari César (2008). "Três é demais". O rastro da bruxa: história da aviação comercial brasileira no século XX através dos seus acidentes 1928-1996 (in Portuguese) (2 ed.). Porto Alegre: EDIPUCRS. pp. 332–334. ISBN 978-85-7430-760-2.
  49. ↑ "Accident description PP-SBC". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 4 August 2011.
  50. ↑ Germano da Silva, Carlos Ari César (2008). "Visumento". O rastro da bruxa: história da aviação comercial brasileira no século XX através dos seus acidentes 1928-1996 (in Portuguese) (2 ed.). Porto Alegre: EDIPUCRS. pp. 338–341. ISBN 978-85-7430-760-2.
  51. ↑ "Accident description PT-LCG". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 20 May 2011.
  52. ↑ "Accident description PT-MRK". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 17 August 2011.
  53. ↑ Germano da Silva, Carlos Ari César (2008). "Vinte e quatro segundos". O rastro da bruxa: história da aviação comercial brasileira no século XX através dos seus acidentes 1928-1996 (in Portuguese) (2 ed.). Porto Alegre: EDIPUCRS. pp. 376–381. ISBN 978-85-7430-760-2.
  54. ↑ "Accident description PT-WHK". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 13 August 2011.
  55. ↑ "Accident description PT-MRN". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 23 May 2011.
  56. ↑ Marra, Lívia (16 September 2001). "Avião da TAM acidentado em Minas havia sido revisado no mês passado" (in Portuguese). Folha Online. Retrieved 23 May 2011.
  57. ↑ "Accident description PR-MBK". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 16 July 2011.
  58. ↑ "Accident description PT-MZJ". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  59. 1 2 3 4 5 "TAM Group Companies." TAM Airlines. Retrieved on August 12, 2010.
  60. ↑ Komatsu, Alberto (November 8, 2011). "Multipkus e a canadense Aimia criam nova companhia no Brasil" (in Portuguese). Valor Econômico. Retrieved November 11, 2011.
  61. ↑ "LATAM Travel". www.tamviagens.com.br. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
  62. ↑ "TAM Vacations Travel South America - Vacation Packages-Special Offers". Archived from the original on 10 March 2008. Retrieved 15 May 2017.

Media related to TAM Linhas Aéreas at Wikimedia Commons

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.