Same-sex marriage in Austria

Legal status of same-sex unions
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Registered partnerships (German: Eingetragene Partnerschaft) have been legal in Austria since 1 January 2010. Following a decision of the Constitutional Court in December 2017, same-sex marriage will become automatically legal from 1 January 2019, unless the Austrian Parliament amends the marriage laws before then.

Registered partnerships

Cohabiting partners

On 24 July 2003, the European Court of Human Rights published its decision in Karner v. Austria, which was submitted on 24 July 1997. The applicant, who died in 2000 while the case was pending, was taken to court in 1995 by his landlord who wanted to terminate the tenancy after Karner's same-sex partner died. Austrian law provided that family members had a right to succeed to a tenancy. While the case was initially dismissed by lower courts, the Constitutional Court of Austria ruled in favour of the landlord, saying the notion of "life companion" (Lebensgefährte) was only applicable to persons of the opposite sex. The European Court of Human Rights considered this ruling in violation of the anti-discrimination provisions of the European Convention on Human Rights. Since this decision, cohabiting same-sex partners have been entitled to the same rights as unmarried cohabiting opposite-sex partners.[1]

During this period, the Social Democratic Party (SPÖ) and the Greens were in opposition while the Government was led by the conservative Austrian People's Party (ÖVP). Both centre-left parties called for the recognition of same-sex unions. First, in June 2004, the Greens proposed a "Zivilpakt" (de) modelled after the French civil solidarity pact (PACS). In December 2004, the Social Democratic Party (SPÖ) adopted a major policy decision on the issue of equal treatment of same-sex couples. In addition to calling for the introduction of registered partnerships, the party supported the investigation of opening marriage for same-sex couples. In May 2005, the Greens became the first major party to expressly call for the legalisation of same-sex marriage.[2] The Greens praised the June 2005 referendum in Switzerland legalising registered partnerships and called for equal rights in Austria.[3] In April 2006, the Vienna branch of the Social Democrats (SPÖ) followed the Greens in explicitly calling for the legalisation of marriage and adoption for same-sex couples.[4]

Legalisation of registered partnerships

Following the October 2006 election, the conservative Schüssel Government was succeeded by an SPÖ-ÖVP grand coalition on 11 January 2007.

In the "Perspectives" paper released by the Austrian People's Party (ÖVP) on 1 October 2007, the Coalition announced its support for a registered partnership, based similar to the Swiss model.[5]

An agreed draft was released in late October 2007, which would have given couples in a registered partnership nearly the same rights as married couples, except for adoption rights.[6] It was planned that the Registered Partnership Bill 2008, based on the Swiss model, would be introduced to the Parliament in September 2008, however, as the coalition of Social Democrats (SPÖ) and the Austrian People's Party (ÖVP) broke apart and early elections were scheduled for 28 September 2008, progress was delayed. The two parties saw considerable losses in the election but continued their grand coalition under the new Chancellor Werner Faymann (SPÖ).

In February 2009, Austria's Interior Minister Dr. Maria Fekter (ÖVP) set up a working group, inviting delegations from all Austrian LGBT rights organizations to hold talks, including the Rechtskomitee Lambda (Lambda Legal Committee), RosaLila PantherInnen (pink and lavender panthers) and HOSI Linz, Salzburg, Tyrol and Vienna, on the issue of partnership recognition for same-sex couples.[7] Maria Fekter announced that a bill for a registered partnership (German: Eingetragene Partnerschaft) would be introduced and enacted in autumn 2009 and would become legal on 1 January 2010.[8]

On 12 October 2009, the Greens urged the Government to keep to its promise of having registered partnerships implemented by January 2010 with Green justice spokesman Albert Steinhauser saying that time was running out for the proposed law. The party also called for opening up marriage to same-sex couples.[9] The next day, the Austrian Minister of Justice Claudia Bandion-Ortner announced that a registered partnership law would be announced "in a few weeks". She stated that such a law was in the process of being drafted, with some aspects of it still being under contention. A particular area of contention was whether registered partnerships should include a ceremony at the Standesamt.[10]

On 11 November 2009, Minister of Justice Claudia Bandion-Ortner from the ÖVP presented a bill, which was rejected by SPÖ, because the bill did not include ceremonies.[11][12][13][14][15]

On 17 November 2009, the Government finally approved the registered partnership bill, proposed by the Minister of Justice.[16] The bill provides equal rights in labour, immigration, pension, tax, and civil law to same-sex couples as marriage does to opposite-sex couples. They also allow for someone to change their surname to match their partner's and take a common surname. The bill was passed on 10 December by the National Council (German: Nationalrat), the lower house of Parliament, in a 110-64 vote.[17][18] The two governing parties voted in favour, while FPÖ voted against and BZÖ and the Greens voted mostly against. The Greens considered it a step in the right direction, but thought it did not go far enough.[19] On 18 December, it was passed by the Federal Council (German: Bundesrat) in a 44-8 vote.[20] On 30 December, the law was published in Federal Law Gazette I No. 135/2009, and took effect on 1 January 2010.[21][22] On 4 January 2010, the first four same-sex couples were registered in partnerships in Vienna.

10 December 2009 vote in the National Council[23]
PartyVoted forVoted against
 G  Social Democratic Party of Austria (SPÖ) –
 G  Austrian People's Party (ÖVP) –
     Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ) –
     Alliance for the Future of Austria (BZÖ)
     The Greens – The Green Alternative (Grüne)
Total11064

The Austrian LGBT rights organisation Rechtskomitee Lambda noted the 72 differences between registered partnerships and marriage.[24] An opposite-sex couple applied for a registered partnership in February 2010, despite the legislation being created specifically for same-sex couples.[25][26] The issue was moot as a result of the December 2017 Constitutional Court ruling in favour of same-sex marriage (see below for details). The ruling found the restriction of registered partnerships to same-sex couples discriminatory and mandated that opposite-sex couples have the right to enter into a registered partnership from 1 January 2019.[27][28]

Expansion of registered partnerships rights

In January 2013, the Constitutional Court of Austria ruled that the registered partnership law was partially unconstitutional, broadening the rights for registered partnerships.[29] On 19 February 2013, the European Court of Human Rights ruled in X and Others v. Austria that a partner in a same-sex union has the right to adopt his or her partner's biological child. On 5 July 2013, the Austrian Parliament passed the Adoptionsrechts-Änderungsgesetz 2013, allowing stepchild adoption by same-sex couples. The law entered into force on 1 August 2013.[30][31][32] In January 2015, the Constitutional Court found the existing laws on adoption to be unconstitutional and ordered the laws to be changed by 31 December 2015 to allow joint adoption by same-sex couples.[33][34] On 30 October 2015, the Justice Minister announced that the ban would no longer be enforced from 1 January 2016, thus allowing the Court's decision to automatically abolish the joint adoption ban.[35]

In June 2013, in the run-up to that year's elections, the newly founded liberal party NEOS published a policy positions paper including support for full equal rights for registered partnerships, including adoption rights.[36]

The SPÖ-ÖVP Coalition Government continued following the September 2013 elections. Although SPÖ had campaigned on an LGBT rights platform during the campaign, the coalition agreement did not include any measures to expand LGBT rights, due to opposition from the conservative ÖVP.[37]

In late September 2016, the three ÖVP-led ministries agreed to remove two prominent differences between registered partnerships and marriages: it would be possible to register a partnership at the Standesamt (municipal civil registration) rather than the Bezirkshauptmannschaften (district authorities), and people in a registered partnership would have a regular Familienname (family name) rather than a Nachname (last name), which was specifically created for partnerships.[38][39] Following approval by the Council of Ministers on 22 November 2016 and by Parliament on 15 December, the law took effect on 1 April 2017.[40] The Deregulierungs- und Anpassungsgesetz 2016, which included various other unrelated changes such as changes to the gun law, was approved by both governing parties and NEOS and opposed by FPÖ, the Greens and Team Stronach.[41] Opposition parties criticised mixing unrelated legal matters in one law.[42]

Same-sex marriage

Laws regarding same-sex partnerships in Europe
  Marriage¹
  Foreign marriages recognized¹
  Other type of partnership¹
  Unregistered cohabitation¹
  Unrecognized
  Constitution limits marriage to opposite-sex couples

¹ May include recent laws or court decisions which have created legal recognition of same-sex relationships, but which have not entered into effect yet.

Same-sex marriage will become legal in Austria on 1 January 2019, following a ruling issued by the country's Constitutional Court. The Parliament has the option of amending Austrian marriage law before this date.

History

Austria indirectly saw its first same-sex marriage in 2006 when the Constitutional Court granted a transsexual woman the right to change her legal gender to female while remaining married to her wife.[43] The court invalidated a regulation that required married transsexuals to divorce before their new gender was legally recognised.[44]

On 20 November 2013, the opposition Greens introduced a bill to Parliament that would have legalised same-sex marriage.[45] It was sent to the Judiciary Committee on 17 December 2013 but was delayed by the ruling Coalition.[46] The bill was due to be debated in autumn 2014.[47]

In 2013, a case was filed with the Constitutional Court by a same-sex couple married in the Netherlands and resident in Austria, who wanted to get married under Austrian law to remove uncertainties regarding their marital status. The case was dismissed on 12 March 2014.[48][49]

On 18 June 2015, the Parliament rejected the Greens' proposal requiring the Government to introduce same-sex marriage legislation. Out of 136 representatives, 26 voted for and 110 voted against the proposal.[50] The Social Democrats (SPÖ) voted against, pointing to the fact their coalition partner ÖVP opposes same-sex marriage. NEOS (except MP Christoph Vavrik) supported the resolution, while Team Stronach and FPÖ joined the two governing parties in opposing the resolution.[51]

Subsequently, an initiative "Ehe Gleich!" was launched to force Parliament to reconsider legalising same-sex marriage.[52][53] The Petitions Committee of the National Council started considering the initiative on 17 November 2015, and called on the Ministry of Justice, led by Minister Wolfgang Brandstetter (ÖVP) and the Ministry of Families, led by Minister Sophie Karmasin (ÖVP) to state their positions.[54] The Ministry of Families claimed that this issue fell outside of its area of responsibility, while the Ministry of Justice said that extending marriage to same-sex couples is not necessary. In November 2015, the "Ehe Gleich!" initiative further filed a lawsuit challenging the same-sex marriage ban.[55] The case was dismissed by the Vienna Administrative Court on 21 December 2015.[56] The plaintiffs appealed to the Constitutional Court.[57] On 21 March 2016, a second same-sex marriage case was heard in the Upper Austrian Administrative Court in Linz.[58] On 15 April 2016, the court dismissed the case as well.[59]

On 30 June 2016, the Petitions Committee of the National Council, which had previously asked for the positions of the ÖVP-led Ministries of Justice and Families, considered the "Ehe Gleich!" initiative again and requested the positions of other (SPÖ-led) ministries. The Ministry of Social Affairs, led by Minister Alois Stöger (SPÖ), responded unequivocally in favour of legalisation.[60] The Ministry of Health and Women, led by Minister Sabine Oberhauser (SPÖ), also responded in favour. These responses were followed by further calls from party colleagues for the legalisation of same-sex marriage, while coalition partner ÖVP largely remained silent on the issue.[61] However, the Constitutional Office, led by Minister Thomas Drozda (SPÖ), gave a response which was similar to the ÖVP-led ministries, rather than in line with what his SPÖ colleagues stated.[62] Subsequently, the Office of Federal Chancellor Christian Kern (SPÖ), only in office for a few months, stated that same-sex marriage should be legalised.[63] As the Constitutional Office falls under the Office of the Chancellor, the latter's position superseded Drozda's position that had not been in line with other SPÖ ministers.[64]

On 6 October 2016, the "Ehe Gleich!" initiative was considered again by the Petitions Committee, which decided to ask for an international legal comparison by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. This meant the initiative remained pending until at least January 2017.[65] On 18 January 2017, the Committee on Citizen Petitions asked for an opinion from the national civil servants association.[66]

In May 2017, when snap elections were called for 15 October 2017, the Greens proposed a summer deadline for the introduction of same-sex marriage. However, it was rejected by Parliament, with only NEOS supporting the Greens' proposal.[67]

Constitutional Court ruling

On 12 October 2017, the Constitutional Court agreed to consider one of the cases challenging the law barring same-sex marriage.[68][69][70] On 4 December 2017, the Constitutional Court struck down the ban on same-sex marriage as unconstitutional.[27][28] Same-sex marriage will become legal on 1 January 2019, unless the Parliament changes the law sooner.[27][28] The ruling also allowed the couples involved in the challenge to marry immediately.[71][72] On 6 December, the SPÖ, which introduced a bill to legalise same-sex marriage on 9 November 2017, said it would continue to push for its approval, in the hope of allowing same-sex couples to marry sooner than 1 January 2019.[73][74][75] On 13 December 2017, another same-sex marriage bill was introduced by NEOS Deputy Nikolaus Scherak.[76] On 31 January 2018, SPÖ deputies withdrew their aforementioned bill and introduced a new one.[77][78]

In September 2018, Justice Minister Josef Moser began preparations to implement the ruling, which would legalise same-sex marriage and open registered partnerships to different-sex couples.[79]

First same-sex marriage

On 12 October 2018, the first same-sex marriage was performed and registered in Vienna involving a lesbian couple (one of five plaintiff couples that challenged the same-sex marriage ban in court). Unlike other couples (who will have to wait until 1 January 2019), the Constitutional Court allowed the plaintiff couples to marry immediately after their ruling to legalize same-sex marriage.[80][81]

Public opinion

A 2006 European Union poll surveying up to 30,000 people showed support for same sex marriage among Austrians at 49% (higher than the EU average of 41%).[82]

A November 2013 poll by Market for Der Standard found that 61% supported same-sex marriage (41% fully support, 20% tend to support), while 33% did not (15% fully oppose, 18% tend to oppose). Adoption by same-sex couples was supported by 56% (35% fully support, 21% tend to support) and opposed by 37% (22% fully oppose, 15% tend to oppose).[83]

A May 2014 poll by Market for ORF found that 73% supported same-sex marriage (48% fully support, 25% tend to support, 9% tend to oppose and 15% fully oppose), while 3% did not answer. Support was higher among women and younger people.[84][85][86]

The 2015 Eurobarometer found that 62% of Austrians thought that same-sex marriage should be allowed throughout Europe, 32% were against.[87]

A July 2017 poll for Österreich found that 59% of Austrians supported same-sex marriage and 25% were against, while 16% did not answer.[88] The poll also found that 79% of NEOS voters supported same-sex marriage, as did 73% of Greens voters, 71% of SPÖ voters, 56% of ÖVP voters, and 46% of FPÖ voters.

A Pew Research Center poll, conducted between April and August 2017 and published in May 2018, showed that 72% of Austrians supported same-sex marriage, 25% were opposed and 3% didn't know or refused to answer.[89] When divided by religion, 87% of religiously unaffiliated people, 86% of non-practicing Christians and 42% of church-attending Christians supported same-sex marriage.[90]

A September 2018 poll for Österreich found that 74% of Austrians supported same-sex marriage and 26% were against.[91]

See also

References

  1. ↑ CASE OF KARNER v. AUSTRIA
  2. ↑ "Greens are Calling for Gay Marriage" (PDF). 2004-05-24. Retrieved 2014-04-05.
  3. ↑ "Grüne-Wien fordern nach Schweiz-Referendum Öffnung der Ehe für Lesben und Schwule". OTS. 6 June 2005.
  4. ↑ "RKL Welcomes Call of Vienna Social-Democrats for Same-Sex Marriage" (PDF). 2006-04-24. Retrieved 2014-04-05.
  5. ↑ "Austrian government plans registered gay partnerships". Pink News. 24 October 2007.
  6. ↑ "Homosexuelle dürfen heiraten – und sich leichter trennen" (in German). DiePresse.com.
  7. ↑ "Registered partnership on 1. January 2010". 18 February 2009. Retrieved 18 February 2009.
  8. ↑ "Gespräche mit Maria Fekter..." (in German). 2009-02-18. Retrieved 2009-02-18.
  9. ↑ "Grüne fordern rasche Umsetzung der Homo-Ehe" (in German). Die Presse. 2009-10-12. Retrieved 2009-10-12.
  10. ↑ (in German) Bandion-Ortner: Einigung in "wenigen Wochen", Der Standard, 13 October 2009
  11. ↑ "Der Gesetzesentwurf". GGG.at (in German). Retrieved 20 January 2010.
  12. ↑ "Österreich: "Apartheid-Kurs" bei Homo-Ehe?". Queer.de (in German). 1 November 2009.
  13. ↑ "ÖSTERREICH: Fekter gegen "Homo-Ehe" am Standesamt". APA-OTS (in German). 5 November 2009.
  14. ↑ "Österreich: Bundeskanzler spricht sich für Homo-Ehe am Standesamt aus". Pride 1 Radio (in German). 16 November 2009. Archived from the original on 15 July 2011.
  15. ↑ "ÖVP sperrt sich weiter gegen Standesamt". GGG.at (in German). 16 November 2009.
  16. ↑ "Austrian government approves same-sex partnership rights". Top News. 17 November 2009.
  17. ↑ TIMM:Österreichs Parlament beschließt Lebenspartnerschaft
  18. ↑ "Austrian parliament OKs gay civil unions". 365Gay. Associated Press. 10 December 2009. Archived from the original on 14 December 2009.
  19. ↑ Deutliche Mehrheit für die eingetragene Partnerschaft
  20. ↑ "Bundesrat beschließt Homo-Ehe". GGG.at (in German). 18 December 2009.
  21. ↑ (in German) Bundesgesetzblatt
  22. ↑ (in German) BUNDESGESETZBLATT FÜR DIE REPUBLIK ÖSTERREICH
  23. ↑ Stenographisches Protokoll
  24. ↑ "72 differences to marriage". 2009-11-23. Archived from the original on 2013-10-23. Retrieved 2014-04-05.
  25. ↑ "A straight Austrian couple wants a same-sex marriage". 2010-02-20. Retrieved 2014-04-05.
  26. ↑ "Austrians seek right to partnerships created for gays". BBC News. 17 May 2010.
  27. 1 2 3 Distinction between marriage and registered partnership violates ban on discrimination
  28. 1 2 3 "Austria: Same-Sex Couples Allowed to Get Married Starting January 2019". Library of Congress. 12 December 2017. Archived from the original on 25 January 2018. Retrieved 25 January 2018.
  29. ↑ Österreich: Homo-Paare müssen "Ja" sagen dürfen
  30. ↑ Österreich führt Stiefkindadoption ein – Kirche poltert
  31. ↑ "Austria becomes the 14th European country to allow same-sex second-parent adoption". ILGA Europe. August 1, 2013.
  32. ↑ Adoptionsrechts-Änderungsgesetz 2013, Austrian Parliament
  33. ↑ "Adoptionsverbot für homosexuelle Partner aufgehoben". Vienna Online. 14 January 2015.
  34. ↑ "Österreich: Adoptionsverbot für Homo-Paare verfassungswidrig". Queer.de. 14 January 2015.
  35. ↑ Homosexuelle dürfen künftig adoptieren – ohne Gesetzesnovelle
  36. ↑ "FAMILIE" (PDF). 2013-06-09. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-02. Retrieved 2014-04-05.
  37. ↑ "SPÖ hat LGBTs (wieder) verraten: kein Wort zu LGBT-Gleichstellung im GroKo-Programm". Thinkoutsideyourbox.net. 13 December 2013.
  38. ↑ "ÖVP gibt nach: Partnerschaft am Standesamt". GGG.at. 22 September 2016.
  39. ↑ "Öffnung des Standesamtes: RKL lobt ÖVP". GGG.at. 23 September 2016.
  40. ↑ "FPÖ macht das letzte Mal gegen Partnerschaft am Standesamt mobil". GGG.at. 15 December 2016.
  41. ↑ Deregulierungs- und Anpassungsgesetz 2016 - Inneres (1345 d.B.), Austrian Parliament
  42. ↑ "FPÖ/AUF: Lausch/Herbert: Skurriler rot-schwarzer Kuhhandel schadet parlamentarischer Willensbildung". APA-OTS. 15 December 2016.
  43. ↑ "Austria gets first same-sex marriage". 365gay.com. 2006-07-05. Archived from the original on 2007-10-17. Retrieved 2008-07-20.
  44. ↑ TransGender and Human Rights in Austria
  45. ↑ "Nationalrat: Grüne bringen Antrag zur Ehe-Öffnung für Lesben und Schwule ein". Thinkoutsideyourbox.net. 20 November 2013.
  46. ↑ (in German) Allgemeines bürgerliches Gesetzbuch, Änderung
  47. ↑ (in German) Abstimmung über Ehe-Öffnung ohne Klubzwang?
  48. ↑ "Schwulen-Ehe ist vor Höchstrichtern". Kurier. 14 October 2013.
  49. ↑ (in German)VERFASSUNGSGERICHTSHOF B 166/2013-17
  50. ↑ Entschließungsantrag betreffend Ehe für alle, Parliament
  51. ↑ Verrat in Rot: SPÖ stimmt im Parlament gegen Ehe-Öffnung, thinkoutsideyourbox.net
  52. ↑ Ehe Gleich!
  53. ↑ Ehe Gleich! Aufhebung des Eheverbots für gleichgeschlechtliche Paare (85/BI), Parliament of Austria
  54. ↑ Parliament Requests Government´s Views on Marriage Equality, 24 November 2015, RKL
  55. ↑ "Children of same-sex couples protest marriage laws". thelocal.at. 27 November 2015.
  56. ↑ "Verwaltungsgericht lehnt Klage gegen Eheverbot für LGBT ab". thinkoutsideyourbox.net. 21 December 2015.
  57. ↑ "Families fight Austria's gay marriage ban". The Local. 23 March 2016.
  58. ↑ Oberösterreich: Lesbisches Paar und Kind klagen gegen "Eheverbot"
  59. ↑ "Österreich: Zweite Klage auf Ehe-Öffnung gescheitert". Queer.de. 16 April 2016.
  60. ↑ "Sozialminister Alois Stöger will die Ehe öffnen". GGG.at. 12 August 2016.
  61. ↑ "Ehe-Öffnung: SPÖ demonstrativ hinter Stöger". GGG.at. 16 August 2016.
  62. ↑ "SPÖ-Ministerbüro sieht keine Notwendigkeit für Ehe-Öffnung". GGG.at. 24 August 2016.
  63. ↑ "Bundeskanzler Christian Kern für Öffnung der Ehe". GGG.at. 29 August 2016.
  64. ↑ "Ehe-Öffnung: SPÖ bügelt Fehler in Stellungnahme aus". GGG.at. 30 August 2016.
  65. ↑ "Initiative "Ehe gleich" heute wieder im Petitionenausschuss". GGG.at. 6 October 2016.
  66. ↑ "PK-Nr. 35 /2017". Retrieved February 10, 2017.
  67. ↑ "SPÖ stimmt heute im Nationalrat gegen die Öffnung der Ehe". GGG.at. 16 May 2017.
  68. ↑ Verfassungsgerichtshof könnte die Ehe in Österreich noch dieses Jahr öffnen
  69. ↑ Verfassungsgericht prüft Öffnung der Ehe für Homosexuelle
  70. ↑ VfGH prüft Eheöffnung für gleichgeschlechtliche Paare in Österreich
  71. ↑ "Unterscheidung zwischen Ehe und eingetragener Partnerschaft verletzt Diskriminierungsverbot". Verfassungsgerichtshof Osterreich (Constitutional Court of Austria) (in German). 5 December 2017.
  72. ↑ Agerholm, Harriet (5 December 2017). "Austria court legalises same-sex marriage from start of 2019, ruling all existing laws discriminatory". The Independent. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
  73. ↑ "Allgemeines bürgerliches Gesetzbuch, Eingetragene Partnerschaft-Gesetz, Änderung (9/A)". Austrian Parliament. Retrieved 9 December 2017.
  74. ↑ ""Homo-Ehe": SPÖ will Öffnung noch vor 2019 umsetzen". vienna.at. 6 December 2017. Retrieved 9 December 2017.
  75. ↑ "SPÖ drängt auf rasche Öffnung der Ehe für alle". Kleine Zeitung. 6 December 2017. Retrieved 9 December 2017.
  76. ↑ "Allgemeines bürgerliches Gesetzbuch, Eingetragene Partnerschaft-Gesetz, Änderung (25/A)". Austrian Parliament. Retrieved 31 January 2018.
  77. ↑ "Zurückziehung (Zu 9/A)". Austrian Parliament. Retrieved 31 January 2018.
  78. ↑ "Allgemeines bürgerliches Gesetzbuch, Eingetragene Partnerschaft-Gesetz, Änderung (97/A)". Austrian Parliament. Retrieved 6 February 2018.
  79. ↑ (in German) Minister Moser: Ehe und Eingetragene Partnerschaft für alle
  80. ↑ "Women tie the knot in Austria's first same-sex marriage". ABC News. 12 October 2018.
  81. ↑ (in German) Erste Ehe eines gleichgeschlechtlichen Paares in Österreich
  82. ↑ "Eight EU Countries Back Same-Sex Marriage". 2006-12-24. Archived from the original on 2008-03-15. Retrieved 2008-07-20.
  83. ↑ "Umfrage: Mehrheit will Ehe und Adoptionsrecht für Homosexuelle". Der Standard. 3 November 2013.
  84. ↑ "Österreich, ein Hafen der Ehe". Wiener Zeitung. 21 May 2014.
  85. ↑ "Mehrheit vom Sinn der Ehe überzeugt". ORF. 21 May 2014.
  86. ↑ "Einstellung zur gleichgeschlechtlichen Ehe". Market/ORF/Tinypic. 7 January 2015.
  87. ↑ Special Eurobarometer 437 Archived 2016-01-22 at the Wayback Machine.
  88. ↑ Österreich: Deutliche Mehrheit für Ehe für alle
  89. ↑ Religion and society, Pew Research Center, 29 May 2018
  90. ↑ Being Christian in Western Europe, Pew Research Center, 29 May 2018
  91. ↑ Umfrage: 74 % für Homo-Ehe
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