Floor crossing (South Africa)
Floor crossing was a system introduced to the post-apartheid South African political system in 2002, under which members of Parliament, members of provincial legislatures and local government councillors could change political party (or form a new party) and take their seats with them when they did so. Floor crossing in South Africa was abolished in January 2009.
History
Floor crossing was controversial because post-1994 South African elections generally use party-list proportional representation with voters voting for a political party rather than an individual candidate, and floor crossing allowed politicians elected in this way to change parties, with the possible result that the post-crossing composition of the elected bodies no longer represented the preferences of voters.
Floor crossing legislation was initially requested by the Democratic Party and the New National Party in November 2001, as a means of formalising their unification into the Democratic Alliance. The African National Congress, which held the power in the legislature to change the constitution, did not favour the measure at the time, as they perceived the DA initiative to be a "congealing of a race and class based political opposition".[1] However, when the NNP leadership announced their desire to leave the DA and form alliances with the ANC in 2001, the ANC passed the legislation. ANC chairman Mosiuoa Lekota stated that the party's reasons for the legislation was "for some political realignment…and the break-up of racial power blocks".[1]
Floor crossing was originally enabled by amendments to the Constitution of South Africa and other legislation passed by Parliament.[2] The amendments removed clauses requiring members of the National Assembly to give up their seats should they change parties. According to the void amendments, floor crossing was only permitted twice in an electoral term, in the second and fourth years after the general elections, from 1 to 15 September.
The United Democratic Movement (UDM) unsuccessfully challenged the constitutionality of floor crossing.[3] A bill to amend the constitution to again prevent politicians from keeping their seats when joining other parties, dubbed "crosstitutes", was tabled in Parliament in 2008. This was a consequence of the decision of the African National Congress at its December 2007 national congress in Polokwane to reject floor crossing.[4] The bill was passed by Parliament and floor crossing was subsequently abolished when President Kgalema Motlanthe assented to the constitutional amendment 6 January 2009.[5]
| Party | 2003 result | 2005 | 2007 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| gained | lost | gained | lost | ||
| African National Congress (ANC) | +9 | +14 | 0 | +4 | 0 |
| Democratic Alliance (DA) | +8 | +2 | −5 | 0 | 0 |
| Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) | −3 | −5 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| New National Party (NNP) | −8 | −7 | 0 | — | — |
| African Christian Democratic Party (ACDP) | +1 | −3 | 0 | — | 0 |
| United Democratic Movement (UDM) | −10 | — | −3 | — | 0 |
| Freedom Front Plus (FF Plus) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| United Christian Democratic Party (UCDP) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Pan Africanist Congress of Azania (PAC) | −1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | −2 |
| African Independent Movement (AIM) | +1 | — | — | — | — |
| Alliance for Democracy and Prosperity (ADP) | +1 | — | — | — | — |
| Azanian People's Organisation (Azapo) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Independent Democrats (ID) | +1 | 0 | −2 | 0 | −1 |
| Minority Front (MF) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| National Action (NA) | +1 | — | — | — | — |
| Afrikaner Eenheidsbeweging | −1 | — | — | — | — |
| Peace and Justice Congress (PJC) | +1 | 0 | — | 0 | — |
| National Democratic Convention (Nadeco) | — | +4 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| United Independent Front (UIF) | — | +2 | 0 | 0 | −2 |
| United Party of South Africa (UPSA) | — | +1 | 0 | 0 | −1 |
| Federation of Democrats (FD) | — | +1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Progressive Independent Movement (PIM) | — | +1 | 0 | 0 | −1 |
| African People's Convention (APC) | — | — | — | +2 | 0 |
| National Alliance (NA) | — | — | — | +1 | 0 |
Parties who gained floor crossers include the African National Congress (ANC), Democratic Alliance (DA),[3] New National Party (NNP), Sport Party, Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP), Phumelela Ratepayers Association, Potchefstroom Inwonersvereniging, Breedevallei Onafhanklik, and the Universal Party[7]
Five parties were created by floor crossing in 2003, including the Independent Democrats (ID) and New Labour Party (NLP);[3] in 2005, the National Democratic Convention (Nadeco) and Progressive Independent Movement (PIM).[8][9]
Floor crossing in practice
Generally speaking, the ruling ANC benefited the most from this system, but other parties also managed to gain seats this way.[3] The ANC, and large parties in general, benefited the most from floor crossing because of a clause in the legislation that required ten percent of a party's caucus to cross the floor before any one member could cross. This meant that if an ANC MP in the National Assembly wanted to cross the floor, he or she would need to rely on 30 of his or her colleagues to do the same because the ANC had 293 MPs in the National Assembly. It was far easier for public representatives of small parties to cross the floor since they needed to collude with fewer of their colleagues. If there were less than ten members in a caucus, the ten percent clause effectively allowed each member to cross the floor unilaterally.
Criticism and controversy
The system was the source of much controversy, with many commentators arguing that it disenfranchised voters, by effectively allowing politicians to 'reallocate' votes as they saw fit. Other critics of floor crossing also argued that it lent itself to bribery and corruption. The official opposition, the Democratic Alliance, has pointed out that during the 2002 floor crossing window period in Cape Town, 87% of National Party Councillors that crossed to the ANC were appointed to a position with a better salary.
Floor crossing was particularly controversial because South African MPs are elected by proportional representation, and are nominated by political parties on a closed party list before a general election. Voters thus vote for a political party rather than for an individual MP. However, floor crossing allowed MPs to change parties, with the possible result that the composition of the elected bodies no longer represented the original vote count.
In a 15 January 2006 interview with the South African Press Association, Inkatha Freedom Party president Mangosuthu Buthelezi said: "Floor-crossing is like the HI virus because it robs the political system of all honour, holding political parties hostage by rendering them unable to discipline their own members. It allows the emergence of careerists, self-serving politicians, which are a very strange breed because they do not honour the sanctity of the vote cast in the ballot box."[10]
In 2005 the African Christian Democratic Party (ACDP) stopped accepting floor-crossers because, "Floor-crossing is an absolute mockery of parliamentary democracy and results in deception, suspicion, accusation and 'cheque-book' politics."[11]
List of Parliamentary floor crossings
See also
References
- 1 2 "Briefing to Floor-Crossing (pdf)". Idasa. 7 September 2005. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 12 December 2006.
- ↑ Department of Justice and Constitutional Development (24 August 2002). "General Notice of a Bill Amending the Constitution". Archived from the original on 14 February 2007. Retrieved 2006-12-12.
- 1 2 3 4 "Floor Crossing at a Glance (pdf)". Idasa. 21 June 2004. Archived from the original on 28 February 2007. Retrieved 12 December 2006.
- ↑ Carter, Chiara (3 July 2008). "Draft bill to deal with floor-crossing". Pretoria News. p. 2. Retrieved 2008-09-27.
- ↑ Government Gazette, Republic of South Africa (9 January 2009). "Constitution Fourteenth Amendment Act of 2008". Archived from the original on 1 May 2009.
- ↑ "State of parties after floor-crossing as at 17 September 2007". Parliamentary Monitoring Group. Archived from the original on 21 August 2008. Retrieved 26 April 2009.
- ↑ Faull, Jonathan (31 August 2004). "ePoliticsSA – Edition 06: Local Government Floor Crossing 2004". idasa. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
- ↑ Quintal, Angela (4 April 2008). "Nadeco penalised for failing to account". Pretoria News. p. 2. Retrieved 2008-09-27.
- ↑ "South Africa: ANC Gets R53,5m of R79m to Parties". Business Day. 2 April 2008. Retrieved 2008-09-27.
- ↑ South African Press Association (15 January 2006). "Buthelezi: 'Floor-crossing is like the HI virus'". Mail and Guardian. Archived from the original on 1 October 2007. Retrieved 12 December 2006.
- ↑ "ACDP will not accept floor-crossers in future". Sapa, SABC. 19 September 2005. Archived from the original on 14 January 2006. Retrieved 9 October 2008.
