Arab Winter

The Arab Winter[1][2][3][4][5] is a term for the resurgence of authoritarianism and Islamic extremism[6] evolving in the aftermath of the Arab Spring protests in Arab countries.[7] The term "Arab Winter" refers to the events across Arab League countries in the Mid-East and North Africa, including the Syrian Civil War,[8][9] the Iraqi insurgency and the following civil war,[10] the Egyptian Crisis,[11] the Libyan Crisis and the Crisis in Yemen.[12] Events referred to as the Arab Winter include those in Egypt that led to the removal of Mohamed Morsi and the seizure of power by General Abdel Fattah el-Sisi in an anti-Muslim Brotherhood campaign.[13]

According to scholars of the University of Warsaw, the Arab Spring fully devolved into the Arab Winter four years after its onset.[14] The Arab Winter is characterized by the emergence of multiple regional civil wars, mounting regional instability,[15] economic and demographic decline of Arab countries,[16] and ethno-religious sectarian strife.[17] According to a study by the American University of Beirut, as of the summer of 2014 the Arab Winter had resulted in nearly a quarter of a million deaths and millions of refugees.[18] Perhaps the most significant event in the Arab Winter was the rise of the extreme ISIL group, which controlled large swathes of land from 2014.[19]

Definition

Geography

The term "Arab Winter" refers to the events across Arab League countries in the Mid-East and North Africa, including the Syrian Civil War,[8][9] the Iraqi insurgency and the following civil war,[10] the Egyptian Crisis,[11] the Libyan Crisis and the Crisis in Yemen.[12] Events referred to as the Arab Winter include those in Egypt that led to the removal of Mohamed Morsi and the seizure of power by General Abdel Fattah el-Sisi in an anti-Muslim Brotherhood military coup.[13] Political developments, particularly the restoration of authoritarianism and suppression of civil liberties in Egypt since July 3, 2013, have been described as constituting a "military winter" that functioned in opposition to the goals of the Arab Spring.[20][21] Various militias and tribes have started fighting in Libya after a breakdown in negotiations.[22] The arenas of Lebanon and Bahrain were also identified as areas of the Arab Winter.[16] Libya was named as a scene of the Arab Winter, together with Syria, by Professor Sean Yom.[22] The Northern Mali conflict was often described as part of the "Islamist Winter".[23] Political changes which occurred in Tunisia, involving a change in government, as well as an ISIL insurgency, were also indicated by some as a possible "heading towards Arab Winter".[13]

Chinese professor Zhang Weiwei first predicted "Arab Winter" in his June 2011 debate with Francis Fukuyama, who believed the movement might be spread to China[24]. "My understanding of the Middle East leads me to conclude that the west should not be too happy. It will bring enormous problems to American interest. It is called "Arab Spring" for now, and I guess it will soon turn to be the winter for the Middle East."[25]

Chronology

According to scholars of the University of Warsaw, the Arab Spring fully devolved into the Arab Winter four years after its onset.[14] This view was also supported by Prof. James Y. Simms Jr. in his 2017 opinion article for the Richmond Times.[26] In early 2016, The Economist marked the situation across Arab world countries as "worse than ever", marking it as the ongoing Arab Winter.[27]

Impact

Economic impact

According to the Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies, as of January 2014, the cost of Arab Winter upheaval across the Arab World was some 800 billion USD.[16] Some 16 million people in Syria, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan and Lebanon were expected to require humanitarian assistance in 2014.[16]

According to The Economist, Malta has "benefited" from the Arab Winter, as tourists who might otherwise be in Egypt or Tunisia opt for a safer alternative.[28]

Casualties

According to a study by the American University of Beirut, as of the summer of 2014 the Arab Winter had resulted in nearly a quarter of a million deaths and millions of refugees.[18]

Political columnist and commentator George Will reported that as of early 2017, over 30,000 lives had been lost in Libya, 220,000-320,000 had been killed in Syria and 4 million refugees had been produced by the Syrian Civil War alone.[26]

Migrant crisis

Syrian refugee camp on the Turkish border for displaced people of the Syrian civil war (2012)

The political turmoil and violence in the Middle East and North Africa resulted in massive population displacement in the region.[29] As a result, “boat-people”, which was once commonly referred to Vietnamese boat people, became frequently used, including internally displaced persons and asylum-seekers and refugees who had previously been residing in Libya, have headed towards the European Union.[30] The attempts by some Libyans and Tunisians to seek safety from the violence by crossing the Mediterranean sea have triggered fears among European politicians and populations of arrivals that might "flood" their shores. This has spurred a flurry of legislative activity and patrolling of the waters to manage arrivals.[30]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Middle East review of 2012: the Arab Winter". The Telegraph. Retrieved July 19, 2014.
  2. ↑ "Analysis: Arab Winter is coming to Baghdad". The Telegraph. The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved October 8, 2014.
  3. ↑ "Expert Warns of America's Coming 'Arab Winter'". CBN. Retrieved October 8, 2014.
  4. ↑ "The Arab Winter". The New Yorker. Retrieved October 8, 2014.
  5. ↑ "Arab Spring or Arab Winter?". The New Yorker. Retrieved October 8, 2014.
  6. ↑ Yun Ru Phua. "After Every Winter Comes Spring: Tunisia's Democratic Flowering – Berkeley Political Review". Bpr.berkeley.edu. Retrieved 2017-02-11.
  7. ↑ Ahmed H Adam and Ashley D Robinson. Will the Arab Winter spring again in Sudan?. Al-Jazeera. 11 June 2016. "The Arab Spring that swept across the Middle East and succeeded in overthrowing three dictatorships in Tunisia, Egypt and Libya in 2011 was a pivotal point in the history of nations. Despite the subsequent descent into the "Arab Winter", the peaceful protests of young people were heroic..."
  8. 1 2 Fear and Faith in Paradise. Retrieved October 23, 2014.
  9. 1 2 "Arab Winter". America Staging. Retrieved October 23, 2014.
  10. 1 2 "Analysis: Arab Winter is coming to Baghdad". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved October 23, 2014.
  11. 1 2 "Egypt and Tunisia's new 'Arab winter'". Euro news. Retrieved October 23, 2014.
  12. 1 2 "Yemen's Arab winter". Middle East Eye. Retrieved October 23, 2014.
  13. 1 2 3 "Egypt & Tunisia's new Arab winter", Euro news, February 8, 2013
  14. 1 2 Radoslaw Fiedler, Przemyslaw Osiewicz. Transformation processes in Egypt after 2011. 2015. p182.
  15. ↑ "From Egypt to Syria, this could be the start of the Arab Winter". The Conversation. April 17, 2014. Retrieved October 23, 2014.
  16. 1 2 3 4 Rivlin, P (Jan 2014), Iqtisadi (PDF), Dayan Research Center
  17. ↑ Malmvig, Lassen (2013), Arab uprisings: regional implication (PDF), IEMED
  18. 1 2 "Displacement in the Middle East and North Africa – between the Arab Winter and the Arab Spring" (PDF), International Affairs, LB: AUB, August 28, 2013
  19. ↑ https://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/Analysis-Arab-Winter-is-coming-to-Baghdad-359348
  20. ↑ "The Coup in Egypt: An Arab Winter?". The Nation. July 5, 2013. Retrieved November 1, 2014.
  21. ↑ "In Egypt, Arab Spring Gives Way To Military Winter". The World Post. The Huffington Post. January 21, 2014. Retrieved November 1, 2014.
  22. 1 2 "Lecture Explores Past and Future Arab Spring". The Daily Gazette. October 10, 2014. Retrieved October 19, 2014.
  23. ↑ "In Mali AQ achieved to infiltrate and take over Tuareg insurgency. If AQ succeeds to keep the Arab Spring countries destabilized, this will lead to a viral reproduction of Azawad scenario. AQ is the "Islamic Winter"."
  24. ↑ 张维为. "观天下讲坛| 张维为：话语自信——回望六年前与福山的那场辩论". www.guancha.cn (in Chinese).
  25. ↑ "谁的终结？——福山与张维为对话"中国模式"-张维为、弗朗西斯·福山". guancha (in Chinese). Retrieved 2 August 2018. 而且我自己对中东的了解使我得出这样的结论，西方千万不要太高兴，这会给美国的利益会带来很多的问题。现在叫中东的春天，我看不久就要变成中东的冬天。
  26. 1 2 James Y. Simms, Jr. "Arab Spring to Arab Winter: a predictable debacle in the Middle East". richmond.com. Retrieved July 7, 2017.
  27. ↑ "The Arab winter". The Economist. Retrieved July 7, 2017.
  28. ↑ "High wall, narrow sea". The Economist. Retrieved July 7, 2017.
  29. ↑ “Displacement in the Middle East and North Africa: Between an Arab Winter and the Arab Spring”. "In the midst of ongoing uprisings, violence, and political turmoil, widespread population displacement took place as a result of the conflict in Libya, the violence in Syria and upheaval in Yemen. In each of these contexts, the new waves of displacement took place in or to areas already struggling with previous waves, leading to multi-layered and complex crises."
  30. 1 2 Khallaf, Shaden (August 2013). "Displacement in the Middle East and North Africa: Between an Arab Winter and the Arab Spring" (PDF). Working Paper Series (17). Issam Fares Institute for Public Policy and International Affairs, American University of Beirut.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.