Pornography by region

World map of pornography laws:
  Generally legal with certain extreme exceptions
  Partially legal, under some broad restrictions, or ambiguous status
  Illegal
  Data unavailable

The production and distribution of pornographic films are both activities that are lawful in many, but by no means all, countries so long as the pornography features performers aged above a certain age, usually eighteen years. Further restrictions are often placed on such material.

Africa

Botswana

The possession of "Indecent and obscene material such as pornographic books, magazines, films, videos, DVDs and software" is prohibited in Botswana. Possession or import of such material is illegal and punishable by a fine or up to 4 years imprisonment.[1]

Egypt

In Egypt, it is illegal to distribute pornography.[2] The possession and import of pornography are offences.[3] Unlike numerous African nations which have no laws against child pornography, Egypt blocks child pornography websites and dealing in child pornography carries a minimum sentence of five years and fines of US$29,000.[4] In 2009 Egypt's Administrative Court ruled that internet pornography should be banned, describing it as “venomous and vile”. In 2012 the country’s Prosecutor General ordered government ministries to block the websites,[5] and the Administrative Court repeated its order for the Cabinet to block pornographic websites in 2015.[6] However, the cost of blocking large numbers of pornographic websites has prevented the full implementation of the court's ruling.[5] Egypt has the highest viewing figures for pornography in the Middle East according to a survey of access to Pornhub.[6]

Ethiopia

All forms of pornography is illegal in Ethiopia, its production in that country is rare. The legal status of Internet pornography in Ethiopia is uncertain.

Morocco

In 2004, Morocco introduced severe punishment for promoting pornography.[7] Producing pornography of any kind is illegal in Morocco. However, it does not apply much on Internet pornography; porn websites are widely accessible in Morocco.

Nigeria

Nigeria has no national laws prohibiting pornography, although the public display of graphic sexual material is illegal in Lagos. The country has a small indigenous pornography industry which produces exclusively heterosexual pornography as homosexual activity in Nigeria is illegal. Some Muslim politicians in the national government have proposed a nationwide block on pornographic websites.[8] There is significant piracy of pornography in Nigeria, with pirated pornographic DVDs being sold from roadside stalls in Lagos.[9] Pornography is also sold in Nigerian sex shops and some pornographic magazines are produced in the country, often reproducing pictures from foreign magazines. The first officially acknowledged hardcore pornographic film produced in Nigeria was Better Lover Valentine Sex Party. It was not submitted to the National Film and Video Censors Board for classification and it was immediately banned on the grounds of obscenity and immorality.[10] Internet pornography is widely viewed in Nigeria. In 2015 the monthly average for the number of searches for pornography was 135,000, and in December 2014 and 2015 the proportion of searches for pornography (relative to other searches) was higher in Nigeria than in the United States. In 2013 Nigeria ranked second globally for Internet searches for gay pornography.[11]

South Africa

Pornography rated X18 is permitted by the law only if sold to persons over the age of 18 in registered stores. It is an offense to host a pornographic web site in South Africa because of the difficulty of age-verification and the requirement that pornography only be distributed from designated, licensed physical premises. It is also unlawful to visually represent bestiality (also rated XX), but not in text descriptions. Supplying violent pornography is an offence in any form, but the law allows the production of pornography that is not prohibited.

Distribution of pornography is regulated by the Films and Publications Act of 1996[12] which is enforced by the Films and Publications Board.[13]

Sudan

Pornography is prohibited in Sudan and the laws are strict. Pornographic websites are blocked by the government, pornography is largely inaccessible, and porn possession, production, distribution and sale can lead to fines, prison or corporal punishment.

Uganda

Pornographic DVDs have in the past been sold on the streets in Uganda.[14] However, an Anti-Pornography Act (popularly known as the "Anti-Miniskirt Law") was signed into law in 2014 with the stated objectives of defining what constitutes the offence of pornography and establishing a Pornography Control Committee.[15] The Committee is responsible for the implementation of the law and for taking measures to detect, prohibit, collect and destroy pornographic materials.[16] The law broadly defines pornography as "any representation of the sexual parts of a person for primarily sexual excitement".[14] The law says that “a person shall not produce, traffic in, publish, broadcast, procure, import, export, sell or abet any form of pornography”. Breaches of the law are punishable with up to ten years in jail.[17] Prior to the passing of the act there were a number of laws concerning aspects of pornography in Uganda, but this was the first law to create a specific offence of pornography.[18] The law repeals and replaces Section 166 of the Penal Code Act, widening the legal interpretation of pornography and prohibiting it comprehensively.[19] The law has been subject to challenge in the Constitutional Court on the basis of its vague wording and the broad powers of the committee.[20] In 2015 Ugandan pop singer Jemimah Kansiime was charged under the law for appearing in a music video.[21]

Asia

Bangladesh

By passing "Pornography Control Act, 2012" Bangladesh government has prohibited carrying, exchanging, using, selling, marketing, distributing, preserving, filming etc. of pornography (Sexually explicit materials, unless it has artistic and/or educational value). Penalties include a maximum of 10 years in prison and fines up to Tk.500,000/(USD 6,410). Most of the pornographic websites are blocked by the government.[22]

China

It is illegal to sell or distribute pornography in China, but it is not illegal to own or to watch it. Google, Yahoo, YouTube and other websites do not allow users in China to perform searches related to sex. Pornographic material in China comes from Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, or Japan.

Hong Kong

Hong Kong is the primary source of Chinese-language erotica.

Pornographic films in Hong Kong are referred to as Category III films, after the territory's motion picture rating system. Category III films would generally be considered softcore by American and Japanese standards, often featuring more elaborate and comical plots than foreign equivalents. In the early 21st century many of the roles involving sex scenes are actually performed by Japanese actresses, with any dialogue dubbed into Chinese, rather than by Chinese women.

Hardcore pornographic videos and films, in both physical and digital forms, can be legally sold in the territory.

India

The possession and viewing of pornography by an adult in a private residence is legal in India. In July 2015 the Supreme Court of India ruled against the blocking of pornographic websites.[23] In August 2015 the Government of India issued an order to Indian ISPs to block at least 857 websites that it considered pornographic[24] but the order was quickly lifted following widespread objections.[25] Child pornography in electronic form is illegal in India under section 67B of the Information Technology Act, 2000[26] and in February 2016 the Supreme Court asked the Indian Government to suggest ways of banning all forms of child pornography.[27] The making and distribution of pornography is illegal in India.[28]

Japan

Lebanon

Pornography in Lebanon is illegal and is subject to several legal provisions, but it's considered legal to access pornographic websites for personal use only.

North Korea

Both domestic and imported works of pornography have been available in North Korea since recent decades.[29] Producing, distributing, importing and watching pornography is prohibited.[30]

Possession of pornography became widespread among elites during the late 1990s. Political and army elites are the most active consumers of pornography. Locally produced pornography initially appeared during the reign of Kim Jong-il. A typical North Korean-made pornographic film involves nude or scantily clad women dancing with music.[31]

Importing pornography to North Korea is harshly punished. Pornography is sold openly on the China–North Korea border regardless of regulations.[32] Despite attempts to curtail circulation of imported pornography, most of the pornography watched in North Korea is currently made abroad.[31] A significant part of pornographic media in circulation consists of Chinese bootleg recordings of poor quality.[29]

There is no access to foreign pornographic websites from within North Korea.[33]

North Korea has ratified the Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography of the Convention on the Rights of the Child.[34] However, there are currently no specific laws to combat child pornography.[35]

South Korea

Pornography is banned by the government in South Korea, with laws strictly enforced. The distribution, sale or display of obscene materials via the Internet can be punished with up to two years' imprisonment, although there is no penalty for watching or possessing Internet pornography. The exception is child pornography, the possession of which carries a maximum one-year prison sentence, and the maximum sentence for distributing, selling or displaying it for commercial purposes is ten years. Many foreign pornographic websites are blocked, and those found to be operating from within the country are shut down.[36] The Korea Internet Safety Commission is responsible for instructing Internet service providers to block access to "pornography and nudity".[37] Google Search in South Korea filters search results for around 700 terms considered by the government to be adult in nature unless the user demonstrates that they are aged over 19.[38]

Pakistan

Pornography in Pakistan is illegal and is subject to several legal provisions. The Government has put a 100% ban on internet website containing such material since November 2011. The list of banned pornographic websites is updated on an ongoing basis.

Philippines

The Philippine penal code prohibits the production and distribution of obscene publications. There is a ban on pornography, but the law enforcement is relaxed and doesn't enforce the prohibition. Pornographic movies are available on Philippine cable television. Since 2014 there was a little local production.

Some ISPs in the Philippines have blocked access to pornographic websites since January 2017, due to the Republic Act 9775 or the Anti-Child Pornography Law.

Saudi Arabia

Items considered pornographic by Saudi Arabian standards are forbidden in the country. Customs authorities enforce strict regulations concerning the importation of pornographic items into Saudi Arabia. Such items may be confiscated on arrival and the owner may be subject to a fine.[39] Accessing pornographic websites can lead to imprisonment, fine, deportation or any other severe punishment by the government.

Syria

Pornography in Syria is illegal and is subject to several legal provisions. The Syrian government began blocking pornography sites in late 2017.

Turkmenistan

Even though the legal status of pornography in Turkmenistan is unknown, a law, passed on 1 January 2015, banning citizens to access pornography on the internet[40] suggests that pornography may be illegal in Turkmenistan.

Europe

European hardcore pornography is dominated by a few pan-European producers and distributors, the most notable of which is the Private Media Group. Most European countries also have local pornography producers, from Portugal (Naturalvideo) to Romania (Floyd-Agency), all of which compete with larger, international organizations with varying levels of success.

Many U.S.-based pornography websites distribute European pornography as a genre. These actresses (often advertised as "Eurobabes")[41] may conform more to a look usually seen in U.S. actresses than European ones, although they may still be considered to look "more natural". European pornography typically de-emphasizes breast implants, among other aesthetic factors.

Belarus

Production, dissemination and assembly of pornography is banned, with laws strictly enforced. Breaking the law is punishable with up to four years in prison.[42]

France

In France, pornography is overall permitted, but with distinctions :

  • Hardcore pornography must not be sold to minors under the age of 18.
  • Softcore porn is allowed for people 16 and over.
  • Extremely violent or graphic pornography is considered X-rated, and so may be shown only in specific theaters, and may not be displayed to minors.
  • Some pornography has a special VAT: a 33% tax is levied on X-rated movies, and a 50% excise is placed on pornographic online services.

The ratings system has caused controversy; e.g., in 2000 the sexually explicit and violent Baise-moi was initially rated only as "restricted" by the French government. This classification was overturned by a Conseil d'État ruling in a lawsuit brought by associations supporting Christian and family values.

Notice that some movies are forbidden to minors under 18, without the X rating, like Baise Moi, Ken Park or Saw 3, so that these movies can be viewed in theaters and not attract the value-added tax.

Germany

The constitution and law are very strict about hardcore pornography, especially when compared to very liberal laws about softcore pornography, prostitution and sex shops. Supplying hardcore pornography to people who are less than 18 years old is an offence, and shops selling it must keep people under the age of 18 from entering their premises. If only a part of the shop is dedicated to pornography, it must be completely closed off from the rest of the premises. Alternatively, shops may choose not to display their goods or advertise that they sell them, in which case minors may be admitted. Websites hosting pornographic material within Germany must comply with very strict rules about verifying that viewers are over 18.[43]

Soft porn is less restricted, and may even be broadcast on TV at night. The age threshold is usually FSK-16. In contrast many uncut action films or video games easily reach the FSK-18 rating.

Hungary

In Hungary, pornography is unlawful if sold or shown to children under 18 years of age. Displaying the genitals openly, as on the cover of a magazine, is not prohibited.

Iceland

The production or sale of pornography is prohibited in Iceland. Heavy fines were applied in 2001 and ten years earlier a fine was applied to the first manager of the first private TV-station (and the only case to present) in Iceland for showing the Danish "mainstream" Zodiac-films, I Tvillingernes tegn and I Tyrens tegn.[44] In early 2013 there was a draft proposal by Ögmundur Jónasson, the Minister of the Interior, to extend the ban to online pornography to protect children from violent sexual imagery.[45] The plan has been stalled since the change in government during the parliamentary election on 27 April 2013. Since then, there have been no changes to the relevant legislation, and no changes have been formally proposed.[46][47]

Italy

In Italy, it is illegal to distribute pictorial or video pornography to persons under the age of 18. However, persons over 18 years of age are permitted to view pornographic material.

Russia

According to Russian law, consumption of pornography is allowed though the production of it is not. The illegal production, distribution, and "public demonstration" of pornography is punishable by a 2- to 6-year prison term. Roskomnadzor, the Russian government's media overseer, has the power to order the blocking of pornographic websites. In 2015 the agency required the blocking of the Russian-language version of Pornhub and 10 other pornographic sites on the basis of a court ruling.[48]

There is nevertheless some uncertainty concerning the legal status of pornography in Russia. The law criminalizes only the 'illegal' production and selling of pornography (which implies that it sometimes can be legal), but two circumstances make enforcement of the law difficult: (1) the lack of a legal definition of pornography, and (2) no law defining when production or selling is permitted.

Ukraine

Pornographic production, distribution, broadcasting (both audio and video), transportation, import and advertisement is forbidden by law in Ukraine.[49]

United Kingdom

In England and Wales, the main legislation on pornographic materials is the Obscene Publications Act 1959, the Obscene Publications Act 1964, and the Indecent Displays (Control) Act 1981. Video-oriented depictions of hardcore material (with certain exceptions for works considered primarily 'artistic' rather than pornographic) were banned until 1999, when the removal of trade barriers with other European Union member states allowed for the relatively free movement of such goods for personal use. R18-rated videos are only available in licensed sex shops, but hardcore pornographic magazines are available in shops selling newspapers and magazines. In 2008, the Crown Prosecution Service unsuccessfully prosecuted a man under the Obscene Publications Act (the R v Walker trial) for a textual story on a pornography website involving Girls Aloud.[50] Also that year, the Home Office introduced legislation to criminalize possession of what it has labelled extreme pornography; these laws are now contained in sections 63 to 68 of the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008.[51]

North America

Bahamas

The Bahamian penal code prohibits the production and distribution of obscene publications.[52] Many types of pornography are prohibited in the Bahamas, however law enforcement is relaxed and does not usually enforce the prohibition.[53] Pornography is available on Bahamian cable television[54] and in 2014 ZNS-TV broadcast a report on the establishment of a local pornography industry in the Bahamas.[55]

Canada

The laws of Canada permit the sale of hardcore pornography to anyone over the age of eighteen. While persons below that age may have pornography in their possession, its sale to them is prohibited.

Most hardcore pornography is sold in adult stores or on adult websites.

Cuba

Pornography was illegal in Cuba during Fidel Castro's leadership of the country, but the laws were relaxed in the 2010s.[56] However, many pornographic websites are still blocked in Cuba.

Jamaica

Pornography is legal in Jamaica for adults over 18. But age verifications for buying porn or any sex-related products are relatively lax. The Jamaican government is planning to block Internet child pornography.

Mexico

From early on in the 20th Century Mexico was known for producing a lot of films with full female nudity and soft-core pornographic scenes.

United States

In the United States, pornography is not unlawful at the federal level, but is subject to the Miller test, which was developed in the 1973 case Miller v. California.[57] The Miller test was an effort to differentiate between pornography and 'obscenity.' It has three parts:

  • Whether "the average person, applying contemporary community standards", would find that the work, taken as a whole, appeals to the prurient interest,
  • Whether the work depicts or describes, in a patently offensive way, sexual conduct specifically defined by applicable state law,
  • Whether the work, taken as a whole, lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value.[58] The work is considered obscene only if all three conditions are satisfied. Local areas are permitted to develop their own laws on the issue, as long as they do not conflict with federal law.

Pornography is a large industry that involves major entertainment companies, which offer pornography films through cable channels and in-room movies in hotels. Pornography distribution changed radically during the 1980s, with VHS and cable television largely displacing X-rated theaters. VHS distribution, in turn, has been replaced by DVD and Internet distribution for niche markets. Pornography generates billions of dollars in sales in the United States alone. An estimated 211 new pornographic films are made every week in the United States.[59]

Oceania

Australia

In Australia, possession of pornographic material is permitted. However, it is illegal to sell, exhibit or rent X-rated pornographic material in most states of Australia, including Victoria, South Australia, Western Australia, the New South Wales, Tasmania, and Queensland. In contrast, it is legal to sell, exhibit, or rent X-rated pornographic material in some states including the Northern Territory and the Australian Capital Territory. As the Australian constitution prohibits states from regulating interstate commerce, the law permits the purchase of pornography from stores in either Territory and also bringing it interstate. This means that the majority of Australian mail order operations for adult material operate from the ACT.[60] Despite the offenses under state laws, stores selling X-rated material are abundant in major cities, advertising openly, as these laws are rarely enforced.

Ratings for the X18+ category were tightened in 2000 to ban material featuring some fetishes or which appeared to include minors. In 2007 the Northern Territory National Emergency Response introduced by the Howard Government made the possession of RC and X18+ pornography an offence in some Aboriginal communities.[61]

New Zealand

In New Zealand, pornography is generally treated in a liberal manner and very little is banned by the Office of Film and Literature Classification. However, the most extreme forms of pornography (such as child pornography, rape, incest and bestiality) are classified as objectionable material by the OFLC, effectively banning them.[62]

Papua New Guinea

In Papua New Guinea, the possession, import, export, and sale of pornography are all offenses. Control is strict. According to the government, all websites containing pornography, nudity or depictions of sex are blocked and the government has been blocking such sites since early 2009. Under the law, persons who possess, own, import, export, sell or exhibit pornography to the public are subject to arrest and trial and can face up to 6 months imprisonment and/or a fine up to 50,000 to 100,000 Papua New Guinean kina.[63] In PNG, pornography is subject to legal restraints to publication on grounds of obscenity. Laws relating to pornography in Papua New Guinea are vague. The main legislation used in dealing with cases relating to pornographic nature refer back to the Chapter 262 Criminal Code of Papua New Guinea, Lukautim Pikinini Act 2009, Classification of Publication Censorship Act 1989 and the National ICT Act, 2009. Improper Use of ICT Services.[63]

South America

Argentina

Argentina is emerging as another source for transsexual pornography, with several titles already produced by major American companies (e.g., Anabolic Video). Argentina is also widely used to shoot pornographic clips straight for the Internet, as well as for photoshoots. Films shot in Argentina typically have the male performers wearing condoms.

Brazil

In Brazil, pornographic film actors must be 18 or older. Pornography which does not involve bestiality is legal when sold in public places. Depiction of sex with animals is legal.[64] However, magazine and DVD covers that depict genitalia must not be visible from public view, and pornography can only be sold to people 18 or older.

Guyana

In Guyana, it is illegal to sell or possess pornography. Distribution, possession, sale, and importation of pornographic magazines, DVDs, books, photographs, etc. or simply browsing for pornographic websites on the Internet can lead to a variety of punishments ranging from community service, a fine of up to 45,000 Guyana Dollars, up to 2 years in prison, or corporal punishment.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Botswana Tourism Board, "Entry Requirements". botswanatourism.co.bw. Retrieved 15 December 2008. Archived 29 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
  2. ↑ "Egyptian MP sends porn to fellow parliamentarians over WhatsApp, blames 'hackers'". International Business Times. 27 June 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2016.
  3. ↑ Paul Shea (28 March 2012). "A Court in Egypt Declares Internet Pornography Illegal". ValueWalk. Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  4. ↑ Carmen M. Cusack (2014). Pornography and The Criminal Justice System. CRC Press. p. 248. ISBN 9781482260021.
  5. 1 2 "Egypt bans online porn, causing split in society". RT News. 7 November 2012. Retrieved 1 July 2016.
  6. 1 2 Brendan Cole (9 November 2015). "'Everyone should be free to watch porn films': Actress faces jail in Egypt for inciting immorality after urging the country's unmarried men to view explicit films 'to cool down'". Daily Mail. Retrieved 1 July 2016.
  7. ↑ Tatic, Sanja; Walker, Christopher (2006). Countries at the Crossroads: A Survey of Democratic Governance. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 365. ISBN 9780742558014.
  8. ↑ Odunayo Eweniyi (18 September 2017). "Nigeria's Porn Industry Is Getting Ready To Overtake America's". Konbini.
  9. ↑ Siegel, Larry J. (2010). Criminology: The Core. Cengage Learning. p. 364. ISBN 9780495809838.
  10. ↑ Procida, Richard; Simon, Rita James (2007). Global Perspectives on Social Issues: Pornography. Lexington Books. p. 93. ISBN 9780739120927.
  11. ↑ Subomi Plumptre (13 October 2015). "Nigeria, We've Got A Sexuality Problem!".
  12. ↑ "Government Gazette" (PDF). Republic of South Africa. 8 November 1996.
  13. ↑ "Film Classification Query Engine". Films and Publication Board. Archived from the original on 3 January 2009.
  14. 1 2 Amy Fallon (28 February 2014). "Confusion over Uganda's 'miniskirt ban' leads to public attacks on women". The Guardian. Retrieved 30 June 2016.
  15. ↑ Ellen Chesler; Terry McGovern, eds. (2015). Women and Girls Rising: Progress and Resistance Around the World. Routledge. p. 149. ISBN 9781317482666.
  16. ↑ "Museveni Signs Anti-Pornography Bill into Law". Red Pepper. Retrieved 30 June 2016.
  17. ↑ Raymond Mpubani (9 Mar 2014). "Uganda's anti-pornography law targets media more than miniskirts". Wits Journalism. Retrieved 30 June 2016.
  18. ↑ "Parliament passes Anti-Pornography Law". Parliament of the Republic of Uganda. Retrieved 30 June 2016.
  19. ↑ "Uganda bans miniskirts, pornography". New Vision. 18 February 2014. Retrieved 30 June 2016.
  20. ↑ "Anti-Pornography Act - Human Rights Activists And Civil Society Organisations Challenge The Legality Of The Act In Constitutional Court - Uganda". Strategic Initiative for Women in the Horn of Africa. 2015. Retrieved 30 June 2016.
  21. ↑ Michel Arseneault (25 May 2015). "Uganda performer faces 10-year jail sentence under new anti-porn law". Radio France International. Retrieved 30 June 2016.
  22. ↑ "Anti-Pornography Law in Bangladesh Lawyers Bangladesh". 3 January 2012.
  23. ↑ "It's legal to watch porn in the privacy of your house, says SC". Hindustan Times. 2015-07-09. Retrieved 2016-12-20.
  24. ↑ "Banned: Complete list of 857 porn websites blocked in India". Deccan Chronicle. 4 August 2015. Retrieved 11 July 2018.
  25. ↑ "India lifts porn ban after widespread outrage". BBC News. 5 August 2015. Retrieved 11 July 2018.
  26. ↑ "Central Government Act: Section 67 [B] in The Information Technology Act, 2000". Indian Kanoon. Retrieved 11 July 2018.
  27. ↑ "SC asks Centre to suggest measures to ban child pornography". Deccan Chronicle. 2016-02-27. Retrieved 2016-12-20.
  28. ↑ Rajak, Brajesh (2011) [2011]. Pornography Laws: XXX Must not be Tolerated (Paperback ed.). Delhi: Universal Law Co. p. 61. ISBN 978-81-7534-999-5.
  29. 1 2 Shin, Junsik (13 April 2015). "Pornography in North Korea". New Focus International. Archived from the original on 17 April 2015. Retrieved 20 September 2016.
  30. ↑ Hassig, Ralph; Kongdan Oh (2015). The Hidden People of North Korea: Everyday Life in the Hermit Kingdom (2nd ed.). Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 106. ISBN 978-1-4422-3719-3.
  31. 1 2 Moon Sung Hwee (23 December 2007). "Porno Became Widespread in '90s, Thanks to the Dear Leader". Daily NK. Retrieved 21 September 2016.
  32. ↑ Schwartzman, Nathan (27 November 2009). "Is There Porn in North Korea?". Asian Correspondent. Retrieved 20 September 2016.
  33. ↑ Talmadge, Eric (1 April 2016). "North Korea now blocking Facebook, Twitter, other websites". The Big Story. Associated Press. Retrieved 21 September 2016.
  34. ↑ "North Korea". Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 21 September 2016.
  35. ↑ Child Pornography: Model Legislation & Global Review (PDF) (8th ed.). International Centre for Missing & Exploited Children. 2016. p. 34. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
  36. ↑ Hyung-Jin Kim (10 December 2010). "South Korea's porn fight 'like shoveling in a blizzard'". NBC News. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 6 August 2014. Retrieved 1 August 2014.
  37. ↑ Chung, Jongpil (September–October 2008). "Comparing Online Activities in China and South Korea: The Internet and the Political Regime". Asian Survey. 48 (5): 727–751. doi:10.1525/as.2008.48.5.727.
  38. ↑ "Searching For An Adult Topic? You'll Have To Prove Your Age To Google Korea". Search Engine Land. 17 May 2007. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
  39. ↑ Nwanna, Gladson I. (2004). Americans Traveling Abroad: What You Should Know Before You Go (3rd ed.). Frontline Publishers, Inc. p. 267. ISBN 9781890605100.
  40. ↑ Turkmėnijoje uždrausta internete įžeidinėti prezidentą ir žiūrėti pornografiją
  41. ↑ "Eurobabeindex". Retrieved 2006-10-05.
  42. ↑ "Размещение порнографии в социальных сетях влечет уголовную ответственность". sk.gov.by. 24 June 2016. Archived from the original on 20 March 2016. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
  43. ↑ Krempl, Stefan (19 October 2007). "BGH reicht Check der Ausweisnummer als Zugangshürde für Online-Pornos nicht aus". heise.de. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
  44. ↑ "Hvað er klám?" (in Icelandic). Retrieved 31 August 2015.
  45. ↑ Associated Press (25 February 2013). "Iceland seeks internet pornography ban". The Guardian. Guardian Media Group.
  46. ↑ Staff writer (2015). "Iceland: Key developments: June 2014-May 2015, limits on content". freedomhouse.org. Freedom House.
  47. ↑ Helgadóttir, Ásta Guðrún (July 2014). "The Icelandic initiative for pornography censorship". Porn Studies. Taylor and Francis. 1 (3): 285–298. doi:10.1080/23268743.2014.928462.
  48. ↑ "Russia Blocks Access to Popular Porn Sites". Transitions Online. 15 September 2016. Retrieved 16 November 2016.
  49. ↑ "Закон України "Про захист суспільної моралі"" (in Ukrainian). Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. 5 March 2015. Retrieved 5 March 2015.
  50. ↑ "Girls Aloud in 'murder' blog case". BBC News. 2008-10-02. Retrieved 2008-10-25.
  51. ↑ "Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008". legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
  52. ↑ "Penal Code" (PDF). Bahamas Government. Retrieved 30 November 2016.
  53. ↑ Durham, Sarah (2015). Opposing Pornography: A look at the Anti-Pornography Movement. Lulu.com. p. 61. ISBN 9781329607644.
  54. ↑ "Call For Ban On Porn". Bahamas Local. 6 January 2012.
  55. ↑ Ava Turnquest (25 April 2014). "Christian President Speaks Out Over Porn Industry". The Tribune.
  56. ↑ Frank Simon (7 July 2016). "Pornography in Cuba, Enemy of the State". Havana Times. Retrieved 30 November 2016.
  57. ↑ Text of the decision and dissents, from findlaw.com
  58. ↑ This is also known as the (S)LAPS test—[Serious] Literary, Artistic, Political, Scientific.
  59. ↑ With pot and porn outstripping corn, America's black economy is flying high, The Guardian
  60. ↑ Kathy Marks (29 April 2000). "Canberra reborn as capital of sex". The Independent. London. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
  61. ↑ "Families, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs and Other Legislation Amendment (Northern Territory National Emergency Response and Other Measures) Bill 2007". Bill No. 21 of 13 August 2007 (PDF).
  62. ↑ Deputy Chief Censor Jared Mullen (19 January 2016). "Pornography in New Zealand: do we really still need to be concerned?". Office of Film and Literature Classification.
  63. 1 2 Durham, Sarah (2015). Opposing Pornography: A look at the Anti-Pornography Movement. Lulu.com. p. 61. ISBN 9781329607644.
  64. ↑ Revista Galileu - notÍCIAS - Alguém já foi preso por zoofilia no Brasil?
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