Pininfarina

Pininfarina S.p.A.
Società per Azioni
Traded as BIT: PINF
Industry Automotive and Design
Founded Turin, Italy (May 23, 1930 (1930-05-23))
Founder Battista Farina
Headquarters Cambiano, Italy
Key people
Services Automotive design
€20.5 million (2016)[1]
Number of employees
 578 (2016)[1]
Parent Mahindra Group (76.06%)
Website www.pininfarina.com
Pininfarina Design Center

Pininfarina S.p.A. (short for Carrozzeria Pininfarina) is an Italian car design firm and coachbuilder, with headquarters in Cambiano, (Metropolitan City of Turin), Italy. It was founded by Battista "Pinin" Farina in 1930. On 14 December 2015, Mahindra Group acquired Pininfarina S.p.A. for about €168 million.[2]

Pininfarina is employed by a wide variety of automobile manufactures to design vehicles. These firms have included long-established customers such as Ferrari, Alfa Romeo, Peugeot, Fiat, GM, Lancia, and Maserati, to emerging companies in the Asian market with Chinese manufactures like AviChina, Chery, Changfeng, Brilliance, and JAC and Korean manufacturers Daewoo and Hyundai.

Since the 1980s Pininfarina has also designed high-speed trains, buses, trams, rolling stocks, automated light rail cars, people movers, yachts, airplanes, and private jets. With the 1986 creation of "Pininfarina Extra" it has consulted on industrial design, interior design, architecture, and graphic design.

Pininfarina was run by Battista's son Sergio Pininfarina until 2001, then his grandson Andrea Pininfarina until his death in 2008. After Andrea's death, his younger brother Paolo Pininfarina was appointed as CEO.[3]

At its height in 2006 the Pininfarina Group employed 2,768 with subsidiary company offices throughout Europe, as well as in Morocco and the United States. As of 2012 with the end of series automotive production, employment has shrunk to 821. Pininfarina is registered and publicly traded on the Borsa Italiana (Milan Stock Exchange).

History

The days as a specialist coachbuilder

Battista "Pinin" Farina and his son Sergio, c. 1950

When automobile designer and builder Battista "Pinin" Farina broke away from his brother's coach building firm, Stabilimenti Farina, in 1928, he founded "Carrozzeria Pinin Farina" with financial help from his wife's family and Vincenzo Lancia. That first year the firm employed eighteen and built 50 automobile bodies.[4]

On 22 May 1930 papers were filed to become a corporation, Società anonima Carrozzeria Pinin Farina headquartered in Turin, Italy, at 107 Corso Trapani.[5][6] During the 1930s, the company built bodies for Lancia, Alfa Romeo, Isotta Fraschini, Hispano-Suiza, Fiat, Cadillac, and Rolls-Royce.[7] With its close relationship with Lancia, the pioneer of the monocoque in automobile design, Farina became the first coachbuilder to build bodies for the new technique also known as unibody construction. This development happened in the mid-1930s when others saw the frameless construction as the end of the independent coachbuilder.[8]

In 1939, World War II ended automobile production, but the company had 400 employees building 150 bodies a month. The war effort against the Allies brought work making ambulances and searchlight carriages.[4] The Pinin Farina factory was destroyed by Allied bombers ending the firm's operations.[9]

After World War II

Cisitalia 202 - Museo Torino
Nash-Healey roadster
1987 Cadillac Allanté

After the war, Italy was banned from the 1946 Paris Motor Show. The Paris show was attended by 809,000 visitors (twice the pre-war figure), queues stretched from the main gate all the way to the Seine.[10] Pinin Farina and his son Sergio, determined to defy the ban, drove two of their cars (an Alfa Romeo 6C 2500 S and a Lancia Aprilia cabriolet) from Turin to Paris, and found a place at the entrance to the exhibition to display the two new creations. The managers of the Grand Palais said of the display, "the devil Pinin Farina", but to the press and the public it was the successful "Turin coachbuilder's anti-salon".[11]

At the end of 1945 the Cisitalia 202 Coupé was designed. An elegantly proportioned design with a low hood, it is the car that usually is given credit for establishing Pinin Farina's reputation.[12] The Pinin Farina design was honored in the Museum of Modern Art's landmark presentation "Eight Automobiles" in 1951.[13] A total of 170 Coupés were produced by Pinin Farina.

The publicity of the Museum of Modern Art exhibit brought Pinin Farina to the attention of Nash-Kelvinator managers.[4] The subsequent cooperation with Nash Motors resulted in high-volume production of Pinin Farina designs and provided a major entry into the United States market. In 1952, Farina visited the U.S. for the unveiling of his design for the Nash Ambassador and Statesman lines, which, although they did carry some details of Pinin Farina's design, were largely designed by Nash's then-new in-house styling staff when the original Farina-designed model proved unsuited to American tastes, exhibiting a popular 1950s appearance called "ponton". The Nash-Healey sports car body was, however, completely designed and assembled in limited numbers from 1952 to 1954 at Pinin Farina's Turin facilities. Nash heavily advertised its link to the famous Italian designer, much as Studebaker promoted its longtime association with Raymond Loewy. As a result of Nash's million advertising campaign, Pinin Farina became well known in the U.S.[4]

Pinin Farina also built the bodies for the limited-series Cadillac Eldorado Brougham for General Motors in 1959 and 1960, assembled them and sent them back to the U.S. There were 99 Broughams built in 1959 and 101 in 1960. A similar arrangement was repeated in the late 1980s when Pinin Farina designed (and partially assembled) the Cadillac Allanté at the San Giusto Canavese factory. The car bodies were assembled and painted in Italy before being flown from the Turin International Airport to Detroit for final vehicle assembly.

The Ferrari partnership

It started in 1951 with a meeting at a restaurant in Tortona, a small town halfway between Turin and Modena. This neutral territory was chosen because neither Farina nor Enzo Ferrari wanted to meet at the other's headquarters. Pinin’s son, Sergio Pininfarina recalled, "It is not difficult to imagine how I felt that afternoon when my father, without taking his eyes off the road for one moment told me his decision as we drove back to Turin: "From now on you'll be looking after Ferrari, from A to Z. Design, engineering, technology, construction—the lot!"—I was over the moon with happiness." "[14]

Since that meeting the only road-going production Ferraris not designed by Pininfarina are the 1973 Dino 308 GT4 and 2013's LaFerrari.[15] Their relationship was so close that Pininfarina became a partner of Ferrari in "Scuderia Ferrari SpA SEFAC", the organization that ran Ferrari's race team from 1961–1989,[16] Pinin was a vice president of Ferrari,[17] and Sergio later sat on Ferrari's board of directors.[18]

The move to large-scale manufacturing

Paris - Mondial de l'Automobile 2010 - Alfa Romeo Giulietta Spider - 001

In 1954 to 1955 Pinin Farina purchased land in Grugliasco, outside of Turin, for a new factory. "The factory in no way would look like the one of Corso Trapani. It would be a car no longer on my measurements but on those of my children, built looking like them; I had this in mind and wanted it," said Farina.

Around the same time, Alfa Romeo accepted Pininfarina's design over Bertone for the new Giulietta Spider. The Alfa was the first vehicle that Pininfarina produced in large numbers, in fact Alfa Romeo chose Pininfarina to produce the Spider in large part because they felt confident that they could produce 20 cars a day for a run of 1,000 bodies. The Spider was a huge success for Alfa Romeo and Pinin Farina, Max Hoffman the importer for the United States said he could sell as many as they could make. In 1956, the first year of production, they produced 1025 units which then expanded to over 4,000 in 1959 the first full year of the new Grugliasco factory.[19]

Usine Pininfarina 406 coupe
2006 Volvo C70

The second generation of leadership

Starting with the planning for the new plant in Grugliasco in 1956, Pinin started to groom his replacements–Sergio his son and Renzo Carli his son-in-law. To his heirs apparent, Pinin said of the Corso Trapani facility "This old plant has reached the limits of its growth. It has no room for expansion and is far from being up to date. If I were alone I'd leave it as it is. But I want you to decide which way to go–to stay as we are or to enlarge. Either way is fine with me. It's your decision to make and I don't want to know what it is. I'm finished and it's your time to take over. The future is absolutely up to you."[8] In 1958, upon leaving for a world tour Pinin added "In my family we inherit our legacies from live people–not from the dead."[8][20]

Change of corporate name to Pininfarina

1961 at the age of 68, “Pinin” Farina formally turns his firm over to his son Sergio and his son-in-law, Renzo Carli, it was the same year that the President of Italy formally authorized the change of Farina’s last name to Pininfarina and the business took on the same name.

Pininfarina was run by Battista's grandson Andrea Pininfarina from 2001 until his death in 2008. Andrea's younger brother Paolo Pininfarina was then appointed as successor.[3]

Modernizing for a new world

Starting in the mid-1960s, Pininfarina started to make investments in the science of automotive design, a strategy to differentiate itself from the other Italian coachbuilders.

In 1966, Pininfarina opened the Studies and Research Centre (Studi e Ricerche) in Grugliasco. The research centre occupied 8,000 sq. metres (2 acres) and employed 180 technicians capable of producing 25 prototypes a year.[21]

The Calculation and Design Centre was set up in 1967, the first step in a process of technological evolution which, during the 1970s, would take Pininfarina into the lead in automated bodywork design.[22]

Then in 1972 construction of a full-sized wind tunnel was completed. The project was started in 1966. When it opened, it not only was the first wind tunnel with the ability to test full-sized cars in Italy, but also one of the first in the world with this ability.[22] To put this foresight in perspective, GM's full-sized wind tunnel didn't open until 1980.[23]

New infrastructure and expansion

The 1980s started a period of expansion for Pininfarina.

In 1982 the company opened “Pininfarina Studi e Ricerche" in Cambiano. It was separate from the factory and wind tunnel in Grugliasco, to keep design and research activities independent from manufacturing. On 14 October 2002, Pininfarina inaugurated a new engineering centre. The new facility, which was built at the Cambiano campus, to give greater visibility and independence to the engineering operations.

In 1983 Pininfarina reached an agreement with General Motors to design and build the Cadillac Allanté. The Allanté project led to the building of the San Giorgio factory in 1985.[24]

In 1996, Mitsubishi entered into talks for Pininfarina build their new compact SUV, the Pajero, in Italy. While Mitsubishi recognized Pininfarina's expertise in design and engineering, the reason for choosing them was that manufacturing costs were half of those in Germany.[25] After entering into an agreement in 1996, Pininfarina purchased an industrial site at Bairo Canavese near Turin, Italy. in April 1997, Bairo Canavese was dedicated to the production of the new Mitsubishi Pajero Pinin.

Pininfarina Sverige AB in Uddevalla, Sweden, was established in 2003 as a joint venture (JV) between Volvo Cars and Pininfarina to produce a new Volvo convertible that will be sold in Europe and the United States. The JV is owned 60% by Pininfarina and 40% by Volvo.[26] The C70 model designed by Volvo's John Kinsey—was launched on 13 April 2006, sharing the Volvo P1 platform used in the S40.

New economic realities

In April 2008, after three years of serious losses totaling 115 million euros at the end of 2007,[27] Pininfarina made the first of several moves to raise capital and restructure its enormous debt:

29 April 2008

Pininfarina announced Piero Ferrari, Alberto Bombassei (chairman of Brembo), and the Marsiaj family (founders of the Sabelt seatbelt company), will join with Vincent Bolloré, a French financier, and Ratan Tata, head of India's Tata Group conglomerate, who already announced their plans to invest. The five would together invest million. Funding would come through the sale of stock to other investors. The Pininfarina family was willing to reduce its share from 55% to 30%, which would still be enough to secure a controlling interest.[28]

31 December 2008

On 31 December 2008, Pininfarina announced a debt restructuring that would require the family to sell its stake in the company. The agreement was made after Pininfarina's value dropped 67 per cent during 2008, and it then had a market capitalization of about €36 million. It had total debts of €598 million at the end of November. Of that amount, €555 million was the subject of the debt restructuring agreement that was agreed on with a consortium of banks.[29]

24 March 2009

Pincar, Pininfarina's family holding company, announced it has hired investment bank Leonardo & Co. to find a buyer for its 50.6% stake in Pininfarina per the debt restructuring agreement reached in December.[30]

4 January 2011

Pininfarina released a statement saying that it is still gathering "possible offers from potential buyers," adding it would release more information when it was appropriate.

Company sources added, the family will not sell its entire 50.7% stake but that Pincar would no longer be a majority shareholder.[31]

14 February 2012

An agreement with creditor banks including Intesa Sanpaolo, UniCredit, Mediobanca and Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena to restructure net debt of 76 million euros is on track and will be reached in the coming months, said three sources close to the situation. "The debt situation is stable and the talks are not contentious, so there is no hurry," said one of the sources, speaking on condition anonymity. "The agreement will fix the capital structure for the foreseeable future."

When finalised, the debt accord will give control of the family's 77 % stake to its creditor banks, ending the Pininfarina family's ownership.

The deal will close a chapter that began in 2008 when the banks swapped 180 million euros in debt in exchange for a promise of proceeds from a future sale of part of the Pininfarina's family stake.

But no takers materialised. Potential buyers were not willing to acquire a design company when they can easily contract its services, said one of the people familiar with the situation.[32]

15 February 2012

In a statement released on 15 February, the Cambiano-based company, which owes over million to a number of Italian banks, said its debt repayment date has been extended to 2018, from 2015.

The agreement, which will be signed in the next few weeks, will also see the company take advantage of interest rates “significantly lower than [current] market rates”. With the new debt restructuring deal with its creditors Pininfarina will remain under the control of the Pininfarina family.[33]

16 May 2012

Automotive News reported Pininfarina projects will be profitable in 2012, thanks in part to debt restructuring. The Italian design studio hasn't be in profit in eight years, but signed a deal in April to restructure million in debt. The move effectively stretched the studio's repayment deadline from 2015 to 2018. At the same time, Pininfarina announced it will likely see an operating loss this year, but a one-time gain of million will result in the net profit. The preceding year, the company lost million in the first quarter, though that figure has dropped to just under million during Q1 2012.

Pininfarina also saw its net revenue increase by million.[34]

26 March 2013

Pininfarina in the black for first time since 2004 Italian design house Pininfarina predicted last May that it would face an operating loss for 2012 but still come out with a net profit. Both predictions came true: the company is reporting an operating loss of 8.2 million euros and a net profit of 32.9 million euros ( million US).

According to Reuters, the good news came because of a debt restructuring arranged the preceding year that gave the company three more years to repay its million in debt, and a one-time gain of approximately 45 million euros ( million US). It is the company's first profit since 2004.[35]

Acquisition by Mahindra group (2015–present)

Mahindra Group, owner of Indian automobile company Mahindra & Mahindra agreed to buy Italian car designer Pininfarina SpA in a deal worth about 168 million euros ( million).[2] Mahindra group, together with affiliate Tech Mahindra, have 76 % stake from holding company Pincar for 25.3 million euros. The Indian company will offer the same price for the remaining stock. In addition to buying stock, Mahindra will invest 20 million euros in Pininfarina and provide a guarantee to creditors of 114.5 million euros.

Corporate Governance (2016)

  • President: Paolo Pininfarina
  • CEO - General Manager: Silvio Pietro Angori
  • Board of Directors: Gianfranco Albertini, Edoardo Garrone, Romina Guglielmetti, Licia Mattioli, Enrico Paraffini, Carlo Pavesio, Roberto Testore.
  • Statutory Auditors: Nicola Treves (president), Margherita Spaini, Giovanni Rayneri.

The end of car production operations

On December 10, 2011 Pininfarina announced it would end all automotive production. In truth production ended in November 2010 with the conclusion of the contract to produce the Alfa Romeo Brera and Spider at the San Giorgio plant.[36]

Grugliasco factory

Opened in 1958 with nearly 1,000 employees, by 1960 output exceeded 11,000 car bodies.[37] In 2009 Pininfarina sold the factory to Finpiemonte, the public finance of the Piedmont Region, at the price of 14.4 million euro. Finpiemonte, as part of the deal, leases the plant to Gian Mario Rossignol at a rent of per year for six years renewable.[38]

The Grugliasco sale did not include an adjacent structure that houses the wind tunnel.[39]

San Giorgio plant

Opened in 1986 to build Cadillac Allante bodies for General Motors,[40] the same year Pininfarina was first listed on the Stock Exchange in Milan. Automotive production ended at San Giorgio with the conclusion of the Ford production in July 2010, and Alfa Romeo production in November 2010.[39]

Following the end of contract manufacturing activities San Giorgio Canavese is being used for production of spare parts for cars manufactured in the past.[41]

Bairo Canavese

Pininfarina opened its third manufacturing plant in 1997. Currently Pininfarina leases the plant and 57 employees to the Cecomp Group. This agreement to produce 4,000 electric Bolloré Bluecars runs from 1 April 2011 to 31 December 2013.[41] On 13 September 2013 a new lease agreement was announced, this new agreement will run from 1 January 2014 until the end of 2016.[42]

Uddevalla, Sweden Pininfarina Sverige AB

A joint venture between Pininfarina S.p.A. and Volvo Car Corporation began in 2003. Volvo and Pininfarina S.p.A. have agreed upon the termination of the joint venture agreement regarding Pininfarina Sverige AB and its operations in Uddevalla, Sweden. As of 31 December 2011 the termination this agreement would result in a 30 million euros fee paid to Pininfarina.[41]

On 25 June 2013 the last Volvo C70 was produced and the Uddevalla assembly plant was closed.[43]

Notable designers

Although Pininfarina rarely gave credit to individuals,[44] that policy seems to have changed in recent years[45] and many of the designers of the past have become known. As of 2016 Pininfarina employs 98 people in their design department,[46] that is down from 185 in 2005.[47]

Paolo Martin at work

Vehicles

Pininfarina designs, manufactures, assembles, and tests prototypes and production vehicles under contract for other automakers.

Past production

As of 10 December 2011 Pininfarina announced it would end all mass automotive production with the sale of its 40% stake in the Uddevalla, Sweden plant to Volvo in 2013. In the past Pininfarina has produced both cars and car-bodies under contract from other automakers. This production includes Pininfarina-designed cars and vehicles designed by others.

A sortable list of complete cars or car bodies manufactured in one of the five Pininfarina factories:

YearsModelFactoryQuantity
1946–1949Maserati A6 1500 Turismo107 Corso Trapani58[78]
1947–1952Cisitalia 202107 Corso Trapani170
1947–1951Alfa Romeo 6C 2500 Super Cabriolet107 Corso Trapani64[79]
1948–1951Alfa Romeo 6C 2500 Super Sport Cabriolet107 Corso Trapani25-30[80]
1948Maserati A6 1500 Spider107 Corso Trapani2[81]
1950–1952Lancia Aurelia B50 Cabriolet107 Corso Trapani265
1950–1958Lancia Aurelia B20 Coupé107 Corso Trapani2,640[82]
1952Alfa Romeo 1900 C Cabriolet107 Corso Trapani88[83]
1952–1953Alfa Romeo 1900 C Coupé107 Corso Trapani100[84]
1952–1953Ferrari 212 Inter cabriolet107 Corso Trapani2[85]
1952–1953Ferrari 212 Inter coupé107 Corso Trapani11[85]
1952–1953Lancia D20 coupé107 Corso Trapani7[86]
1952–1954Nash-Healey107 Corso Trapani402[87]
1953Ferrari 375 MM Spider107 Corso Trapani15[88]
1953Lancia D23 Spyder107 Corso Trapani4 (re-bodied D20s)[86][89]
1953-1954Lancia D24 Spyder107 Corso Trapani6[86][90]
1954-1955Ferrari 250 Europa GT Coupe107 Corso Trapani28[91]
1954–1957Fiat 1100 TV Coupé107 Corso Trapani126[92]
1954–1955Lancia Aurelia B24 Spider America107 Corso Trapani240
1954Lancia D25 Spyder107 Corso Trapani4 (re-bodied D24s)[86][93]
1954Maserati A6 GCS/53 Berlinetta107 Corso Trapani4[94]
1956Lancia Aurelia B24 Spider107 Corso Trapani521
1956–1958Alfa Romeo Giulietta Spider107 Corso Trapani5,493[95]
1957–1959Lancia Appia Pininfarina Coupe 2 +2 Series II–302
1958–1960Ferrari 250 GT Coupe PininfarinaGrugliasco335
1959–1962Alfa Romeo Giulietta SpiderGrugliasco11,503[96]
1959–1960Cadillac Eldorado BroughamGrugliasco200
1959–1967Lancia Flaminia CoupéGrugliasco5,236[97]
1960–1963Ferrari 250 GTE 2+2Grugliasco955 including prototypes[98]
1961–1968Peugeot 404 Coupé and CabrioletGrugliasco17,223 ( 10,389 Cabriolets, 6,834 Coupés)
1962–1971Lancia Flavia CoupéGrugliasco26,084[99]
1962–1965Alfa Romeo Giulia 1600 SpiderGrugliasco10,336[100]
1963Ferrari 330 AmericaGrugliasco50[101]
1964-1967Ferrari 330 GT 2+2Grugliasco1080[102]
1966–1968Alfa Romeo Giulia Spider Duetto 1600 SpiderGrugliasco6,322[103]
1966-1968Ferrari 330 GTCGrugliasco604[104]
1966-1968Ferrari 330 GTSGrugliasco100[105]
1966–1985Fiat 124 Sport SpiderGrugliasco198,120[106]
1967Ferrari 330 GTC Coupe SpecialeGrugliasco3[107]
1968–1972Alfa Romeo Giulia Spider 1300 and 1600 JuniorGrugliasco4,913[108]
1968–1972Alfa Romeo 1750 Spider VeloceGrugliasco8,920[109]
1969–1983Peugeot 504 CoupéGrugliasco22,975[110]
1969–1983Peugeot 504 CabrioletGrugliasco8,191[110]
1971–1972Ferrari 365 GTC/4Grugliasco505[111]
1971–1975Lancia 2000 CoupéGrugliasco–
1976–1985Ferrari 400Grugliasco1,808
1981–1984Lancia Beta Coupé HPEGrugliasco18.917[112]
1981–1985Peugeot Talbot Samba CabrioletGrugliasco13,062[113]
1981–1986Fiat CampagnolaGrugliasco15,198[112]
1984–1993Ferrari TestarossaGrugliasco / San Giorgio[114]-
1984–1986Alfa Romeo 33 GiardinettaGrugliasco12,238
1985–1989Ferrari 412 & 412 GTGrugliasco576
1984–1993Peugeot 205 CabrioletGrugliasco72,125[115]
1986–1993Cadillac AllantéSan Giorgio Canavese21,430
1992–1996Ferrari 456 GT–3289[116]
1993–2000Fiat Coupé–72,762
1993–2002Peugeot 306 CabrioletSan Giorgio Canavese77,824[112]
1996–1999Bentley Azure Mark I Convertible–895[112]
1996–2000Lancia Kappa SW–9,208
1996–2004Peugeot 406 CoupéSan Giorgio Canavese107,633[112]
1999–2005Mitsubishi Pajero PininBairo Canavese and Grugliasco68,555[117]
2000–2004Alfa Romeo GTV & Spider 916 seriesSan Giorgio Canavese15,788[112]
2002Pininfarina Argento Vivo–4–5
2002–2005Ford StreetkaBairo Canavese37,076[118]
2005Ferrari P4/5 by Pininfarina–1
2005–2010Alfa Romeo BreraSan Giorgio Canavese21,786
2006–2010Alfa Romeo SpiderSan Giorgio Canavese12,488
2006–2010Ford Focus Coupé CabrioletBairo Canavese36,374[119]
2006–2013Volvo C70 IIUddevalla, Sweden–
2006–2008Mitsubishi Colt CZCBairo Canavese16,695
1974–1981Lancia Beta Montecarlo CabrioGrugliasco4,375
1975–1981Lancia Beta Montecarlo CoupéGrugliasco3,203
1981Lancia 037Grugliasco220
1971–1976Fiat 130 CoupéGrugliasco4,491[112]
1966–1972Fiat Dino SpiderGrugliasco1,583[120]
1976–1984Lancia Gamma CoupéGrugliasco6,790[112]

Notable car designs

1961 Austin A40 Farina Mk II
1961 Fiat 2300
Ferrari Dino berlinetta
1982 Rolls-Royce Camargue
1987 Alfa Romeo 164
2006 Ferrari P4/5 by Pininfarina
Lancia Montecarlo Series 2 by Pininfarina

Pre World War II

Before the war Pininfarina built car bodies mostly for individual customers, many of the bodies were "one offs" and not mass-produced.

Concept cars, Prototypes and Individual commissions

In addition to production vehicles, Pininfarina creates prototype, show, and custom cars for auto manufacturers, as well as private clients. Most prototypes—such as the Ferrari Mythos, were concept cars, although several have become production models, including the Ferrari 612 Scaglietti and Ferrari F50.

A recent privately commissioned custom example was the Ferrari P4/5 of 2006, a one-car rebody (changing the exterior design) of the Enzo Ferrari according to the client's specifications. Its design began in September 2005 with sketches by Jason Castriota moving through computer aided sculpture and stringent wind tunnel testing. More than 200 components were designed especially for the car though the engine, drivetrain and many other components are simply modified from the original Enzo Ferrari. The Vehicle Identification Number (VIN) is unchanged from the Enzo it was derived from. The P4/5 was publicly revealed on 18 August 2006 at the Pebble Beach Concours d'Elegance and shown again at the Paris Motor Show in late September. Another recent prototype is the Pininfarina Nido, a two-seater sub-compact that could possibly make airbags obsolete.

The Pininfarina B0 solar-electric concept, designed with Bolloré was shown at the 2008 Paris Motor Show featuring a range between charges of more than 150 miles (241 km) with an electronically limited 88-mile-per-hour (142 km/h) top speed, and an estimated acceleration to 37 miles per hour (60 km/h) in 6.3 seconds.[127] The car has solar panels on the roof and on the nose, while its battery pack is said to last up to 125,000 miles (201,168 km).[128]

On 15 May 2013 Pininfarina announced the BMW Pininfarina Gran Lusso Coupé to be revealed on 24 May at the Concorso d’Eleganza Villa d’Este. Pininfarina announced this one-off concept car as the first collaboration between BMW and Pininfarina,[129] but in 1949 BMW commissioned Pininfarina design and build a prototype of the BMW 501—it was rejected for being too modern.[130]

Production Cars Designed by Pininfarina

A list of Post WWII cars designed by Pininfarina that went into production.

Ika Torino 380 (1966) Argentina

Electric propulsion

Pininfarina B0

Pininfarina has an area dedicated to the new electric car Pininfarina Bolloré. Batteries are produced by the French Bolloré Group.[231]

Pininfarina, has introduced its own electric vehicle concept, the Pininfarina B0 (pronounced "B Zero"). The four-seat hatchback features a solid-state lithium-polymer battery, supercapacitors, and a roof- integrated solar panel to achieve a range of 153 miles (246 km). Developed in partnership with the Bolore Group, the vehicle was slated for limited production in 2009 as the Bolloré Bluecar.[232]

Pininfarina will display a turbine-powered plug-in hybrid called the Cambiano at the 2012 Geneva Motor Show.[233]

At the 2016 Geneva Motor Show Pininfarina revealed the H2 Speed, an electric sports car concept.[234] The H2 Speed is a hydrogen vehicle with two race-specification electric motors which are fed by a hydrogen fuel cell.[235] The hydrogen power unit was designed by Swiss company GreenGT.[236]

Other vehicles

Nautical design

  • Primatist Aerotop Pininfarina range:[237] G46, G53, B62,[238] G70.
  • Magnum Marine 80' Series [239]
  • Pershing 88' Pininfarina Limited Edition, a one-off body designed by Pininfarina. Yacht was used in a Visa Black Card commercial.[240]
  • Fincantieri Ottantacinque by Pininfarina Project.[241]
  • Schaefer 620 and 800 by Pininfarina, interiors.[242]
  • Persico Marine WallyCento Project.[243]
  • Azimut 65 Pininfarina.

Mass transport

2000 Mercedes-Benz O405G Hispano Habit
1991-1997 Re 460 locomotive and IC 2000 train

Other works

Bicycle designed by Pininfarina

Pininfarina also works with other companies such as SimpleTech for product design.[250]

Other Pininfarina product designs include the 2006 Winter Olympics torch, cauldron and medals, as well as major appliance collections for Gorenje.[251]

On December 1999, Pininfarina cooperated with Casio and designed a watch under its label, the G-Shock GE-2000.[252] However, the watch received negative critics from the fans due to its weak strap, which was vulnerable to breaks during normal use.[253]

Pininfarina logo on Coca-Cola Freestyle machine

Pininfarina was a design contractor for the development of Coca-Cola Freestyle.[254][255]

Subsidiaries

Pininfarina Extra, founded in 1986, is the Pininfarina Group design company which does not work in the transport sector. Examples include:

See also

References

  1. 1 2 "Pininfarina S.p.A. Annual Financial Report" (PDF). Pininfarina S.p.A. 31 December 2016. p. 9. Retrieved 23 October 2017.
  2. 1 2 Philip, Siddharth Vikram; Ebhardt, Tommaso (14 December 2015). "Mahindra Agrees to Purchase of Car-Designer Pininfarina". Bloomberg. Retrieved 8 April 2016.
  3. 1 2 "Pininfarina Group: Appointments of New Officers and New Assignments in the Sign of Corporate Continuity" (PDF) (Press release). Pininfarina Group. 12 August 2008. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Borgeson, Griff (December 1963). "Pininfarina man, myth, & monopoly". Road & Track: 37–38.
  5. ↑ "Pininfarina SpA". Companyspotlight.com. 2013. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
  6. ↑ "Pininafarina Anniversary". Concorsodeleganzavilladeste.com. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
  7. ↑ "Pinin Farina 1930". classiccarcatalogue.com. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
  8. 1 2 3 Borgeson, Griff (March 1964). "Pininfarina, The New Generation". Road & Track: 83.
  9. ↑ Vitello, Paul (3 July 2012). "Sergio Pininfarina, 85, Designer of Sports Cars". The New York Times.
  10. ↑ "History of the Paris Motor Show - 2006". Motorshow.cars.uk.msn.com. Archived from the original on 2 June 2013. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
  11. ↑ Ernesto Caballo, Pininfarina n. 12 1972-73, p.160
  12. ↑ Thompson, Jonathan (March 1976). "The Early Pininfarina Line". Road & Track: 37.
  13. ↑ Stigh, Daniela (6 April 2012). "Five for Friday (Plus One): MoMA's Car Collection". MoMA. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
  14. ↑ Adolphus, David Traver (1 May 2008). "Days of Ferrari 2008, Day 3: 1952 Ferrari 212 Inter Coupe PF". Hemmings.com. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
  15. ↑ "Divorce, Italian style? No, but a design change at Ferrari". Automotive News Europe. 28 March 2013. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
  16. ↑ Thompson, Jonathan (December 1976). "The Early Pininfarina Line". Road & Track: 54.
  17. ↑ Gino Rancati, Pininfarina n. 12 1972-73, p.162
  18. ↑ Ready, Owen (5 March 2013). "Pininfarina Sergio concept". Cardesignnews.com. Archived from the original on 27 May 2013. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
  19. ↑ Wilson, Wilson. Alfa Romeo Giulietta, p.43
  20. ↑ "Battista Pininfarina Is Dead - Pioneer Automobile Designer" (PDF). The New York Times. 3 April 1966. Retrieved 8 April 2016.
  21. ↑ "Pininfarina History - The Story of Battista Farina". Archived from the original on 30 October 2013. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
  22. 1 2 "Pininfarina - Coach Builder Information". Conceptcarz.com. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
  23. ↑ "30 years at the GM wind tunnel". VideoatGM.com. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
  24. ↑ Klassen, Robert; Menor, Larry J. (2006). Cases in Operations Management: Building Customer Value Through World-Class Operations. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-4129-1371-3. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
  25. ↑ Klassen, Robert; Menor, Larry J. (2006). Cases in Operations Management: Building Customer Value Through World-Class Operations. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-4129-1371-3. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
  26. ↑ Pininfarina Annual Report. Pininfarina. 2004. p. 10.
  27. ↑ Ciferri, Luca (28 August 2008). "Tata wants part of Pininfarina". Automotive News Europe. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
  28. ↑ Ireson, Nelson (29 April 2008). "Update: Ferrari, Brembo and Sabelt invest in Pininfarina". Motorauthority.com. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
  29. ↑ Boland, Vincent (1 January 2009). "Pininfarina family to sell stake in car group" (fee required). Financial Times. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
  30. ↑ Patrascu, Daniel (24 March 2009). "Pininfarina to Get New Owner, Focus on Electric Cars". Autoevolution.com. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
  31. ↑ "BAIC speculation drives up Pininfarina share price". Just-auto.com. 4 January 2011. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
  32. ↑ Clark, Jennifer (14 February 2012). "Pininfarina family losing control in debt deal-sources". Reuters. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
  33. ↑ Cambieri, Giulia (16 February 2012). "Family business roundup: Pininfarina remains family-controlled while De Tomaso is sold". Campden FB. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
  34. ↑ Bowman, Zach (16 May 2012). "Pininfarina turns first net profit since 2004". Autoblog. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
  35. ↑ Ramsey, Jonathon (26 March 2013). "Pininfarina in the black for first time since 2004". Autoblog. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
  36. ↑ "Pininfarina - Stop alla produzione e mobilità per 127 addetti - Quattroruote" (in Italian). Quattroruote.it. Archived from the original on April 19, 2012. Retrieved 2013-05-30.
  37. ↑ "Pininfarina History". Retro-speed.co.uk. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
  38. ↑ "Titolo Pagina". Torino.repubblica.it. Archived from the original on August 19, 2014. Retrieved 2013-05-30.
  39. 1 2 2010 annual report p13
  40. ↑ Kurt, Ernst. "Lost Cars of the 1980s – Cadillac Allante". Hemmings. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
  41. 1 2 3 2011 annual report p69
  42. ↑ "Bollore': intesa con Pininfarina per produzione Bluecar fino a 2016, verso filiale italiana". www.corriere.it. RCS Mediagroup. Retrieved 3 February 2014.
  43. ↑ Bolduc, Douglas A. "Three bad days for European car plants -- and more to come". Automotive News. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
  44. ↑ Lewin, Tony Autor; Borroff, Ryan (2010). How to: Design Cars Like a Pro: AA Comprehensive Guide to Car Design from the Top Professionals. p. 158.
  45. 1 2 "A Life of Style". The Auto Channel. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
  46. ↑ "PININFARINA S.p.A. ANNUAL FINANCIAL REPORT" (PDF). 31 December 2016: 10. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  47. ↑ Annual Financial Report. Pininfarina. 2006. p. 11.
  48. ↑ Strohl, Daniel. "Franco Scaglione: Unsung Master of Aerodynamic Design". Hemmings. Retrieved 28 March 2014.
  49. 1 2 "Designing Motion. Automotive Designers 1890 to 1990".
  50. ↑ Caspers, Markus (2017-01-01). Designing Motion: Automotive Designers 1890 to 1990. p. 154. ISBN 978-3035607840.
  51. ↑ "Google Translate". Translate.googleusercontent.com. Retrieved 2013-05-30.
  52. ↑ Stevens, Peter. "s this one of the very best Pininfarina concept cars?". Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  53. ↑ "1986 Alfa Romeo Vivace Coupe and Spider (Pininfarina) - Studios". Car Styling. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  54. ↑ "Pininfarina Ferrari Pinin concept 1980". coachbuild.com. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  55. ↑ Nerozzi, Barbara, ed. (January–February 1992). "The Suppliers". GB Progetti: 48.
  56. ↑ "1986 Ferrari Testa Rossa by Gaston Andrey Motorsports". Archived from the original on 30 August 2017. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  57. ↑ "Giles Taylor is new Rolls-Royce Design Director". carbodydesign.com. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  58. ↑ "Ian Cameron". sparkawards.com. Spark Design Awards. Archived from the original on 30 June 2013. Retrieved 15 May 2013.
  59. ↑ D'Aprile. "Elvio Elvio D'Aprile". Linkedin. Retrieved 16 May 2013.
  60. ↑ "Autonews Europe". Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  61. ↑ "Interview met designchef Marco Tencone over de nieuwe Lancia Ypsilon". EdizioneMedia (in Dutch). 30 June 2011. Retrieved 8 April 2016.
  62. ↑ "Maurizio Corbi – AutomotiveArtists.com". AutomotiveArtists.com. AutomotiveArtists.com. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  63. ↑ "Maurizio Corbi" (PDF). corbistudios.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 August 2016. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
  64. ↑ "Auto industry: Davide Arcangeli (designer of BMW 5 Series (E60))". 12 October 2011. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  65. ↑ "BMW Car Designers throughout history". BMWism.com. 2013. Retrieved 8 April 2016.
  66. ↑ Gonzales, Zy (2012-10-16). "Design Icon: Pininfarina". Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  67. ↑ "Jeremy Malick". Linkedin. Archived from the original on 14 February 2014. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
  68. ↑ "Dimitri Vicedomini". linkedin. Archived from the original on 14 February 2014. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
  69. ↑ "Luca Borgogno". linkedin. Archived from the original on 14 February 2014. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
  70. ↑ "Nazzareno Epifani". Linkedin. Archived from the original on 14 February 2014. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
  71. ↑ "Pininfarina designer Brano Mauks presents the Sergio Concept - Car Body Design". Car Body Design. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  72. ↑ "Brano Mauks". Linkedin. Archived from the original on 14 February 2014. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
  73. ↑ "Carlo Palazzani". Linkedin. Archived from the original on 14 February 2014. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
  74. ↑ Linkedin https://www.linkedin.com/in/felix-kilbertus-1628666/?ppe=1. Retrieved 30 August 2017. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  75. ↑ "Felix Kilbertus". Linkedin. Archived from the original on 14 February 2014. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
  76. 1 2 Gallina, Eric (2017-01-04). "Pininfarina prepares to reboot with former PSA designer". Automotive News Europe. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  77. ↑ "Carlo Bonzanigo". Linkedin. LinkedIn Corporation. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  78. ↑ Auto Editors of Consumer Guide (20 May 2007). "Maserati Sports Cars". HowStuffWorks. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
  79. ↑ "Blue survivor: 1949 Alfa Romeo 6C 2500 Cabriolet Pininfarina". Classic Virus. 29 January 2013. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
  80. ↑ Melissen, Wouter. "Alfa Romeo 6C 2500 SS Pinin Farina Cabriolet". Ultimatecarpage.com. Retrieved 28 April 2013.
  81. ↑ "1948 Maserati A6 1500 Spider Pininfarina". automobile-catalog. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
  82. ↑ Goldberg, Geoff. "Collectors Corner - Lancia B20 GT - The classic Gran Turismo Coupe". anamera.com. Retrieved 5 May 2013.
  83. ↑ Garcia, Gonzalo Alvarez (1983). Alfa Romeo 1900 Sprint. Milano, Italy: Edizioni della Libreria dell'Automoble. p. 86. ASIN B003B5M3SI. Archived from the original on May 8, 2014. Retrieved 2014-08-18.
  84. ↑ Garcia, Gonzalo Alvarez (1983). Alfa Romeo 1900 Sprint. Milano, Italy: Edizioni della Libreria dell'Automoble. p. 88. ASIN B003B5M3SI. Archived from the original on May 8, 2014. Retrieved 2014-08-18.
  85. 1 2 "1952 Ferrari 212 Inter Images, Information and History (Road)". Conceptcarz.com. 1952-10-11. Retrieved 2013-05-30.
  86. 1 2 3 4 Cezar, Luis. "Lancia D20 & D24". autoclassic.com. Portal AutoClassic. Archived from the original on 3 February 2014. Retrieved 3 February 2014.
  87. ↑ McCourt, Mark J. (September 2008). "1952-'53 Nash-Healey: America's First Post-War Sportster was a Truly International Affair". Hemmings Motor News. Retrieved 22 April 2013.
  88. ↑ Cupler, Justin. "1953 Ferrari 375 MM Spider By Pininfarina". topspeed.com. Retrieved 5 May 2013.
  89. ↑ Melissen, Wouter. "Lancia D23 Sport Pinin Farina Spyder". ultimatecarpage. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
  90. ↑ Melissen, Wouter. "Lancia D24 Sport Pinin Farina Spyder". ultimatecarpage. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
  91. ↑ Melissen, Wouter. "Ferrari 250 Europa GT Coupe". ultimatecarpage. Ultimatecarpage.com. Retrieved 3 March 2017.
  92. ↑ "1957 Fiat 1100 Turismo Veloce Images, Information and History (1100 TV)". Conceptcarz.com. Retrieved 2013-05-30.
  93. ↑ Melissen, Wouter. "D25 Sport Pinin Farina Spyder". ultimatecarpage. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
  94. ↑ "Maserati A6 GCS/53 Pinin Farina Berlinetta". Ultimatecarpage. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
  95. ↑ Fusi, Luigi (1978). Alfa Romeo All Cars From 1910. Milano: emmeti grafica. pp. 857–858.
  96. ↑ Fusi, Luigi (1978). Alfa Romeo All Cars From 1910. Milano, Italy: emmeti grafica. pp. 858–859.
  97. ↑ Ritzinger, Andre. "Lancia Coupes & Convertibles 1950 - 1980". Ritzsite.nl. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
  98. ↑ Boe, Alan (April 1982). "The 250 GTE The First Family Ferrari" (PDF). Car Collector and Car Classics: 21. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 January 2016. Retrieved 17 September 2014.
  99. ↑ "Lancia Flavia Coupe (1962 - 1970)". honestjohn.co.uk. Retrieved 26 December 2013.
  100. ↑ Fusi, Luigi (1978). Alfa Romeo All Cars From 1910. Milano: emmeti grafica. pp. 862–863.
  101. ↑ Daniel, Vaughan. "1963 Ferrari 330 America". conceptcarz. Retrieved 28 March 2014.
  102. ↑ "1964 330 GT 2+2". auto.ferrari.com. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
  103. ↑ Fusi, Luigi (1978). Alfa Romeo All Cars From 1910. Milano: emmeti grafica. p. 864.
  104. ↑ Owen, Richard Michael (2016-04-17). "1966→1968 Ferrari 330 GTC". supercars.net. Retrieved 28 March 2014.
  105. ↑ "GT 330 2+2: Luxury open sports cars". FIAT Group. Retrieved 28 March 2014.
  106. ↑ Westen, Anthony. "Fiat 124 Spider Blog". Anthony Westen. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
  107. ↑ Melissen, Wouter. "Ferrari 330 GTC Coupe Speciale". ultimatecarpage.com. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
  108. ↑ Fusi, Luigi (1978). Alfa Romeo All Cars From 1910. Milano: emmeti grafica. pp. 864–866.
  109. ↑ Fusi, Luigi (1978). Alfa Romeo All Cars From 1910. Milano: emmeti grafica. pp. 868–870.
  110. 1 2 Baron, Philippe. "Peugeot 504 Coupé & Cabriolet (1969-1983)". stubs-auto. Philippe Baron. Retrieved 3 July 2014.
  111. ↑ "Ferrari 365 GTC/4 Detailed Information". 365gtc4.com. Retrieved 2013-05-30.
  112. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "PRODUZIONE COMPLESSIVA" (PDF). pininfarina.it. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-05. Retrieved 2007-08-03.
  113. ↑ "Development of theTalbot Samba cars". Rootes-chrysler.co.uk. 2007-02-06. Retrieved 2013-05-30.
  114. ↑ Nerozzi, Barbara, ed. (January–February 1992). "The Suppliers". GB Progetti: 104–122.
  115. ↑ "Missing". Archived from the original on 2016-08-13.
  116. ↑ "Number of Ferrari 456GT's produced". 456gt.com. 29 January 2010. Archived from the original on 1 September 2012. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
  117. ↑ Pininfarina Annual Report 1999–2005
  118. ↑ "Streetka Production figures". TalkFord.com. Retrieved 2014-08-18.
  119. ↑ Pininfarina 2006–2010 Annual Reports
  120. ↑ "1969 Fiat Dino - Classic Car Price Guide". The Hagerty Group. Retrieved 26 December 2013.
  121. 1 2 "Pininfarina". Solarnavigator.net. Retrieved 2013-05-30.
  122. ↑ "AUTOMOTIVE HISTORY: Pininfarina". Automotive-history.blogspot.com. Archived from the original on 2013-06-28. Retrieved 2013-05-30.
  123. ↑ "6c 2300 B Lungo #814047 Lukas Hüni AG". Alfa Bulletin Board. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
  124. ↑ "1936 Lancia Astura Images, Information and History". Conceptcarz.com. 2012-11-29. Retrieved 2013-05-30.
  125. ↑ Lombard, Stefan (2006-07-28). "Most Expensive Collectible Cars – No. 10: 1937 Alfa Romeo 8C 2900". Connoisseur's Guide – Most Expensive Collectible Cars. Forbes.com. Retrieved 2012-02-18
  126. ↑ Thatcher, Sharon (2010-07-21). "An Alfa Romeo mystery". old cars weekly. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
  127. ↑ Lienert, Paul. "2008 Paris Auto Show: Pininfarina B0". Edmunds Inside Line. Archived from the original on 28 July 2009. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
  128. ↑ "The Pininfarina BO Electric Car". India. com. 6 October 2008. Archived from the original on 29 January 2009. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
  129. ↑ Fiordelisi, Francesco. "At Villa d'Este world debut for the BMW Pininfarina Gran Lusso Coupé" (PDF). Pininfarina. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
  130. ↑ "Postmodernism 1949 -1960: new ideas within the mindset of the past, comfort and beauty". BMWism.com. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
  131. ↑ Maronese, Nicholas. "How Pininfarina gave France the middle finger with this Alfa Romeo". Autofocus. Bell Media. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
  132. ↑ Golfen, Bob (2015-10-08). "Historic Lancia prototype by 'Pinin' Farina to Dragone auction". journal.classiccars.com. classiccars.com. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
  133. ↑ "1947 DELAHAYE 135MS COUPÉ Coachwork by Pinin Farina". www.bonhams.com. Bonhams. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
  134. ↑ "Pics & vids: Schloß Dyck Classic Days 2009". COACHBUILD.com. NAIT Media Ventures. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
  135. 1 2 3 4 Melissen, Wouter. "Lancia Aurelia B52 PF200 Cabriolet". www.ultimatecarpage.com. ultimatecarpage.com. Retrieved 1 June 2013.
  136. 1 2 3 4 5 it:Lancia Aurelia autotelai
  137. ↑ "In deep". www.pininfarina.com. Pininfarina SpA. Retrieved 2 June 2013.
  138. ↑ Tahaney, Ed (2017-08-21). "Restored 1954 Jaguar XK120 SE Debuts at 2017 Pebble Beach Concours". Automobile Magazine. 2016 TEN: The Enthusiast Network. Retrieved 23 August 2017.
  139. 1 2 "Aldo Brovarone". studiotorino.com. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
  140. ↑ "1955 Nash Special (Pininfarina)". carstyling.ru. Retrieved 8 April 2016.
  141. 1 2 3 4 "Pininfarina Alfa Romeo 6C 3000 CM Super Flow". Coachbuild.Com. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
  142. ↑ Foster, Pat (September 2005). "Pinin Farina's Rambler Palm Beach". Hemmings Classic Car. Retrieved 8 April 2016.
  143. ↑ "The Fiat-Abarth Bertone record car". Ugofadini.com. 21 December 2007. Retrieved 8 April 2016.
  144. ↑ Conceptcarz page on Cadillac "Jacqueline", retrieved on 17 December 2010.
  145. ↑ Melissen, Wouter. "Ferrari 250 GT Pininfarina Coupe Speciale". ultimatecarpage.com. Retrieved 8 January 2014.
  146. ↑ "1962 Fiat 2300 Coupe Speciale (Pininfarina)". carstyling.ru. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
  147. ↑ "1963 Chevrolet Corvair Super Spyder Coupé". Conceptcarz. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
  148. ↑ "1963 Chevrolet Corvette Rondine Coupé". Conceptcarz. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
  149. ↑ "Fiat 2300 Cabriolet Speciale (Italy)". allcarindex.com. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
  150. ↑ "1964 Fiat 2300 S Coupe Speciale". carstyling.ru. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
  151. ↑ "1963 Pininfarina PF Sigma". allcarindex.com. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
  152. ↑ "Ferrari 206 P Dino Pininfarina Berlinetta Speciale". ultimatecarpage.com. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
  153. ↑ Melissen, Wouter. "Ferrari 250 LM Pininfarina Stradale Speciale". Ultimatecarpage.com. Retrieved 6 February 2014.
  154. ↑ "1965 Ferrari 365P Berlinetta Speciale Luigi "Coco" Chinetti's three-seater prototype". European Car Magazine. Archived from the original on 29 November 2013. Retrieved 30 May 2013.
  155. ↑ "Fiat 2300 S Coupe Speciale 1965 designed by Pininfarina". autowp.ru. Archived from the original on 6 July 2013. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
  156. ↑ Rees, Chris. "Pininfarina's Greatest Car Designs". Retrieved 30 May 2013.
  157. ↑ "Meadow Brook Concours 2009: 1967 Ferrari Dino 206 Competizione by Pininfarina". Retrieved 31 May 2013.
  158. ↑ "Fiat Dino Parigi (Italy)". allcarindex.com. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
  159. ↑ "1968 Bentley T1 Coupe Speciale". carstyling.ru. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
  160. ↑ "1968 Pininfarina BLMC 1100". carstyling.ru. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
  161. ↑ Fusi, Luigi. Alfa Romeo All Cars From 1910. Emmetigrafica, 1978, p. 687.
  162. ↑ "1968 Ferrari P6 (Pininfarina)". carstyling.ru. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
  163. ↑ "1968 Pininfarina MG EX.234". webcarstory.com. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
  164. ↑ "1968 Ferrari 250 P5". ferraridatabase.com. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
  165. ↑ "1969 Abarth 2000 Pininfarina Coupe Concept specifications". automobile-catalog.com. Retrieved 31 May 2013.
  166. 1 2 Fusi, Luigi. Alfa Romeo All Cars From 1910. Emmetigrafica, 1978, p. 688.
  167. ↑ "1969 Pininfarina Sigma Grand Prix monoposto F1". carstyling.ru. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
  168. ↑ "1969 Ferrari 512 S Berlinetta Speciale". Retrieved 30 May 2013.
  169. ↑ "1969 Fiat 128 Teenager (Pininfarina)". carstyling.ru. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
  170. ↑ "Concept Cars". webcarstory.com. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
  171. ↑ "The 504 Model Range". garage24.net. Retrieved 31 May 2013.
  172. ↑ "Pininfarina NSU Ro 80 designed by Paolo Martin". madle.org. Retrieved 31 May 2013.
  173. ↑ Dinarich, Mario. Style Auto Quarterly. Style Auto Editrice s.n.c., April–May–June 1973, p. 26.
  174. ↑ "Missing". Concept Cars - Passato, Presente e Futuro del Car Design. Archived from the original on December 29, 2010. Retrieved 31 May 2013.
  175. ↑ "Chevrolet Corvette XP-897 GT". lotusespritturbo.com. Retrieved 31 May 2013.
  176. ↑ "1974 Ferraris CR 25". Ferraridatabase.com. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
  177. ↑ "1974 Fiat 130 Maremma (Pininfarina)". carstyling.ru. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
  178. ↑ "Fiat 130 Opera". quattro-porte.com. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
  179. ↑ "1978 Fiat Ecos (Pininfarina)". ecopolis.org. Archived from the original on 28 August 2008. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
  180. ↑ "Classic Concepts: 1978 Jaguar XJ Spider by Pininfarina". Archived from the original on January 5, 2013. Retrieved 30 May 2013.
  181. ↑ "Gamma Spider". carsfromitaly.net. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
  182. ↑ Thompson, Rufus. "Concept Car of the Week: Pininfarina CNR-PF (1978)". cardesignnews. Archived from the original on 6 November 2012. Retrieved 30 May 2013.
  183. ↑ "1980 Lancia Gamma Scala". Christie's. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
  184. ↑ "1981 Audi Quartz (Pininfarina)". carstyling.ru. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
  185. ↑ "Gamma Olgiata". carsfromitaly.net. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
  186. ↑ "Pininfarina Brio (Italy)". allcarindex.com. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
  187. ↑ "1984 Honda HP-X concept". conceptcarz. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
  188. ↑ "1985 Peugeot Griffe 4 (Pininfarina)". carstyling.ru. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
  189. ↑ "1986 Alfa Romeo Vivace Coupe and Spider (Pininfarina)". carstyling.ru. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
  190. ↑ "1988 Lancia HIT (Pininfarina)". carstyling.ru. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
  191. ↑ "Pininfarina CNR E2 (Italy)". allcarindex.com. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
  192. ↑ "1991 Opel Chronos". carstyling.ru. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
  193. ↑ "1992 Pininfarina Fiat Cinquecento 4x4 pick-up". webcarstory.com. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
  194. ↑ "1992 Pininfarina Ethos". carstyling.ru. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
  195. ↑ "1993 Pininfarina Ethos 2". carstyling.ru. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
  196. ↑ "1994 Fiat Spunto (Pininfarina)". carstyling.ru. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
  197. ↑ "1994 Pininfarina Ethos 3". carstyling.ru. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
  198. ↑ Simanaitis, Dennis (2012-09-18). "Honda Argento Vito by Pininfarina". simanaitissays.com. Retrieved 30 May 2013.
  199. ↑ "1995 Honda SSM (Pininfarina)". carstyling.ru. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
  200. ↑ "1996 Fiat Sing e Song (Pininfarina)". carstyling.ru. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
  201. ↑ "1996 Pininfarina Eta Beta". carstyling.ru. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
  202. ↑ "1997 Peugeot Nautilus (Pininfarina)". carstyling.ru. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
  203. ↑ "Collaborations - Fiat". Pininfarina. Retrieved 31 May 2013.
  204. ↑ Perini, Giancarlo. "Much more than just a cubic metro". www.cardesign.to. Archived from the original on 19 August 2014. Retrieved 30 May 2013.
  205. ↑ Simona (2007-02-25). "2000 Ferrari Rossa By Pininfarina". TopSpeed. Retrieved 31 May 2013.
  206. ↑ KIINO, RON. "Pininfarina Start 2001 Frankfurt Auto Show". Car and Driver. Retrieved 30 May 2013.
  207. ↑ Giancarlo, Perini. "Pininfarina develops two new Chinese cars". Car Design News. Archived from the original on 28 June 2013. Retrieved 30 May 2013.
  208. ↑ "2003 Lotus Enjoy Concept". conceptcarz. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
  209. 1 2 Ellison, Edd (12 October 2004). "Over the last fortnight ." italiaspeed.com. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
  210. ↑ "Saturn Curve". ultimatecarpage.com. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
  211. ↑ Keegan Jr., Walter J. "Chery M14 wins "Best New Car in Show"". autoblog. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
  212. ↑ "Ferrari 612 Scaglietti "K" by Pininfarina". Pininfarina. Retrieved 30 May 2013.
  213. ↑ "Concept car Sintesi". Pininfarina. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
  214. ↑ McCausland, Evan (2009-12-11). "Ferrari Builds One-Off P540 Superfast Aperta". Automobile Magazine. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
  215. ↑ "AUSmotive.com - Pininfarina to woo Alfa Romeo with Spider Concept", retrieved on 6 February 2010.
  216. ↑ Ramsey, Jonathon (2010-08-25). "Michael Stoschek's Wild Child: the New Lancia Stratos". stylelist AOL. Archived from the original on December 30, 2010. Retrieved 2011-09-05.
  217. ↑ "2010 Pininfarina Nido EV". carstyling.ru. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
  218. ↑ Deacon, Clinton. "Eric Clapton's Ferrari SP12 EPC caught on video". www.worldcarfans.com. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
  219. ↑ Ciferri, Luca (1 March 2016). "Hydrogen Pininfarina concept wants to make your race track green". autoweek. Retrieved 8 April 2016.
  220. 1 2 Gibbs, Nick. "2018 PARIS AUTO SHOW Vietnam's Vinfast will unveil Italian-designed crossover and sedan". Automotive News. Crain Communications, Inc. Retrieved 20 July 2018.
  221. ↑ Duffey, Michael. "1951 Simca 8 Super Sport". Sports Car Market Magazine. Archived from the original on 13 June 2013. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
  222. ↑ Auto Editors of Consumer Guide (13 September 2007). "1952-1954 Nash Ambassador and Statesman". auto.howstuffworks.com. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
  223. ↑ Auto Editors of Consumer Guide (27 October 2007). "1952 Nash-Healey". auto.howstuffworks.com. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
  224. ↑ Fusi, Luigi. Alfa Romeo All Cars From 1910. Emmetigrafica, 1978, p. 527.
  225. ↑ Melissen, Wouter. "Ferrari 275 GTB/C". ultimatecarpage.com. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
  226. ↑ "1976 Peugeot Peugette". Carfolio. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
  227. ↑ Lamm, John (23 October 2013). "And the Beat Goes On: Honda Bringing S660 Concept to Tokyo [2013 Tokyo Auto Show]". Car & Driver. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
  228. ↑ "Two car models for China signed by Pininfarina the A3 and the A3 Sport". Pininfarina. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
  229. ↑ Weiner, Eric (12 February 2014). "Ferrari California T Set for 2014 Geneva Auto Show Debut". Automobile Magazine. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
  230. ↑ "重新重视轿车市场？东南A5外观实拍".
  231. ↑ Taylor, Edward (6 May 2008). "Start-Ups Race to Produce 'Green' Cars". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
  232. ↑ "New Electric Minicar from Pinifarina". Minutia microcars and minicars. 11 October 2008. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
  233. ↑ "Leaked: turbine-powered Pininfarina Cambiano plug-in hybrid". Retrieved 17 August 2014.
  234. ↑ "Pininfarina returns with hydrogen H2 Speed at Geneva Show". Retrieved 17 March 2016.
  235. ↑ "Pininfarina H2 Speed - hydrogen sports car revealed at Geneva". Retrieved 17 March 2016.
  236. ↑ "Pininfarina showcases silky-smooth, hydrogen-powered H2 Speed concept". Retrieved 17 March 2016.
  237. ↑ "Primatist Aerotop Pininfarina range". Primatist. Archived from the original on 2016-04-04.
  238. ↑ "Primatist B62". Pininfarina.
  239. ↑ "Magnum 80' Series". Magnum Marine.
  240. ↑ "Pershing 88 Pininfarina". Acronautic.
  241. ↑ "Ottantacinque by Pininfarina". Pininfarina.
  242. ↑ "Rio Boat Show presents the Schaefer 800 by Pininfarina". Schaefer Yachts.
  243. ↑ "Pininfarina joins Persico Marine on fourth WallyCento hull". Boat International.
  244. ↑ "1980". Pininfarina. Archived from the original on August 16, 2009. Retrieved 2009-07-29.
  245. ↑ IC2000 arrives next year
  246. ↑ "Swiss Tilting Trains Modernisation Programme". Railway Technology. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
  247. ↑ "Athens Trams Project in Greece". Railway Technology. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
  248. ↑ Campione, David (24 November 2008). "Metrostar, i nuovi treni della Circumvesuviana" (in Italian). FOL. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
  249. ↑ "Eurostar refubishment design contract awarded". Railway Gazette International. 8 April 2009. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
  250. ↑ "New drives from SimpleTech designed by Pininfarina". Slashgear. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
  251. ↑ "Gorenje Pinifarina". Archived from the original on 28 July 2014. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
  252. ↑ "Pininfarina designs new watch for Casio". Design Week. 29 October 1999. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
  253. ↑ "Los defectos más "sonados" (y las mayores virtudes) de los relojes G-Shock" [The most awful defects (and the greatest virtues) from G-Shock watches] (in Spanish). Zona Casio. 11 November 2014. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
  254. ↑ Collier, Joe Guy (11 May 2010). "Coke targets Freestyle expansion for 2010". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
  255. ↑ Collier, Joe Guy (16 September 2009). "Coke tests new dispenser in Atlanta". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
  256. ↑ "1100 Millecento Residences Brickell". 2012-02-23. Retrieved 27 September 2013.
  257. ↑ "Pininfarina SpA : Beachwalk, second Pininfarina project in Florida with The Related Group". Retrieved 27 September 2013.
  • Official website
  • Pininfarina Sverige
  • Foster, Patrick R. (Winter 2001). "Nashes With an Italian Accent" (PDF). FORWARD: The American Heritage of DaimlerChrysler: 33–37. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 April 2006. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
  • BMC 1800 & 1100 - detail on these influential design proposals
  • The Cisitalia 2002 at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City.
  • Cisitalia Museum
  • The Keating Hotel in downtown San Diego.
  • Pininfarina Wine
  • Coachbuild.com encyclopedia: Pininfarina
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.