November 1913

November 9, 1913: The "White Hurricane" gale sinks 19 ships on Michigan's Great Lakes, drowns hundreds

Notre Dame's Knute Rockne demonstrates the superiority of the forward pass in football, Irish upset Army Cadets 35-13

Map of casualties of the storm

British suffragette Pankhurst delivers "Freedom or Death Speech to American women in Harford

The following events occurred in November 1913:

November 1, 1913 (Saturday)

• The Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team upset the Army Cadets, 35–13, by using the forward pass. Although the pass had been legal since 1906, it had seldom been used in a major college football game. Gus Dorais completed 12 of 14 attempts, most of them to future Notre Dame coach Knute Rockne for long gains (one of which went for a touchdown). The game demonstrated the forward pass's strategic advantage for smaller teams against larger ones.^{[1] [2]}
• Born: Andrzej Mostowski, Polish mathematician, developed the set theory Mostowski collapse lemma, in Lemberg, Austria-Hungary (d. 1975)

November 2, 1913 (Sunday)

• Prince Ernest Augustus became Duke of Brunswick, the last noble to hold the title before the German state was disestablished after World War One.
• St. Louis Browns manager George Stovall signed on with the Kansas City Packers as first baseman/manager, the first MLB player to jump to the Federal League.^[3]
• Born:
  • Burt Lancaster, American actor and film producer, recipient for the Academy Award for Best Actor in Elmer Gantry, in New York City (d. 1994)
  • Ivor Roberts-Jones, British sculptor, in Oswestry, England, known for works including "The Two Kings" at Harlech Castle, Wales and the commissioned statue of Winston Churchill in Parliament Square, London (d. 1996)
  • Harry Babbitt, American singer, lead vocalist for the Kay Kyser band during the Big Band era, in St. Louis (d. 2004)

November 3, 1913 (Monday)

• The U.S. Department of Justice filed an antitrust suit seeking to break up the International Harvester Company.^[4]
• The U.S. Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of a Massachusetts law, providing for a tax on foreign corporations.^[4]
• The Pleasure Seekers Broadway production opened at the Winter Garden Theatre and ran for 72 performances.^[5]
• Born: Marika Rökk, Austrian-German singer and actress, leading actress for German Nazi films, (d. 2004) and Albert Cossery, Egyptian-French writer, author of Men God Forgot and other novels (d. 2008). Both were born in Cairo in Egypt on the same day.
• Died: Hans Bronsart von Schellendorf, 83, German composer, known for his collaborations with Franz Liszt

November 4, 1913 (Tuesday)

U.S. Senator-elect Lee

Parran, with the second most votes up to that time for U.S. Senator

• The first popular elections for the U.S. Senate were held. Previously, state legislatures elected their states' two members of the United States Senate. In one of the earliest results, Blair Lee was elected as a Senator for Maryland, defeating Thomas Parran 112,000 to 71,000 for Maryland's vacant seat. Most direct senatorial elections would be held in 1914, 1916 and 1918. ^[4]
• An earthquake with a magnitude of 6.3 killed 150 people in the Apurimac Region, Chile.^[6]
• At least 39 people were killed near Melun when the Marseilles-Lyons-Paris express train collided with a local train.^[7]
• Born:
  • Gig Young, American actor, recipient for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for They Shoot Horses, Don't They?; as Byron Elsworth Barr in St. Cloud, Minnesota (d. 1978)
  • Paul Irniger, Swiss criminal who was the last person to be executed in Switzerland (d. 1939)

November 5, 1913 (Wednesday)

King Otto

King Ludwig III

• Otto of Bavaria, known popularly was "Mad King Otto", was deposed by his cousin, Prince Regent Ludwig, who assumed the title Ludwig III, the last reigning King of Bavaria.^[8]
• A declaration between Imperial Russia and China recognized Mongolia as part of China but with internal autonomy. However, the declaration was not considered legitimate by Mongolia, since its government had not participated in the decision.^[9]
• China's President Yuan Shihkai dissolved the Kuomintang, the largest political party in the National Assembly, with nearly 300 deputies having to resign.^[10]
• Federal troops repelled Pancho Villa and his forces from taking Chihuahua, Mexico.^[11]
• Born:
  • Vivien Leigh, British actress, recipient for the Academy Award for Best Actress in Gone With The Wind and A Streetcar Named Desire; as Vivian Mary Hartley, in Darjeeling, British India (d. 1967)
  • John McGiver, American television and film actor, known for film roles in Breakfast at Tiffany's and The Manchurian Candidate, in New York City (d. 1975)

November 6, 1913 (Thursday)

• Mohandas Gandhi was arrested while leading a march of Indian miners in South Africa.^[12]

Attorney Mohandas K. Gandhi

2nd Lieutenant von Forstner

• The "Saverne Affair" was started in Saverne, Alsace (now France but part of Germany in 1913), two local newspapers, Elsässer Anzeiger and Zaberner Anzeiger, ran articles concerning reports of disparaging remarks about Alsace residents, that had been made by 19-year-old Second Lieutenant Günter Freiherr von Forstner of the 2nd Upper Rhine Infantry Regiment No. 99 during a troop induction ceremony on October 28. Forstner reportedly told his soldiers, "If you are attacked, then make use of your weapon; if you stab such a Wackes (slur for a person who lived in the Alsace region) in the process, then you'll get ten marks from me."^[13]
• All 3,000 members of the Indiana National Guard were activated by order of Governor Samuel M. Ralston and called to Indianapolis to preserve order during the streetcar strike. The walkout was settled the next day.^[14]
• Two major storm fronts converged on the western side of Lake Superior and grew into an extra-tropical cyclone. The storm - known as the 'White Hurricane' and eventually the Great Lakes Storm of 1913 - created hurricane-force winds, massive waves and whiteout conditions.^[15]
• Died: William Henry Preece, 79, British electrical engineer, developed wireless communication for the United Kingdom

November 7, 1913 (Friday)

• More than 200 people were killed in an earthquake in Peru near Abancay.^[4]
• Warnings for the Great Lakes Storm of 1913 were first posted as the U.S. Coast Guard stations and the United States Department of Agriculture's Weather Bureau offices at Lake Superior ports raised a vertical sequence of red, white, and red lanterns, indicating that a hurricane was coming.^[16]
• Born:
  • Albert Camus, French writer, Nobel Prize laureate, author of The Rebel and The Plague, in Dréan, French Algeria (d. killed in motor accident, 1960)
  • Elizabeth Bradford Holbrook, Canadian sculptor, co-founder of the Canadian Portrait Academy, in Hamilton, Ontario (d. 2009)
  • Alekos Sakellarios, Greek writer and film director of 140 features including Woe to the Young, in Athens (d. 1991)
• Died: Alfred Russel Wallace, 90, Welsh biologist who conceived the theory of evolution through natural selection independently of Charles Darwin

November 8, 1913 (Saturday)

• The status of the Great Lakes storm was upgraded to "severe", and centered over eastern Lake Superior, covering the entire lake basin.^[17]
• The steamboat Louisiana ran aground and caught fire near Washington Island in Lake Michigan. The crew were able to evacuate and safely reach shore. A century later, the wreck remains a popular area for divers and archaeologists.^[18][19]
• The American steamer Waldo was driven onto Gull Rock in Lake Superior. The vessel broke in two and the 24-person crew took shelter in the still-intact cabin for 90 hours until rescue from the Portage Life-Saving Station on November 11.^[20]
• Georg Büchner's play Woyzeck, left unfinished at the writer's death in 1837, received its first performance at the Residenztheater in Munich.^[21]
• Born: Robert Strauss, American actor, known for film roles in The Seven Year Itch and The Man with the Golden Arm, in New York City (d. 1975)
• Died:
  • John Belcher, 72, British architect, designer of Neo-baroque buildings such as the Ashton Memorial in London
  • George Tracey, 54, American athlete who had been the champion in the half mile in 1886 and 1887; after being struck by a train while crossing a railroad track in Rockingham, Nova Scotia.^[22]

November 9, 1913 (Sunday)

• The Great Lakes Storm of 1913 ravaged four of the five Great Lakes around Michigan, sinking 19 ships (six of which have never been located) and killing 250 people. ^[23] Most of the damage occurred in Lake Huron where huge waves battered ships, scrambling to seek shelter along the lake's southern end. Most of the ships would remain missing more than a century after the storm.
• At least 17 people on the SS Wexford died when the British bulk freighter sank in Lake Huron with a loss of all hands. The wreck would eventually be found on the lake bottom, 87 years after the disaster, on August 25, 2000.^[24]
• All 25 crew on the American freighter SS Hydrus were drowned when the 'White Hurricane' sank the ships in 35 feet (11 m) high waves on Lake Huron. The Hydrus would be located more than a century later in 2015. ^[25]
• The 28 men on the SS Argus, sister ship to the Hydrus, were lost on Lake Huron. Parts of the wreckage would be found days later on the shore of Bayfield, Ontario ^{[26] [27]}
• All 22 crew of the Canadian freighter SS James Carruthers drowned in Lake Huron. The wreckage has not been found. ^[28]
• The 32 men on the Canadian freighter SS Regina died after the ship went down following the sending of a distress signal. The vessel sent word that it had hit a shoal while trying to reach Port Huron, Michigan, then capsized and sank. ^[29] The Regina would be located in 1986 in 80-feet deep waters 65 years later. ^[30]
• On Lake Superior, all 25 people on the SS Henry B. Smith, were killed after the a ore transport ore left Marquette, Michigan to cross the lake in a belief that the storm had abated. Shortly after the storm returned, on-shore witnesses reported seeing the Henry B. Smith struggling through high waves to reach shelter at Keweenaw Point north of the harbor. It is believed the ship sank either the evening of the 9th or early morning of the 10th; only two bodies were recovered. The Henry B Smith wreck would not be found until May 2013 by shipwreck hunters, 535 feet (163 m) off Marquette.^[31][32]
• The United States and Honduras signed a peace treaty in Washington, DC, with Honduras becoming the latest of the Central American nations to accept the proposals of U.S. Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan.^[4]

November 10, 1913 (Monday)

Mayor Archer

• John Archer became mayor of Battersea, England, the first black person to hold a mayoral seat in the United Kingdom. In his inaugural address to council, he said: "You have made history tonight ... Battersea has done many things in the past, but the greatest thing it has done is to show that it has no racial prejudice, and that it recognises a man for the work he has done."^[33][34]
• Casualties of the Great Lakes Storm were located as the worst of the weather abated. An unknown vessel, later identified as the Charles S. Price, was spotted floating upside-down in Lake Huron; none of its 28 crew survived. ^[35])
• Bodies from SS James Carruthers, including that of Captain William H. Wright, were recovered at Kincardine, Ontario and Point Clark, Ontario.^[36]
• British Prime Minister H.H. Asquith publicly declared that the United Kingdom had no intention in intervening in Mexico's affairs. "Mexico is still in the throes of civil war," said Asquith, "but there never was and never will be any question of political intervention by Great Britain in the domestic concerns of Mexico, or in the Central or South American States."^[37]
• Born:
  • Álvaro Cunhal, Portuguese politician, secretary-general of the Portuguese Communist Party, in Coimbra (d. 2005)
  • Karl Shapiro, American poet, Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress in 1946, in Baltimore (d. 2000)
• Died: Richard Solomon, 63, British High Commissioner for the Union of South Africa since 1910

November 11, 1913 (Tuesday)

• Greece and Turkey signed a peace treaty in Athens, officially ending the Second Balkan War.^[38]
• The Chamber of Deputies of France defeated a proposal to grant women the right to vote. The measure attracted only 133 votes in favor, and 311 against.^[4]
• The Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Heike Kamerlingh Onnes of the Netherlands, and the Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Alfred Werner of Zurich.^[4]
• Second Lieutenant Günter Freiherr von Forstner was ordered confined to six days house arrest, while official statements from military authorities in Strasbourg, Germany downplayed the incident of Forstner's use of a derogatory term ("Wackes") in referring to the Alsatian residents of Saverne, with the excuse that the offensive word was actually a general term for a contentious people. The Saverne public did not accept the excuse and continued to stage protests against the German regiment stationed in the town.
• The Broadway musical The Madcap Duchess by Victor Herbert and starring Ann Swinburne, Peggy Wood and Glenn Hall, opened at the Globe Theatre in New York City for a 71-performance run.^[39][40]
• Born: Iain Macleod, British politician who served briefly as Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1970 and as Secretary of State for the Colonies from 1959 to 1961; in Skipton, Yorkshire, England (d. 1970)

November 12, 1913 (Wednesday)

• After several unsuccessful assaults on Ciudad Juárez, Pancho Villa devised a Trojan Horse move by capturing a coal train and hiding 2,000 soldiers inside. The train successfully entered the city where Villa's forces fought 4,000 fortified federal troops.^[41]
• Bulgaria demanded that Greece release all prisoners of war taken captive during the Second Balkan War.^[4]
• Born: Uriel Fernandes, later known as Teleco, Brazilian association football player, striker for the Corinthians, in Curitiba (d. 2000)

November 13, 1913 (Thursday)

• British suffragist Emmeline Pankhurst delivered her "Freedom or Death" speech in Hartford, Connecticut. An excerpt of her speech read: "Human life for us is sacred, but we say if any life is to be sacrificed it shall be ours; we won’t do it ourselves, but we will put the enemy in the position where they will have to choose between giving us freedom or giving us death."^[42]
• The Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded to Hindu poet Rabindranath Tagore, marking "the first time that this prize has been given to anybody but a white person".^[43]

Nobel Laureate Tagore

• The American College of Surgeons was founded, with 1,000 leading surgeons selected as fellows.^[4]
• China's National Assembly, with 300 fewer deputies, suspended further operations because a quorum was no longer possible.^[4]
• Twelve people were killed, and more than 100 injured, in the wreck of an excursion train near Clayton, Alabama. The Central Georgia R.R. passenger train was carrying passengers from Ozark, Alabama to a country fair in Eufaula, Alabama, when it derailed and plunged down a steep embankment.^[44]
• The hymn O Praise the Lord of Heaven by Vaughan Williams - based on passages in the Bible - was performed for the first time in St. Paul’s Cathedral, London.
• Born:
  • Lon Nol, Cambodian politician and military general, president of the Khmer Republic from 1972 to 1975, in Prey Veng, Cambodia (d. 1985)
  • Alexander Scourby, American actor, best known for The Big Heat, in New York City (d. 1985)
  • Helen Mack, American actress, best known for film roles such as His Girl Friday, in Rock Island, Illinois (d. 1986)

November 14, 1913 (Friday)

• The first volume of the 3,200-page novel In Search of Lost Time by Marcel Proust was published as Swann's Way.^[45]
• All 103 passengers and crew of the Spanish steamship Balmes, which had caught fire at sea, were rescued by the Cunard liner Pannonia.^[46][47]
• Born:
  • George Smathers, American politician, U.S. Senator from Florida from 1951 till 1969, in Atlantic City, New Jersey (d. 2007)
  • Wolfgang Heyda; German naval officer, U-boat commander during World War Two, in Arys, East Prussia (d. 1947)
• Died: Kâmil Pasha, 80, Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire four times between 1885 and 1913

November 15, 1913 (Saturday)

Pancho Villa

• The ship Charles S. Price was identified as the "mystery vessel" seen capsized five days earlier off the coast of Michigan.^[48] Milton Smith, an assistant engineer who decided at the last moment not to join his crew on premonition of disaster, aided in identifying any bodies that were found. Twenty-eight crew members lost their lives in the wreck.
• Pancho Villa was successful in capturing Ciudad Juárez. Eleven trainloads of federal troops were sent up from Chihuahua to engage Villa.^[11]
• The polar ship Karluk reached 73°N, the most northerly point of its drift in the Beaufort Sea, since becoming trapped in ice last August. It began moving south-west, in the general direction of the Siberian coast.^[49]
• Born:
  • Jack Dyer, Australian rules football player and coach for the Richmond Football Club, in Oakleigh, Victoria, Australia (d. 2003)
  • Guy Green, British cinematographer, recipient of the Academy Award for Best Cinematography for Great Expectations, in Frome, Somerset, England (d. 2005)
  • Riek Schagen, Dutch actress and artist, best known for her role as Saartje in the long-running popular NCRV television show Swiebertje and for the 1959 comedy film Fanfare; in Amersfoort, Netherlands (d. 2008)
  • Gus Johnson, American jazz musician, drummer for Jay McShann and Ella Fitzgerald, in Tyler, Texas (d. 2005)
  • Arthur Haulot, Belgian journalist and member of the Belgian resistance, in Angleur, Belgium (d. 2005)
• Died: Camille Armand Jules Marie, Prince de Polignac, 81, French nobleman who served as a major general in the Confederate States Army

November 16, 1913 (Sunday)

• Pancho Villa dispatched his forces to Tierra Blanca, 35 miles (56 km) south of Ciudad Juárez, expecting to engage federal troops.^[11]
• Mexican President Victoriano Huerta dismissed Minister of the Interior Manuel Garza Aldape, after Garza had urged that Mexico negotiate with the United States.^[11]
• Born: Dora de Pedery-Hunt, Hungarian-Canadian sculpture, designer of the Queen Elizabeth II effigy on Canadian coins, in Budapest (d. 2008)

November 17, 1913 (Monday)

• Alfred Fones established the Fones School of Dental Hygiene in Bridgeport, Connecticut, with the local board of education helping to fund the program. The first class was attended by 34 women and held in Fones' garage behind his office. Graduates of the program participated in preventative dental treatment programs in schools around Bridgeport.^[50]
• The Vermilion School of Agriculture opened in Vermilion, Alberta - the first of three agricultural colleges to open in the Canadian province - with an all-male class of 34. The college would expand its programs and campuses over the next few decades, and eventually be renamed Lakeland College in 1975.^[51]
• Construction of the National Transcontinental Railway, started in 1903, was completed with the last spike driven west of Cochrane, Ontario. The rail - which ran from Winnipeg to Moncton, New Brunswick - was operated privately until 1923 when it was absorbed into the Canadian National Railway.^[52]

November 18, 1913 (Tuesday)

"Lincoln Beachey and his aeroplane"

• American aviator Lincoln J. Beachey first performed his inside loop (called the "loop the loop") at an airshow at Naval Air Station North Island, San Diego. Beachey climbed to 3,500 feet (1,066 meters) before turning the airplane down. He brought the machine up at the 1,000-foot mark and completed a 300-foot (91-meter) loop.^[53]
• French aviator Maurice Chevillard performed the first somersault loop with an airplane while a passenger was on board, something previously done solo by aviators.^[54]
• Twenty-one coal miners were killed in the explosion of the Alabama Fuel and Iron Company's Mine Number 2 near Acton, Alabama.^[55]
• Born: Endre Rozsda, Hungarian-French painter, member of the Surrealism movement, in Mohács, Hungary (d. 1999)

November 19, 1913 (Wednesday)

• Jack Thompson showed up at his own funeral visitation in Hamilton, Ontario, eight days after he had been believed to have drowned in the sinking of the SS James Carruthers. The body that had washed ashore from Lake Huron had been identified by his bereaved father, Thomas, at a morgue in Goderich, Ontario. In reality, Thompson had not accompanied the ship on its final voyage. The body his father identified was the same height and build, had similar facial features, tattoos (including the initials "J.T."), scars (crossed toes), and other markings on the body. Upon reading his name among the list of known dead in a newspaper while in Toronto, Thompson took a train back to his hometown and walked into his home, where his family was preparing for his burial. The identity of the body mistaken for Thompson remains unknown, and is buried with four other unknown seamen in Goderich.^[56]
• The Governor of Pennsylvania, John K. Tener, agreed to serve as the new president of baseball's National League^[57]
• Born: Harry Friedman, American orchestra leader, known as the Blue Barron in the Big Band era, in Cleveland (d. 2005)

November 20, 1913 (Thursday)

Radio Eiffel

• The Eiffel Tower, made of iron, was used as a radio antenna for wireless transmission and reception by the Paris Observatory. For three weeks, the Paris Observatory and the U.S. Naval Observatory in Arlington, Virginia had been attempting to signal each other and "on November 20 the exchange worked well for the first time", in an experiment that continued until March.^[58] The New York Times reported that the earlier tests had encountered interference from atmospheric conditions and other radio transmissions, but that on the evening of the 20th, "the beats of the Paris clock, as transmitted by wireless, were compared with the Washington clock for several minutes".^[59]
• Born:
  • Judy Canova, American singer and actress, famous for playing an Ozark hick character in various broadcasts and her USO tours during World War Two, in Starke, Florida (d. 1983)
  • Libertas Schulze-Boysen, French-born German anti-Nazi resistance fighter, member of the Red Orchestra group during World War Two, in Paris (executed, 1942)
  • Charles Bettelheim, French economist and historian, founder of Center for the Study of Modes of Industrialization (CEMI), in Paris (d. 2006)

November 21, 1913 (Friday)

• The Olds School of Agriculture and Home Economics officially opened on the site of a demonstration farm in Olds, Alberta, the second of three agricultural schools opened by the Alberta Department of Agriculture. The school would expand its programs and campus over decades and is now the Olds College.^[60]

Roy and John

• Born: John Boulting, English film director (d. 1985) and Roy Boulting, English film director and producer (d. 2001), identical twin brothers who produced films such as Brighton Rock and I'm All Right, Jack, in Bray, Berkshire

November 22, 1913 (Saturday)

• In the Battle of Tierra Blanca, Pancho Villa's force of 5,500 men engaged 7,000 federal troops under command of José Inés Salazar.^[61] It was rumored American journalist and fiction writer Ambrose Bierce was with Villa's army and witnessed the battle.^[62]
• Ten members of the 5th Company of 2nd Upper Rhine Infantry Regiment No. 99 were arrested and charged with leaking secrets of the Saverne Affair to the local press.
• Born:
  • Benjamin Britten, English composer, known for compositions include War Requiem, in Suffolk(d. 1976)
  • Cecilia Muñoz-Palma, Filipino judge, first female Philippine Supreme Court Justice, in Bauan, Batangas (d. 2006)
• Died: Tokugawa Yoshinobu, 76, the 15th and last Shōgun of Japan. The last leader of the Tokugawa shogunate, he resigned in 1867 in the wake of the Meiji Restoration.

November 23, 1913 (Sunday)

• The first technical institute in Brazil, the Instituto Eletrotécnico e Mecânico de Itajubá, was inaugurated in the city of Itajubá in the Minas Gerais State. ^[63] Brazil's President Hermes da Fonseca and his Vice President (and successor), Venceslau Brás, presided over the ceremonies. Since 2002, the institution has been the Federal University of Itajubá (Universidade Federal de Itajubá or UNIFEI)
• Born:
  • Virginia Prince, American transgender activist, founder of the Society for the Second Self, in Los Angeles (d. 2009)
  • Raymond Hanson, Australian composer, director of the Sydney Conservatorium of Music, in Sydney (d. 1976)

November 24, 1913 (Monday)

• Recently defeated during his campaign for re-election as Governor of South Carolina, Coleman Livingston Blease issued pardons and paroles for 100 convicts. These included 28 men serving life terms for murder, and another 28 incarcerated for manslaughter, and marked a total of 882 persons whom he had released from prison. The pardons took effect on the day before Thanksgiving.^[64]
• Born:
  • Geraldine Fitzgerald, Irish-American actress, recipient for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress in Wuthering Heights, in Greystones, Ireland (d. 2005)
  • Gisela Mauermayer, German Olympic athlete, gold medalist for the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, in Munich (d. 1995)
  • Howard Duff, American actor, best known for roles as radio detective Sam Spade and in Brute Force and The Naked City; in Charleston, Washington (now Bremerton) (d. 1990)

November 25, 1913 (Tuesday)

• On the fourth day of fighting in Tierra Blanca, rebel leader Pancho Villa ordered his cavalry to charge the center of the attacking Mexican Army's line. At the same time, Rodolfo Fierro, Villa's second-in-command, used a locomotive filled with dynamite and percussion caps to ram into the federal soldiers' train cars.^[65] Both aggressive counterattacks forced the federal army to retreat, with 1,000 casualties.^[66]
• The Irish Volunteers were established by acclamation at a huge public meeting at the Rotunda Hospital in Dublin "to secure and maintain the rights and liberties common to the whole people of Ireland".^[67][68]
• French aviator Raymonde de Laroche flew 325 kilometres (202 mi) solo in four hours, winning the 1913 Fémina Cup for the longest solo flight by a woman that year.^[69]

White House wedding couple Wilson and Sayre

• In a wedding held in the White House, Jessie Woodrow Wilson, daughter of U.S. President Woodrow Wilson, was married to Francis B. Sayre.^[70]
• Panama became a signatory to the 1910 Buenos Aires Convention, a copyright treaty, the second Latin American country to do so. Guatemala had been the first to sign, on March 28, 1913.^[71]
• Born:
  • Lewis Thomas, American physician and essayist and 1981, National Book Award winner; in Flushing, New York (d. 1993)
  • Jack Davies, English screenwriter and Oscar nominee for Those Magnificent Men in their Flying Machines; in Fulham, London (d. 1994)
• Died:
  • Robert Stawell Ball, Irish astronomer, developed screw theory used for vectors in algebra (b. 1840)
  • Edmond Perreyon, French aviator and holder of the record (set March 11) for highest altitude (19,650 feet) by a human being; in the crash of his monoplane in France

November 26, 1913 (Wednesday)

• Phi Sigma Sigma, the first collegiate nonsectarian sorority, was founded at Hunter College, New York City. It was the first women's fraternity of its time to allow membership of women from all faiths and backgrounds.^[72]
• Police in New York City arrested José Santos Zelaya, the former President of Nicaragua (1893-1909), after he had been convicted of murder, in absentia, by a court in Managua. Zelaya was sleeping on the sixth floor of an apartment house on West End Avenue.^[73] After a few days in jail, Zelaya would be released on bond and, on Christmas Eve, would board the ship Lorraine and sail back to Spain. ^[74]
• Born: Foy Draper, American Olympic athlete, gold medalist for the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin (disappeared during the Battle of Kasserine Pass, 1942)
• Died: Frances Julia Wedgwood, 80, British writer, assisted Charles Darwin in translating the works of Carl Linnaeus

November 27, 1913 (Thursday)

• Hungarian-born politician Iván Skerlecz was proclaimed ban (viceroy) of the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia, where he called for parliamentary elections.^[75]
• Born: Robert Dougall, English newscaster, anchor for the BBC Newsroom and author of several bestsellers on ornithology; in London (d. 1999)

November 28, 1913 (Friday)

• New rules to speed up the game of ice hockey were tested for the first time in a game, as the Pacific Coast Hockey Association (PCHA) implemented ideas by Frank Patrick, including an end to the prohibition against passing the puck forward beyond one's own side of the rink. ^[76] Previously, players could only pass the puck forward until they reached the blue line that marked the neutral zone, after which they had to maintain possession while they skated forward, and could only pass to a player behind them. The penalties that resulted from frequent infractions of the rule delayed the games. Patrick's idea, which would later be accepted by the NHL forerunner, the National Hockey Association, was to allow forward passing by either team in the neutral zone. In a preseason exhibition at Victoria Arena in Victoria, British Columbia, the Victoria Aristocrats beat the Vancouver Millionaires 4 to 3 in overtime. ^[77]
• Prussian soldiers occupying Saverne arrested and imprisoned 26 demonstrators without probable cause, after a crowd of demonstrators made their angriest protests up to that time over Lt. von Forstner's offensive remarks and the insufficiency of the discipline taken against the young officer. When the crowd ignored warnings to disperse, the soldiers charged the crowd, seized whomever they could detain, and imprisoned the 26 in the basement of the Rohan Palace. Martial law was declared in the town soon after.^[78]
• Pancho Villa gained control of Chihuahua, Mexico and established a base of operations in the city for División del Norte.^[11]
• Died: George B. Post, 75, American architect, noted proponent of the Beaux-Arts tradition and designer of many public New York City buildings including the New York Stock Exchange

November 29, 1913 (Saturday)

• The International Fencing Federation (FIE) was recognized by the International Olympic Committee as the world governing body of fencing.^[79]
• The Hamilton Tigers defeated Toronto Parkdale 44-2 in the fifth Grey Cup.^[80]
• Born: Georges Spénale, French politician, President of the European Parliament (d. 1983)

November 30, 1913 (Sunday)

• The Sprague, famous as "the world's largest steam-powered sternwheeler towboat" ^[81], with the power to push as many as 56 loaded barges, created an environmental disaster when it wrecked on the Mississippi River, striking a stone dike on one of the many river islands, Island Number 30, near Osceola, Arkansas. In addition to destroying 16 coal barges outright and sinking 29 others that it was pushing ^[82], the Sprague caused the barges' 53,200 tons of coal to pour into the river, temporarily forming a new river island ^[81].
• Born:
  • John McCaffery, American television game show host, known for One Minute Please and other programs, in Moscow, Idaho (d. 1983)
  • David Curwen, British rail engineer, designer of the miniature railway, in Sydenham, Kent, England (d. 2011)

References