National Coalition Party

Coordinates: 60°10′03″N 24°56′01″E / 60.1675468°N 24.9337408°E / 60.1675468; 24.9337408

National Coalition Party
Finnish: Kansallinen Kokoomus
Swedish: Samlingspartiet
Abbreviation KOK
Chair Petteri Orpo
Deputy chairs Antti Häkkänen
Sanni Grahn-Laasonen
Mari-Leena Talvitie
Founded 9 December 1918 (9 December 1918)
Merger of Finnish Party, Young Finnish Party
Headquarters Kansakoulukuja 3 A, Helsinki
Youth wing Youth of the National Coalition Party
Student wing Student Union of National Coalition Party - Tuhatkunta
Women's wing Kokoomuksen Naisten Liitto
LGBT wing Kansallinen sateenkaariryhmä - Kasary
Membership (2016) 34,000[1]
Ideology Liberalism[2]
Conservatism[3]
Liberal conservatism[4][5]
Pro-Europeanism
Political position Centre-right[6]
European affiliation European People's Party
International affiliation International Democrat Union
European Parliament group European People's Party
Colours      Cyan
Parliament of Finland
38 / 200
European Parliament
3 / 13
Municipalities
1,492 / 8,999
Website
www.kokoomus.fi

The National Coalition Party (NCP; Finnish: Kansallinen Kokoomus; Kok.; Swedish: Samlingspartiet; Saml.) is a centre-right[6] political party in Finland considered to be liberal,[2] and conservative,[3] and liberal-conservative.[4] Founded in 1918, the National Coalition Party is one of the three largest parties in Finland, along with the Social Democratic Party and the Centre Party. The current party chair is Petteri Orpo, elected on 11 June 2016. The party self-statedly bases its politics on "freedom, responsibility and democracy, equal opportunities, education, supportiveness, tolerance and caring"[7] and supports multiculturalism and gay rights. It is pro-NATO and pro-European as well as a member of the European People's Party (EPP).[8]

The party's vote share was approximately 20% in parliamentary elections in the 1990s and 2000s. It won 44 out of 200 seats in the parliamentary elections of 2011, becoming the largest party in the Finnish Parliament (Finnish: eduskunta; Swedish: riksdag) for the first time in its history. On the municipal level, it became the most popular party in 2008. In the 2015 election, the NCP lost its status as the country's largest party finishing second in votes and third in seats, but again joining the governing coalition.

History

1918–1939

The National Coalition Party was founded on 9 December 1918 after the Finnish Civil War by the majority of the Finnish Party and the minority of the Young Finnish Party, both supporting Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse as the King of Finland in the new monarchy.[9][10] The previous day, the republicans of both parties had founded the National Progressive Party.[11] With over 600 representatives, the foundational meeting of NCP declared the following:

A national coalition is needed over old party lines that have lost meaning and have too long separated similarly thinking citizens. This coalition's grand task must be to work to strengthen in our nation the forces that maintain society. Lawful societal order must be strictly upheld and there must be no compromise with revolutionary aspirations. But simultaneously, determined constructive reform work must be pursued."[12]

The party sought to accomplish their task by advocating for constitutional monarchy and, failing that, strong governmental powers within a republican framework. On the other hand, their goal was to implement a number of social and economic reforms, such as compulsory education, universal health care, and progressive income and property taxation.[13] The monarchist aims failed and Finland became a parliamentary republic—in which NCP advocated for strong presidential powers. In the late 1920s and early 1930s, the threat posed by Joseph Stalin's communist Soviet Union influenced Finnish politics. Communists, backed by Soviet leaders, accelerated their activities while the ideological position of the National Coalition Party shifted to strongly conservative. The new ideology was poorly received, particularly by the youth, attracted instead more to irredentist and fascist movements, such as the Academic Karelia Society or Patriotic People's Movement.[9][10][11] In the 1933 parliamentary election, the party formed an electoral coalition with the Patriotic People's Movement, founded by former supporters of the radical nationalist Lapua Movement—even though P.E. Svinhufvud, the party's first President of Finland, played a key role in halting the Lapua Movement and vanquishing their Mäntsälä rebellion. The result was a major defeat as the NCP lost 24 of its 42 seats in Parliament. The NCP broke ties with the Patriotic People's Movement in 1934 under the newly elected party chair J.K. Paasikivi, but was nevertheless shut out from the Finnish Government until the outbreak of the Winter War in 1939 and only slowly regained support.[10][11][14]

P.E. Svinhufvud, 3rd President of Finland

1939–2000

During the Winter War and the Continuation War in 1939–1944, the party took part in the war-time national unity governments and generally had strong support for its government policies. After the wars, the National Coalition Party sought to portray itself as a defender of democracy against the resurgent Finnish communists. Chair Paasikivi, who had advocated making more concessions to Soviet Union before the Winter War and taken a cautious line regarding cooperation with Germany before the Continuation War, acted first as Prime Minister of Finland (1944–1946) and then as President (1946–1956) of Finland. Paasikivi is remembered as the formulator of Finnish foreign policy after World War II.[15] The conflict between the NCP and the communist Finnish People's Democratic League culminated when President Paasikivi fired the communist Minister of the Interior Yrjö Leino, who had used the State Police to spy on the party's youth wing among other abuses.[11][16][17]

In 1951, the party changed its official name from the original Kansallinen Kokoomuspuolue to the current Kansallinen Kokoomus. The 1950s were also a time of ideological shifts, as the emphasis on individual liberty and free market reforms increased at the expense of social conservatism and maintenance of a strong government. A minor division in 1958 led to the formation of the Christian Democrats party. From 1966 to 1987, the party was in the opposition.[18] By criticizing Finnish communists and President Urho Kekkonen of the Centre Party, the party had lost the President's trust—and thus governments formed by the Centre Party and left-wing parties followed one another. A new guard emerged within the NCP in the 1970s that sought to improve relations with long-serving President Kekkonen. Their work was partially successful in the late 1970s.[19] However, even though the NCP supported Kekkonen for president in 1978 and became the second largest party in the country in the 1979 parliamentary election, a spot in the government continued to elude the NCP until the end of Kekkonen's time in office.[10][11][17]

During the long years in opposition, the party's support grew steadily and in 1987 it attained the best parliamentary election result in its history so far. Harri Holkeri became the party's first prime minister since Paasikivi. During Holkeri's time in office, the Finnish economy suffered a downturn, precipitated by a multitude of factors, and the 1991 parliamentary election resulted in a loss. The party continued in government as a minor partner until 2003.[10][11]

J.K. Paasikivi, 7th President of Finland

2000–present

After losing six seats in the 2003 parliamentary election, the National Coalition Party spent the next electoral period in opposition. Jyrki Katainen was elected party chair in 2004 and in March 2006, vice-president of the European People's Party (EPP). Under the leadership of Katainen, chair until 2014, liberalism became the main attribute of the party.[20] In the 2007 parliamentary election, the party increased its share to 50 seats in the largest gain of the election. The party held a close second place in Parliament, shy of the Centre Party and its 51 seats. After the election, the party entered into a coalition government together with the Centre Party, the Green League, and the Swedish People's Party. The NCP secured important ministerial portfolios, including finance and foreign affairs. In the 2011 parliamentary election, the party finished first place for the first time in its history with 44 seats, despite losing 6 seats, and party chair Jyrki Katainen formed his cabinet as a six-party coalition government from parties on the left and on the right after lengthy negotiations.[10][11][21]

Sauli Niinistö, 12th and the incumbent President of Finland

The National Coalition Party's candidate in the 2006 Finnish presidential election was former minister of finance and former party chair Sauli Niinistö. He qualified for the second round runoff as one of the top two candidates in the first round but was defeated by the incumbent Tarja Halonen with 51.8% of the vote against his 48.2%. The party nominated Sauli Niinistö again for the presidential election of 2012. Niinistö won the election, beating his Green League opponent Pekka Haavisto decisively on the second round with a 62.6% portion of the votes, and thus becoming the third president elected from the party and the first one since 1956. Niinistö's margin of victory was larger than that of any previous directly elected president in Finland. He won a majority in 14 of the country's 15 constituencies.[10][22] Niinistö is described as a pragmatical fiscal conservative and a pro-European and supporting restraint of bailouts to partner countries. Upon taking office, Niinistö intended to strengthen interaction with the United States and China and maintain good relations with Russia as well as address the European debt crisis.[21] Niinistö was re-elected in 2018 for a second six-year term. He ran as an independent but had the support of the National Coalition Party.[23]

In 2014, Katainen stepped down as party chair and Prime Minister of Finland for a vice-president position in the European Commission.[24] Katainen was replaced by Alexander Stubb as chair of the National Coalition Party in the June 2014 leadership election and thus became the prime minister. Katainen's cabinet was likewise succeeded by the cabinet of Alexander Stubb on 23 June 2014.[11] Stubb went on to lead the party into the 2015 parliamentary election, in which the National Coalition Party placed second in votes and third in parliamentary seats.[25] After the election, National Coalition joined a right-leaning majority coalition consisting of the three largest parties – the Centre Party, the Finns Party and the National Coalition Party.[26] During his term, Stubb faced growing criticism for the NCP's poor poll results, the declining economy as well as compromises in the three-party government. After two years as party chair, Stubb was voted by 441 to 361 to be replaced by Petteri Orpo at the leadership election of June 2016.[27]

Ideology and political position

A 1964 NCP poster with "for the security of the future" written in Finnish

According to its 2006-adopted platform, the National Coalition Party's policy is based on "freedom, responsibility and democracy, equality of opportunity, education, supportiveness, tolerance and caring".[7] The party is described by literature as a liberal[2] and conservative[3] as well as a liberal-conservative[4] party in the centre-right[6] with catch-all party characteristics.[28] The non-profit Democratic Society described it as "the heir to both liberal and conservative strains of right-of-centre thought" that is becoming increasingly liberal compared to its official stance of conservatism.[8]

Specifically, it contains elements of cultural and economic liberalism and social reformism.[29] For example, it supports multiculturalism, work-based immigration, gay rights and same sex marriage.[8][30][31][32] Although formerly considered to have been critical of the Nordic welfare model and campaigning for strict doctrines of economic liberalism, in the 1970s, the party shifted to supporting more social liberalism, such as increased social security and a welfare state, as justified by increased individual liberty.[33] In international relations, the party advocate for multilateralism. NCP is pro-European and it supports continued European integration and close relations with the European Union (EU). Likewise, the party publicly advocates Finnish membership in the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO).[34]

Voter base

Votes for NCP by municipality in the 2011 parliamentary election with urban areas gathering most support

The magazine Suomen Kuvalehti created a profile of a typical National Coalition Party voter from over 18,000 interviews in 2011: a 36-year-old lawyer or management consultant living with a family in the Capital region who supports economic liberalism and conservative values and enjoys alpine skiing and golf.[35] Unlike other conservative parties in Europe, the party's voters are predominantly urban while rural regions favor the Centre Party.[8] In 2005, the NCP had the highest proportion of women members out of the major parties.[36] Membership in the party was momentarily on the rise in 2008, but had declined from 41,000 to 34,000 by 2016.[37] In contrast, the party had 81,000 members in 1970.[1] According to 2008 polling data, the National Coalition Party was the most positively viewed party by Finns[38] and was the most favored party among young generations in 2008 and 2014 polls.[39][40]

Organisation

The main structure of the National Coalition Party comprises municipal and local chapters organized into districts and as well as the women's, student and youth wings. The party conference (Finnish: puoluekokous), the main decision-making body convening every two years with representatives from the suborganisations as its members, elects the party chair and three deputy chairs as well as the 61-member party council (Finnish: puoluevaltuusto).[41]

The party chair and the deputy chairs lead the party board (Finnish: puoluehallitus), which is in charge of the daily management and is composed of a representative from each district and from each of the three wings. The party council also elects the party secretary to head the main office, located in Helsinki, and to coordinate the National Coalition Party's activities according to the board's decisions. Additionally, the NCP has separate groups for coordinating ministers, members of Parliament, and members of the European Parliament.[41]

Two foundations, Kansallissäätiö and Porvarillisen Työn Arkiston Säätiö, assist the party with a source of funding and as an archive, respectively.[42][43] Reportedly, donations to Kansallissäätiö are kept secret, but according to the treasurer, donations are a limited asset compared to the foundation's 5 million euro investment capital. In 2008, the foundation supported NCP with €400,000.[44] The NCP owns two companies, Kansalliskustannus Oy and Suomen Kansallismedia Oy, to publish the party newspapers Nykypäivä and Verkkouutiset as well as to handle media communications.[45] Additionally, some thematic organizations report themselves as close to the party, such as the Swedish-language group Borgerlig samling i Finland[46] and the LGBT network Kansallinen sateenkaariryhmä – Kasary.[47]

Election results

Election results are based on respective files of the Official Statistics of Finland (Finnish: Suomen virallinen tilasto) published by the national Statistics Finland institution.

Parliament of Finland

Date Votes Seats Position Size
# % ± pp # ±
1919 155,018 15.70% + 15.70
28 / 200
 Increase 28 Opposition 3rd
1922 157,116 18.15% + 2.45
35 / 200
 Increase 7 Opposition 3rd
1924 166,880 18.99% + 0.84
38 / 200
 Increase 2 Government 3rd
1927 161,450 17.74% – 1.25
34 / 200
 Decrease 4 Opposition 3rd
1929 138,008 14.51% – 3.23
28 / 200
 Decrease 6 Opposition 3rd
1930 203,958 18.05% + 3.54
42 / 200
 Increase 14 Government 3rd
1933 187,527 16.93% – 1.12
32 / 200
 Decrease 10 Opposition 3rd
1936 121,619 10.36% – 6.57
20 / 200
 Decrease 12 Opposition 4th
1939 176,215 13.58% + 3.22
25 / 200
 Increase 5 Opposition 3rd
1945 255,394 15.04% + 1.46
28 / 200
 Increase 3 Government 4th
1948 320,366 17.04% + 2.0
33 / 200
 Increase 5 Opposition 4th
1951 264,044 14.57% – 2.47
28 / 200
 Decrease 5 Opposition 4th
1954 257,025 12.80% – 1.77
24 / 200
 Decrease 4 Opposition 4th
1958 297,094 15.28% + 2.48
29 / 200
 Increase 5 Government 4th
1962 346,638 15.06% – 0.22
32 / 200
 Increase 3 Government 4th
1966 326,928 13.79% – 1.27
26 / 200
 Decrease 6 Opposition 4th
1970 457,582 18.05% + 4.26
37 / 200
 Increase 11 Opposition 2nd
1972 453,434 17.59% – 0,46
34 / 200
 Decrease 3 Opposition 3rd
1975 505,145 18.37% + 0.78
35 / 200
 Increase 1 Opposition 3rd
1979 626,764 21.65% + 3.28
47 / 200
 Increase 12 Opposition 2nd
1983 659,078 22.12% + 0,47
44 / 200
 Decrease 3 Opposition 2nd
1987 666,236 23.13% + 1,01
53 / 200
 Increase 9 Government 2nd
1991 526,487 19.31% – 3.82
40 / 200
 Decrease 13 Government 3rd
1995 497,624 17.89% – 1.42
39 / 200
 Decrease 1 Government 3rd
1999 563,835 21.03% + 3.14
46 / 200
 Increase 7 Government 3rd
2003 517,904 18.55% - 2.48
40 / 200
 Decrease 6 Opposition 3rd
2007 616,841 22.26% + 3.71
50 / 200
 Increase 10 Government 2nd
2011 598,369 20.44% – 1.82
44 / 200
 Decrease 6 Government 1st
2015 540,212 18.20% – 2.24
37 / 200
 Decrease 7 Government 3rd
2019 TBA TBA TBA

European Parliament

Year MEPs Votes
1996 4 453,729 20.17%
1999 4 313,960 25.27%
2004 4 392,771 23.71%
2009 3 386,416 23.21%
2014 3 390,112 22.6%

Municipal

Year Councillors Votes
1950 88,159 5.85%
1953 133,626 7.59%
1956 105,220 6.29%
1960 275,560 14.04%
1964 213,378 10.0%
1968 1,388 364,428 16.09%
1972 1,503 451,484 18.06%
1976 2,047 561,121 20.92%
1980 2,373 628,950 22.94%
1984 2,423 619,264 22.96%
1988 2,392 601,468 22.87%
1992 2,009 507,574 19.05%
1996 2,167 514,313 21.64%
2000 2,028 463,493 20.84%
2004 2,078 521,412 21.83%
2008 2,020 597,727 23.45%
2012 1,735 544,682 21.9%
2017 1,490 531,599 20.68%

Presidential

The below tables indicate which presidential candidate NCP supported, but not necessarily if the candidate was a member of the party.[10]

indirect
Year Candidate Electors Votes
1925 Hugo Suolahti 68 141,240 22.71%
1931 Pehr Evind Svinhufvud 64 180,378 21.56%
1937 Pehr Evind Svinhufvud 86 330,980 29.75%
1950 Juho Kusti Paasikivi 68 360,789 22.88%
1956 Sakari Tuomioja 54 340,311 17.94%
1968 Matti Virkkunen 58 432,014 21.19%
1978 Urho Kekkonen 45 360,310 14.72%
1982 Harri Holkeri 58 593,271 18.7%
1988 Harri Holkeri 63 603,180 20.2%
direct
Year Candidate Votes
1988 Harri Holkeri 570,340 18.4%
1994 Raimo Ilaskivi 1st 485,035 1st 15.2%
2000 Riitta Uosukainen 1st 392,305 1st 12.8%
2006 Sauli Niinistö 1st 725,866
2nd 1,518,333		 1st 24.06%
2nd 48.21%
2012 Sauli Niinistö 1st 1,131,254
2nd 1,802,400		 1st 36.96%
2nd 62.59%
2018 Sauli Niinistö 1st 1,874,334 1st 62.6%

1st Result for candidate in the first election (i.e. round).

2nd Result for candidate in the second election (i.e. round).

Prominent party leaders

The following NCP members have held high offices:[48]

  • Lauri Ingman – Prime Minister 1918–1919, 1924–1925
  • Antti Tulenheimo – Prime Minister 1925
  • Pehr Evind Svinhufvud – President 1931–1937
  • Edwin Linkomies – Prime Minister 1943–1944
  • Juho Kusti Paasikivi – President 1946–1956, Prime Minister 1944–1946
  • Harri Holkeri – Prime Minister 1987–1991
  • Riitta Uosukainen – Minister of Education 1991–1994, Speaker of the Parliament 1994–2003
  • Sauli Niinistö – Minister of Finance 1995–2003, Speaker of the Parliament 2007–2011, President 2012–
  • Jyrki Katainen – Minister of Finance 2007–2011, Prime Minister 2011–2014
  • Alexander Stubb – Prime Minister, 2014–2015, Minister of Finance 2015–2016

See also

Notes and references

Notes

  • The newspapers Nykypäivä and Verkkouutiset are published by NCP-owned companies.

References

  1. 1 2 "Puolueiden jäsenmäärien kehitys (ilmoitetut jäsenrekisteritiedot)" (in Finnish). Finnish Election Study Portal. 29 November 2016. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
  2. 1 2 3 Finn Laursen (2010). "The Nordic countries: between scepticism and adaptation". In Maurizio Carbone. National Politics and European Integration: From the Constitution to the Lisbon Treaty. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 188. ISBN 978-1-84980-514-8.
  3. 1 2 3 Ezrow, Lawrence (2011). "Electoral Systems and Party Responsiveness". In Norman Schofield; Gonzalo Caballero. Political Economy of Institutions, Democracy and Voting. Springer. p. 319. ISBN 978-3-642-19519-8.
  4. 1 2 3 Mads Dagnis Jensen (2015). "The Nordic countries and the European Parliament". In Caroline Howard Grøn; Peter Nedergaard; Anders Wivel. The Nordic Countries and the European Union: Still the Other European Community?. Routledge. p. 89. ISBN 978-1-317-53661-1.
  5. ↑ Nordsieck, Wolfram (2015). "Finland". Parties and Elections in Europe.
  6. 1 2 3 Lane, Jan-Erik; Ersson, Svante (2008). "The Nordic Countries: Compromise and Corporatism in the Welfare State". In Colomer, Josep. Political Institutions in Europe. Routledge. p. 260. ISBN 978-1-134-07354-2.
  7. 1 2 "Programme of Principles". National Coalition Party. 2016. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
  8. 1 2 3 4 Chris, Terry (3 March 2014). "National Coalition Party (KOK)". The Democratic Society Ltd. Archived from the original on 19 November 2017. Retrieved 18 July 2017.
  9. 1 2 Leino-Kaukiainen, Pirkko (1994). Suomalaiskansallinen Kokoomus osa 1: Suomalaisen puolueen ja Kansallisen kokoomuspuolueen historia vuoteen 1929. Helsinki: Suomen kansalliskirja.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Kokoomuksen historia" [History of the National Coalition Party]. National Coalition Party (in Finnish). Archived from the original on 5 July 2017. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Mickelsson, Rauli (2015). Suomen puolueet: Vapauden ajasta maailmantuskaan [Parties of Finland: From the age of liberty to world-weariness] (in Finnish). Vastapaino. ISBN 978-951-768-531-3.
  12. ↑ "Kansalaisille" [For the Citizens]. Foundational Meeting of the National Coalition Party (in Finnish). National Coalition Party. 1918.
  13. ↑ Kansallisen Kokoomuspuolueen ohjelma [Programme of the National Coalition Party] (in Finnish). National Coalition Party. 2 February 1919.
  14. ↑ Ahtokivi, Ilkka (1996). "Kokoomus itsenäisessä Suomessa 1918–44". Verkkouutiset (in Finnish). Archived from the original on 13 May 2003. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
  15. ↑ Wilsford, David (1995). Political Leaders of Contemporary Western Europe: A Biographical Dictionary. Greenwood. pp. 347–352. ISBN 978-0-313-26213-5.
  16. ↑ Ahtokivi, Ilkka (1996). "Kokoomus Valpon silmätikkuna". Verkkojulkaisu (in Finnish). Archived from the original on 13 May 2003. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
  17. 1 2 Valtala, Onni (1981). Suomen puolueiden muuttuminen 1945–1980. Turku: University of Turku.
  18. ↑ Saukkonen, Jussi; Rihtniemi, Juha; Korjus, Jaakko (1968). Kokoomus eilen ja tänään. National Coalition Party.
  19. ↑ Tuomisalo, Tomi (2006). Kokoomus, Kekkonen ja NKP:n luottamus. Kansallisen Kokoomuksen toiminta hallitusaseman saavuttamiseksi 1969–1981 (PDF) (in Finnish). University of Helsinki. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 December 2008.
  20. ↑ "Finnish PM to step down, seek new EU post". The Japan Times. 6 April 2014. ISSN 0447-5763. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
  21. 1 2 Turner, B. (27 December 2016). The Statesman's Yearbook 2015: The Politics, Cultures and Economies of the World. Springer. pp. 459–460. ISBN 9781349672783. Archived from the original on 15 February 2018.
  22. ↑ "Sauli Niinistö is Finland's 12th president". Yle Uutiset. 5 February 2012. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
  23. ↑ "Finland's President Niinisto declares election victory". Reuters. 2018-01-28. Retrieved 2018-02-19.
  24. ↑ Viita, Kasper (13 June 2014). "Finland Prepares for Prime Minister Switch as Katainen Quits". Bloomberg.com. Archived from the original on 21 October 2014. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
  25. ↑ "Parliamentary election 2015: Party results". Ministry of Justice. 2016-06-02. Retrieved 2018-06-22.
  26. ↑ "Sipilä opts for right-leaning government". Yle News. 2015-05-29. Retrieved 2018-06-22.
  27. ↑ "Finland's center-right replaces outspoken Stubb as party chief". Reuters. 12 June 2016. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 27 November 2017.
  28. ↑ Lauri Karvonen (2014). Parties, Governments and Voters in Finland: Politics Under Fundamental Societal Transformation. ECPR Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-1-910259-33-7.
  29. ↑ Henningsen, Bernd; Etzold, Tobias; Krister, Hanne (19 September 2017). The Baltic Sea Region: A Comprehensive Guide: History, Politics, Culture and Economy of a European Role Model. BWV Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag. p. 331. ISBN 9783830517481. Archived from the original on 9 January 2018.
  30. ↑ "Kokoomus: "Avioliitto sukupuolineutraaliksi"" [National Coalition Party: Marriage to be gender neutral]. Uusi Suomi (in Finnish). 13 June 2010. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
  31. ↑ Bucken-Knapp, Gregg; Hinnfors, Jonas; Spehar, Andrea; Levin, Pia (1 November 2014). "No nordic model: Understanding differences in the labour migration policy preferences of mainstream Finnish and Swedish political parties". Comparative European Politics. 12 (6): 584–602. doi:10.1057/cep.2014.22. ISSN 1472-4790.
  32. ↑ "Centre Party split over immigration". Yle Uutiset. 7 March 2015. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
  33. ↑ Smolander, Jyrki (2000). Suomalainen oikeisto ja "kansankoti" : Kansallisen kokoomuksen suhtautuminen pohjoismaiseen hyvinvointivaltiomalliin jälleenrakennuskaudelta konsensusajan alkuun [The Finnish Right Wing and "Folkhemmet" – Attitudes of the National Coalition Party towards the Nordic Welfare Model from the Period of Reconstruction to the Beginning of Consensus]. University of Turku. ISBN 951-45-9652-8.
  34. ↑ "Kokoomus päätti Nato-linjastaan: Puolustusliittoon lähivuosina" [National Coalition Party's decision on their NATO policy: Join the Alliance in upcoming years] (in Finnish). Verkkouutiset. 12 June 2016. Archived from the original on 13 June 2016. Retrieved 12 June 2016.
  35. ↑ "Tällaisia ovat puolueiden peruskannattajat, katso profiilit ja kuvat". Suomen Kuvalehti (in Finnish). 20 January 2011. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 27 November 2017.
  36. ↑ "HS: Suurissa puolueissa miesenemmistö". Turun Sanomat (in Finnish). 18 September 2005. Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
  37. ↑ "Kokoomus, vihreät ja perussuomalaiset kasvattavat jäsenmääriään". Helsingin Sanomat. 8 February 2008. Archived from the original on 25 April 2011. Retrieved 18 April 2011.
  38. ↑ "Tutkimus: Kokoomus saa puolueista eniten myönteisyyttä". Uusi Suomi. 18 September 2008. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011.
  39. ↑ "Kokoomus ja vihreät kirivät nuorten suosioon". Yle Uutiset (in Finnish). 3 December 2008. Archived from the original on 29 February 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
  40. ↑ "Kokoomus on yhä nuorten suosikki: SDP:n sanoma ei pure". Yle Uutiset (in Finnish). 31 December 2014. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 30 November 2017.
  41. 1 2 "Kansallinen Kokoomus r.p:n säännöt" [Rules of the National Coalition Party] (PDF). National Coalition Party (in Finnish). 18 September 2014. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 June 2017. Retrieved 27 November 2017.
  42. ↑ Poukka, Pentti (1996). Talo Pasilassa – Kansallissäätiö 1958–1994. Karisto.
  43. ↑ Poukka, Pentti (1984). Puolue ja säätiö: Kansallisen Kokoomuspuolueen Säätiö 1924–1984. Säätiö. ISBN 951-99568-4-0.
  44. ↑ "Kokoomus-säätiö pitää lahjoittajat salassa" [National Coalition Party foundation keeps its donors secret]. Yle Uutiset (in Finnish). 21 August 2009. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 28 November 2017.
  45. ↑ "Puolueen yhtiöt" [Party companies]. National Coalition Party (in Finnish). Archived from the original on 4 July 2017. Retrieved 27 November 2017.
  46. ↑ "Om oss". Borgerlig Samling i Finland (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 27 November 2017.
  47. ↑ "Tästä on kyse". Kansallinen Sateenkaariryhmä (in Finnish). Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 27 November 2017.
  48. ↑ "Governments and Ministers since 1917". Finnish Government. Archived from the original on 10 January 2018. Retrieved 17 January 2018.
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