National Liberal Party (Romania)

National Liberal Party
Partidul Național Liberal
Abbreviation PNL
President Ludovic Orban
Spokesperson Ionel Dancă
Leader in the Senate Iulian Dumitrescu
Leader in the Chamber of Deputies Raluca Turcan
Founder Radu Câmpeanu
Founded
Headquarters Modrogan nr 1, Sector 1, Bucharest
Student wing Liberal Student Clubs (CSL)
Youth wing National Liberal Youth (TNL)
Women's wing Liberal Women National Organisation (ONFL)
Membership (2014) 426,556[5]
Ideology Liberalism[6]
Conservative liberalism[7][8]
Liberal conservatism[9]
Political position Centre[10] to centre-right[11]
European affiliation European People's Party
International affiliation Centrist Democrat International
Liberal International
European Parliament group European People's Party Group
Colors Yellow and Blue
Slogan Prin noi înșine!
("Through Ourselves!")
Anthem "Verde-nrourat"[12]
"Dewy Green"
Chamber of Deputies
67 / 329
[13]
Senate
25 / 136
[13]
European Parliament
8 / 32
Mayors
1,079 / 3,186
[14][15]
County Councilors
504 / 1,434
[14]
Local Council Councilors
13,198 / 40,067
[14]
Website
pnl.ro
[16]

The National Liberal Party (Romanian: Partidul Național Liberal, PNL) is a national liberal and conservative-liberal[17][18] political party in Romania. Refounded in 1990, it claims the legacy of the major political party of the same name, active between 1875 and the late 1940s. Based on this legacy, it often presents itself as the first formally constituted political party in the country and the oldest party from the family of European liberal parties.[19]

Until 2014, the PNL was a member of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE).[20] The party statutes adopted in June 2014 dropped any reference to international affiliation, consequently most of its MEPs joined the European People's Party group (EPP) in the European Parliament.

On 12 September 2014, it was admitted as a full member of the European People's Party,[21] and subsequently merged with the Democratic Liberal Party. The party is also a member of the Liberal International[22] and Centrist Democrat International.[23] Currently, it is the second-largest party in the Romanian Parliament, with 67 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 25 in the Senate, behind the governing Social Democratic Party (PSD).

Recent history

1990–2000: Refoundation and first governance experiences

The National Liberal Party of Romania was re-founded in January, 1990, days after the end of the 1989 Romanian revolution, at the time being most notably revolving around former youth liberal leaders such as Radu Câmpeanu and Mircea Ionescu Quintus. At the 1990 general elections, the PNL became the third largest party in Romania and its then leader, Radu Câmpeanu, finished second in the same year's presidential elections.

Shortly afterwards, most notably alongside the Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party (PNȚ-CD), but to a lesser extent also with other smaller center-right parties and NGOs, the PNL managed to form the Romanian Democratic Convention (CDR) in an effort to ensemble a stronger collective opposition and alternative governing body to then ruling National Salvation Front (FSN). However, prior to the 1992 general elections, Câmpeanu decided to withdraw the party from the CDR electoral alliance and instead compete as a stand-alone political force.

Ultimately, this proved to be a strategic error, as the party did not manage to surpass the needed electoral threshold for parliamentary presence and as such was forced to enter extra-parliamentary opposition for the period 1992–1996. This also resulted in several splinters, with some PNL groups opting to remain within the CDR while others still supporting Câmpeanu's side.

Nevertheless, after a change of leadership, the PNL contested the 1996 general election once again as part of the CDR, this time being led by Mircea Ionescu Quintus.[24] The 1996 general elections saw the first peaceful transition of power in post-1989 Romania, with the PNL, PNȚ-CD, Democratic Party (PD), and Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania (UDMR) forming a grand coalition that pushed the PDSR (formerly FSN) in opposition for the period 1996–2000. The presidency was also won by the CDR's common candidate, namely Emil Constantinescu, who received support on behalf of all of the alliance's constituent parties, including the PNL political groups therein.

2000–2010: Opposition and second governance experiences

Because of the lack of coherence within the governing CDR between 1996 and 2000, the PNL decided once more to withdraw from the alliance before the 2000 general elections and compete alone instead. This time, the party managed to gain parliamentary presence but failed to form another centre-right government, finishing fourth in the legislative elections and third in the presidential election.

Consequently, during the mid 2000s, the PNL joined forces with the PD in order to form the Justice and Truth Alliance (DA)[24] so as to compete in the 2004 general election as an alternative to the then ruling PSD (formerly PDSR) government. The alliance managed to finish second by popular vote in the Parliament, subsequently form a centre-right cabinet, and also win the presidency during the same year.

Until April 2007, the PNL was the largest member of the governing Justice and Truth Alliance, which enjoyed a parliamentary majority due to an alliance between the PNL, PD, Conservative Party (PC) and the UDMR.[18] In April 2007, then prime minister Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu, who was also the party leader, formed a minority government only with the UDMR and the remainder PD ministers were reshuffled. This cause internal opposition within the party and led to a splinter group, the Liberal Democratic Party (PLD), eventually merging with the PD to form the Democratic Liberal Party (PDL).

After the 2008 legislative election the party was placed in official opposition, winning 19.74% seats in the Parliament, while the new grand coalition, formed by their former enlarged ally the Democratic Liberal Party (PDL) and the Social Democratic Party (PSD), had roughly 70%. At the 2009 presidential election the National Liberal Party's then newly elected leader, Crin Antonescu, finished third and but the party still found itself in parliamentary opposition.

2010–2020: New electoral alliances and third governance experiences

Central headquarters of the PNL located on Modrogan Alley, Bucharest

On 5 February 2011, the PNL formed the Social Liberal Union (USL) political alliance with the PSD, National Union for the Progress of Romania, and Conservative Party.[25][26] The PNL exited the USL on 25 February 2014, disbanding the alliance and returning to opposition.[27]

On 26 May 2014, following the 2014 European elections, PNL party president Crin Antonescu announced that he was seeking membership of the European People's Party (EPP).[28][29] At the beginning of the 8th European Parliament, 5 of the PNL MEPs sat with the EPP Group,[30] and 1 with the ALDE Group,[31] who later became an independent MEP within ALDE.

In late May 2014 the party agreed to a future merger with the Democratic Liberal Party (PDL), with the two parties submitting a joint candidate for the upcoming presidential election.[32] The PNL-PDL presidential candidate was agreed to run under an electoral banner called the Christian Liberal Alliance (ACL).[33][34]

On 27 June 2014, former PNL leader Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu announced his intention to found a separate liberal party to run for president, stating opposition to the upcoming merger with the PDL.[35] The breakaway party, called the Liberal Reformist Party (PLR), was founded by Popescu-Tăriceanu on 3 July 2014.[36]

On 17 July 2014 it was announced that the future merger of the PNL and PDL would retain the National Liberal Party name, while being situated in the PDL's existing headquarters in Bucharest, and would be legally registered by the end of 2014.[37] On 26 July 2014, a joint party congress of the PNL and PDL approved the merger.[38]

In the first round of the 2014 presidential election on 2 November 2014, ACL presidential candidate Klaus Johannis, PNL party president and Mayor of Sibiu (German: Hermannstadt), was runner-up.[39] Iohannis won the runoff election held on 16 November 2014 with 54.5% of the vote.[40][41] At the 2016 local elections and legislative elections, the party managed to finish second, behind the PSD, and consequently continuously in opposition since then.

Regarding the 2019 presidential election, the party has formally announced its support for a second term of incumbent state president Klaus Johannis in March, 2018 along with an official designation of Ludovic Orban, current party president, for the function of Prime Minister should the PNL win the 2020 legislative elections.[42][43] In June, 2018 at an open air press conference in his native Sibiu (German: Hermannstadt, Transylvanian Saxon: Härmeschtat), Johannis publicly announced his intention of running for a second presidential term.[44]

Ideology

The party adheres to the doctrine of liberalism in the form of conservative liberalism and national liberalism, advocating both economic and social liberalization.[45] In recent years, it has focused more on economic liberalism. The National Liberal Party also supports the neutrality of the state in moral and religious issues, as well as the privatization and denationalization of the economy, a trend which is currently taking place quite rapidly in Romania, as in other post-communist economies in Central and Eastern Europe.

In economic regards, the National Liberal Party also deems significant the fact that taxes must be lowered and that the private sector of the national economy must be expanded and helped by a series of new laws in order to generate more value.[46] It also advocates a decentralization of Romania's political structure, with greater autonomy given to the eight development regions.

Structure

According to the Statute, the leading organs of the party are the following:[47]

Congress

The Congress, or The General Assembly of the delegates of the party's members (Romanian: Congresul; Adunarea Generală a delegaţilor membrilor partidului) is the supreme authority in the party. It leads the party and takes decisions at national level. Its members are elected by the local (territorial) organizations, and The National Consillium. The Congress meets every four years, after the parliamentary elections, or at any time needed. The Congress is convoked either by the Permanent Delegation (see below), at the request of the Central Political Bureau, or at the request of at least half of the Territorial Permanent Delegations. The Congress elects the President of the National Liberal Party, the 15 vice-presidents of the Central Standing Bureau (7 with specific attributions and 8 responsible for the development regions, 23 judges of The Honor and Referee Court (Romanian: Curtea de Onoare şi Arbitraj), 7 members of The Central Committee of Censors (Romanian: Comisia Centrală de Cenzori).

The last Congress took place between 5–6 March 2010, as both an Extraordinary and Ordinary Congress. The Extraordinary Congress took place on 5 March, because it was called three months earlier than the scheduled Ordinary Congress. It changed the Statute of the party. On 6 March the Congress was Ordinary, based on the new Statute.

Permanent Delegation

The Permanent Delegation (Romanian: Delegaţia Permanentă – DP) is the structure that leads the party between two Congresses. It meets monthly, or at any time needed. Its members are the following; the President of the National Liberal Party, the members of the Central Political Bureau, the President of the Senate of the party, the Secretary General of the National Liberal Party, the presidents of the two Chambers of the Parliament (if the officeholders are members of the PNL), the leaders of the National liberal Party's parliamentary groups, the Senators and Deputies, the MEPs, the Ministers, the President of the National Liberal Youth (TNL), the President of the Liberal Women Organisation (OFL), the President of the Liberal Student Clubs (CSL), the President of the League of the Local Elected Officeholders of the National Liberal Party (LAL PNL), the President of the Coordinating Council of the Municipality of Bucharest, the European Commissioner (if the officeholder is member of the PNL).

National Political Bureau

The National Political Bureau (Romanian: Biroul Politic Național – BPN) of the National Liberal Party proposes the party's politics and coordinates its application. It ensures the party's day-to-day leadership, and it is composed by the following: the President of the party, the 15 Vice-Presidents (7 with specific charges, and 8 responsible for the development regions). At the BPC's meetings can assist, with consultative vote, the president of the Senate of the PNL, the Secretary-General of the PNL, the Presidents of the two Chambers of the Parliament (if the officeholders are members of the PNL), the leaders of the National liberal Party's parliamentary groups, the President of the TNL, the President of the OFL, the President of the CSL, the President of the League of the LAL, and the Ministers. The BPC meets weekley, or at any time needed, convoked by the president of the PNL.

According to Article 70 of the PNL Statute, the BPN coordinates and evaluates the objectives of the territorial branches, of the parliamentary groups; it negotiates political agreements (within the limits established by the DP); it coordinates the elections campaign; proposes sanctions according to the Statute; proposes to the DP the political strategy of the party; proposes the candidates for the central executive or public offices; for certain territorial units, proposes to the DP the candidates for the parliamentary elections; proposes to the DP the candidates for the European Parliament elections; proposes the DP to dissolve or dismiss, for exceptional reasons, the territorial branch, or the branch's president; convokes the DP; coordinates the activity of the permanent committees of the National Council, validates or invalidates the results of the elections for the territorial branches; appoints the Secretary-Executive, the Foreign Secretary, and Deputy-Secretaries-General.

The BPN is assisted, in the organizing activity by the Secretary General of the PNL. This office ensures the communication between the central organisms and the territorial branches, ensures the management of the party's assets, is responsible for the informational system. The Secretary-General is assisted by the Deputy-Secretaries-General, appointed by the BPC at the suggestion of the Secretary-General.

As of 2018, the National Political Bureau is composed of the following members:[48]

  • President: Ludovic Orban
  • Secretary General: Robert Sighiartău
  • Vice-Presidents: Ilie Bolojan, Raluca Turcan, Iulian Dumitrescu, Mircea Hava, Vlad Nistor, Laurențiu Leoreanu, Ben-Oni Ardelean, Florin Cîţu, Dan Motreanu, Adrian Oros, Virgil Guran, Ioan Bălan, Victor Paul Dobre, Răducu Filipescu, Gigel Știrbu, Gheorghe Falcă, Lucian Bode, Florin Roman, Marian Petrache, Cristian Bușoi
  • Leader of the PNL Parliamentary Group in the Senate: Iulian Dumitrescu
  • Leader of the PNL Parliamentary Group in the Chamber of Deputies: Raluca Turcan

In normal conditions, the term of the BPN members ends during the Party's Congress, when the president leaves the presidium of the Congress. The president of the Standing Bureau of the Congress is, formally, the acting president of the party until the new president is elected. The last acting president of the National Liberal Party was Mircea Ionescu-Quintus on 20 March 2009, when Crin Antonescu succeeded Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu.

National Council

The National Council (Romanian: Consiliul Naţional – CN) is the debate forum of the National Liberal Party between two Congresses. It reunites twice a year, or at any time necessary, convoked by the president, by the BPC, or at the request of at least half of its members. Its members are: DP, including the members with consultative vote; the Secretaries of State and the equivalent officeholders; the Prefects and Deputy-Prefects; Presidents and Vice-Presidents of the County Councils; Mayors and Deputy-Mayors of the county capitals, of the sectors of Bucharest, the General Mayor and General Deputy-Mayors of Bucharest; the Vice-Presidents and Secretaries-General of TNL, OFL, CSL, the Senate of the Party, LAL; honorary members of the party; the President of the structures that deal with specific issues; the Presidents of the CN.

The CN has the following competences: acts to fulfill the decisions of the Congress; adopts the Governing Program; adopts the programs and sectorial politics of the party; approves the reports of the specialty committees; names the candidate of the National Liberal Party for the Romanian Presidency; gives and retracts the quality of honorary member of the party.

According to Article 65 of the Statute, the CN is organized and functions through its permanent specialty committees, constituted on social and professional criteria. The committees constituted on social criteria promote the interests of the correspondent social category. The committees constituted on professional criteria state the sectorial politics and the public politics in major fields, to express the options and solutions proposed by the National Liberal Party.

President

The President of the National Liberal Party is the guardian of the political Program of the party, of the respect to the Statute and the keeping of the unity and prestige of the party.

Secretary-General

The Secretary-General ensures the communication between the central leading structures and the territorial ones, ensures the management of the assets of the party, is responsible for the informational system. The Secretary-General is helped in its activity by Deputy-Secretaries-General appointed by the BPC, upon the suggestion of the Secretary-General.

Other national structures

  • The Senate of the party – consulting organism for the president regarding the continuity and development of the liberal traditions and concepts;
  • Court of Honor and Arbitration – the supreme court of the party;
  • Central Committee of Censors – checks the management of the party;
  • Ethics Commission – analyzes the candidates proposed for the legislative elections and for the offices in the Government as well as other central offices;
  • National Liberal Youth – coordinates the activity specific to the youth structures in the territory;
  • League of the Local Elected Officeholders – coordinates the activity of the PNL members in the local public administration (mayors and deputy-mayors, local councilors, county councilors, county council presidents, and deputy-presidents);
  • Liberal Women Organisation – coordinates the activity of the territorial women organizations;
  • Liberal Student Clubs – promotes the liberal ideas and political program of the PNL through the students.

Local leading structures

The local leading structures of the National Liberal Party are the following:

  • the General Assembly of the Members (Romanian: Adunarea Generală a membrilor – AG) – applies at local level the necessary measures for fulfilling the Program and Strategy.
  • the Standing Bureau of the organization (Romanian: Biroul Permanent – BP) – leads the organization between two General Assemblies.

Symbol

Romanian law requires all parties to present a permanent sign and a permanent electoral sign. The former is used to identify the party's buildings and press releases, and the latter to identify the party's electoral materials and the candidates on the elections ballot. Usually they differ slightly.

The main element of the party is a blue arrow pointing to the upper right corner of a yellow square, and the letters P, N, and L in blue, tilted to the right. The position of the PNL with respect to the arrow depends on the type of symbol, as shown below. The color scheme of both signs can be reversed from yellow-blue to blue-yellow, depending on the background it is placed on.

Party leaders

Ludovic OrbanRaluca TurcanAlina GorghiuKlaus IohannisCrin AntonescuCălin Popescu-TăriceanuTheodor StolojanValeriu StoicaMircea Ionescu QuintusRadu CâmpeanuCommunist RomaniaDinu BrătianuIon DucaVintilă BrătianuIon I. C. BrătianuDimitrie SturdzaDumitru BrătianuIon Brătianu
  Also served as state vice president in the Provisional National Unity Council (Romanian: Consiliul Provizoriu de Uniune Națională)
  Also served as ad interim (i.e. acting) President of Romania
  Also served as President of Romania
  Also served as Prime Minister
  Also served as Senate President
Nº Name
Born - Died		 Portrait Term start Term end Duration
1 Radu Câmpeanu
(1922–2016)		 15 January, 1990 28 February, 1993 3 years, 1 month and 13 days
2 Mircea Ionescu Quintus
(1917–2017)		 28 February, 1993 18 February, 2001 7 years, 11 months and 21 days
3 Valeriu Stoica
(1953– 		18 February, 2001 24 August, 2002 1 year, 6 months and 6 days
4 Theodor Stolojan
(1943– 		24 August, 2002 2 October, 2004 2 years, 1 month and 8 days
5 Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu
(1952– 		2 October, 2004 20 March, 2009 4 years, 5 months and 18 days
6 Crin Antonescu
(1959– 		20 March, 2009 2 June, 2014 5 years, 2 months and 13 days
7 Klaus Johannis
(1959– 		28 June, 2014 18 December, 2014 6 months and 16 days
8 Vasile Blaga1
(1956– 		18 December, 2014 28 September, 2016 1 year, 9 months and 10 days
Alina Gorghiu2
(1978– 		18 December, 2014 12 December, 2016 1 year, 11 months and 24 days
— Raluca Turcan
(Interim)
(1976– 		13 December, 2016 17 June, 2017 6 months and 4 days
9 Ludovic Orban
(1963– 		17 June, 2017 present 1 year and 4 months

Notes:

1 Co-president along with Alina Gorghiu until 28 September, 2016 when he resigned from this dignity.
2 Co-president along with Vasile Blaga until 28 September, 2016. Afterwards, sole party leader until the end of her term.

Notable members

Current members

Former members

Electoral history

Legislative elections

ElectionVotes%ChamberSenatePositionGovernment
1990 985,094 7.06
29 / 395
10 / 119
 3rd Coalition1
1992 292,584 2.67
0 / 341
0 / 143
 9th Extra-parliamentary opposition2
1996 3,772,084 30.70 (as CDR)
33 / 343
24 / 143
 1st (as CDR) Coalition
2000 814,381 7.48
30 / 345
13 / 140
 4th Opposition3
2004 3,250,663 31.77 (as DA)
64 / 332
28 / 137
 2nd (as DA) Coalition
2008 1,291,029 18.74
65 / 334
28 / 137
 3rd Opposition
2012 4,457,526 60.10 (as USL)
101 / 412
51 / 176
 1st (as USL) Electoral alliance with PSD4
2016 1,440,193 20.42
69 / 329
30 / 136
 2nd Opposition
2020 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD

Notes:

1 Although officially in opposition between 1990–1991, the PNL took part in the Stolojan Cabinet between late 1991 and late 1992, having been given three ministers (specifically Justice, Economy and Finance as well as Industry).
2 In April, 1992 (several months prior to the year's legislative elections), PNL left the CDR. However, two splinter groups, PNL-AT and PNL-CD, remained in the alliance, which scored 20.16% (or 2,210,722 votes), and were awarded 11 seats (of which 1 in the Senate), respectively 7 seats (of which 4 in the Senate). Subsequently, PNL-AT merged with other minor liberal groups (including a splinter of the PNL-CD) to form the Liberal Party '93 (PL '93). Eventually, PL '93 changed its name to the Liberal Party in 1997, after absorbing yet another faction of PNL-CD, and, after a split in 1998, one of its factions rejoined the PNL in 1999.
3 There was also another liberal splinter faction called 'National Liberal Party - Câmpeanu' that ran in the 2000 elections and scored 1.22% (or 133,018 votes) for the Senate and 1.30% (or 151,518 votes) for the Chamber of Deputies, thus not surpassing the needed threshold for parliamentary presence and entering in extra-parliamentary opposition.
4 Subsequently represented official first opposition between 2014–2016, just after having withdrawn from the government.

Presidential elections

Election Candidate First round Second round
Votes % Position Votes % Position
1990 Radu Câmpeanu1,529,188
10.6%
 2nd 
1992 Emil Constantinescu13,717,006
31.1%
 2nd 4,641,207
38.6%
 2nd 
1996 Emil Constantinescu13,569,941
28.2%
 2nd 7,057,906
54.4%
 1st 
2000 Theodor Stolojan1,321,420
11.8%
 3rd 
2004 Traian Băsescu23,545,236
33.9%
 2nd 5,126,794
51.2%
 1st 
2009 Crin Antonescu1,945,831
20.0%
 3rd 
2014 Klaus Johannis32,881,406
30.3%
 2nd 6,288,769
54.4%
 1st 
2019 Klaus Johannis4TBDTBDTBDTBDTBDTBD

Notes:

1 Emil Constantinescu was the common centre-right candidate that was supported by the PNL in both 1992 and 1996 as part of the larger Romanian Democratic Convention (CDR).
2 Traian Băsescu was the common centre-right candidate that was supported by the PNL in 2004 as part of the Justice and Truth Alliance (D.A.) alongside the now defunct Democratic Party (PD).
3 Although Klaus Johannis was a member of the PNL, he was the common centre-right candidate that was supported by the party in 2014 as part of the Christian Liberal Alliance (ACL) alongside the now defunct Democratic Liberal Party (PDL).
4 Incumbent president of the PNL, Ludovic Orban, already stated that the party will sustain the candidacy of Klaus Iohannis once more for the forthcoming 2019 Romanian presidential elections.

European elections

ElectionVotes%MEPsPositionPolitical group
2007 688,859 13.4
6 / 35
 3rd Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE)
2009 702,974 14.5
5 / 33
 3rd Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE)
2014 835,531 15.0
6 / 32
 2nd Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE)1
2019 TBD TBD
0 / 33
 TBD European People's Party (EPP)

Notes:

1 Subsequently sought permission to adhere to the European People's Party (EPP).

See also

References

  1. ↑ Scurtu, Ioan (2003). Enciclopedia partidelor politice din România, 1859-2003 (in Romanian). Bucharest: Meronia.
  2. ↑ Iván Zoltán Dénes (2006). Liberty and the Search for Identity: Liberal Nationalisms and the Legacy of Empires. Central European University Press. p. 383. ISBN 978-963-7326-44-8.
  3. ↑ "Scurt istoric". PNL (in Romanian). Archived from the original on 15 December 2014.
  4. ↑ Neagu, Alina (6 October 2014). "Tribunalul București a admis fuziunea prin contopire dintre PNL și PDL". HotNews.ro (in Romanian).
  5. ↑ Miron, Denisa (10 September 2014). "Precizare ACL privind numărul de membri". Știri pe surse (in Romanian).
  6. ↑ http://www.demsoc.org/2014/05/19/national-liberal-party-pnl/
  7. ↑ "National Liberal Party". Visegrad+. 15 September 2014.
  8. ↑ "National Liberal Party (PNL)". Retrieved 4 August 2016.
  9. ↑ Nordsieck, Wolfram (2016). "Romania". Parties and Elections in Europe. Retrieved 19 August 2018.
  10. ↑ "Romania centrists seek no-confidence motion against government". Reuters. 1 February 2017. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
  11. ↑ Lavinia Stan; Rodica Zaharia (2012). "Romania". In Donnacha Ó Beacháin; Vera Sheridan; Sabina Stan. Life in Post-communist Eastern Europe After EU Membership: Happy Ever After?. Routledge. p. 188. ISBN 978-0-415-68084-4.
  12. ↑ "Înțelegere politică pentru noul partid de dreapta. PNL și PDL vor cânta de acum "Verde-nrourat"". Digi24 (in Romanian). 17 August 2014.
  13. 1 2 "Rezultate finale. PSD - 221 de mandate, PNL - 99 de mandate" (in Romanian). DIgi24. 15 December 2016.
  14. 1 2 3 http://www.2016bec.ro/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/SIAL2016_Situatia_mandatelor_partide-2.xlsx
  15. ↑ "Primari liberali, la mitingul PSD. Reacția conducerii PNL". Digi24. 15 June 2018. Retrieved 17 June 2018.
  16. ↑ "Grupurile parlamentare". Chamber of Deputies (in Romanian).
  17. ↑ Elizabeth Bakke (2010). "Central and Eastern European party systems since 1989". In Sabrina P. Ramet. Central and Southeast European Politics since 1989. Cambridge University Press. p. 78. ISBN 978-1-139-48750-4.
  18. 1 2 Villy Tsakona; Diana Elena Popa, eds. (2011). Studies in Political Humour: In Between Political Critique and Public Entertainment. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 162. ISBN 90-272-0637-6.
  19. ↑ "Antonescu: La 138 de ani de la înființarea sa destinul PNL este strâns legat de evoluția României și de parcursul european". Agerpres (in Romanian). 24 May 2013.
  20. ↑ Donatella M. Viola (2015). Routledge Handbook of European Elections. Routledge. p. 665. ISBN 978-1-317-50363-7.
  21. ↑ "EPP concerned over actions of radical Islamic militant groups and over latest political developments in Romania; welcomes five new member parties". European People's Party. 12 September 2014. Archived from the original on 13 April 2015.
  22. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 25 May 2014. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
  23. ↑ http://idc-cdi.com/en/parties/
  24. 1 2 Richard Rose; Neil Munro (2009). Parties and Elections in New European Democracies. ECPR Press. pp. 215–216. ISBN 978-0-9558203-2-8.
  25. ↑ "Romanian Oppositions Form Alliance". English.cri.cn. Retrieved 2011-11-13.
  26. ↑ "FOCUS Information Agency". Focus-fen.net. Retrieved 2011-11-13.
  27. ↑ "Romania's Liberals to leave ruling coalition, government". The Sofia Globe. Retrieved 2014-07-16.
  28. ↑ EurActiv (2014-05-26). "Romanian liberals seek EPP affiliation". EurActiv. Retrieved 2014-07-16.
  29. ↑ "Antonescu: I'll have talks with EPP in June". Actmedia.eu. 2014-05-28. Retrieved 2014-07-16.
  30. ↑ http://eppgroup.eu/party/Partidul-Național-Liberal-(RO)
  31. ↑ "ALDE MEP details". Alde.eu. Retrieved 2014-07-16.
  32. ↑ "Romania's largest rightist parties agree on presidential candidate, fusion | Independent Balkan News Agency". Balkaneu.com. 2014-05-29. Retrieved 2014-07-16.
  33. ↑ "SIGLA ACL a intrat în producţie". ZIUAnews.ro. Retrieved 10 June 2015.
  34. ↑ "Ion Dumitrel, Florin Roman, Adrian Teban și Marius Ceteraș, prim-vicepreședinții Alianței Creștin Liberale Alba (ACL)". Ziarul Unirea. Retrieved 10 June 2015.
  35. ↑ Newsroom. "Calin Popescu Tariceanu will run for president". Retrieved 10 June 2015.
  36. ↑ ACTMedia - Romanian Business News. "Tariceanu: The Liberal Reforming Party is advancing Liberalism". Retrieved 10 June 2015.
  37. ↑ "Name of new party from PDL-PNL merger is PNL". Actmedia.eu. Retrieved 2014-07-19.
  38. ↑ "Merger protocol between PNL-PDL, new party statute, approved by joint congress". Retrieved 10 June 2015.
  39. ↑ "Romania's PM Ponta wins first round of presidential election". Reuters. Retrieved 10 June 2015.
  40. ↑ "Romania election surprise as Klaus Iohannis wins presidency". BBC News. Retrieved 10 June 2015.
  41. ↑ "Romanians elected Klaus Iohannis their new president for the next five years". Retrieved 10 June 2015.
  42. ↑ Niculescu, Anghel. "Ludovic Orban a anunţat pe cine va susţine PNL la alegerile prezidenţiale din 2019! „Mă voi bate cu toată forţa mea să obţinem un nou mandat pentru Klaus Iohannis"". Express de Banat (in Romanian). Retrieved 4 August 2017.
  43. ↑ Sebastian Zachmann (11 March 2018). "Decizie PNL. Liberalii îl susţin pe Klaus Iohannis pentru un nou mandat de preşedinte. Ludovic Orban - premierul PNL". Adevărul (in Romanian).
  44. ↑ Digi24 (23 June 2018). "Klaus Iohannis va candida pentru un nou mandat de președinte: „Sunt ferm hotărât"". www.digi24.ro. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
  45. ↑ "Partidul Național Liberal, Despre Noi: Principii și valorile liberale".
  46. ↑ "Partidul Național Liberal, Angajamentul nostru: Programul de Guvernare al Partidului Național Liberal".
  47. ↑ (in Romanian) The structure of the Party
  48. ↑ "Biroul Executiv al PNL". PNL. Retrieved 22 April 2018.
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