Modern School (New Delhi)

Modern School, Barakhamba Road, New Delhi
Address
Barakhamba Road
New Delhi
India
Coordinates 28°37′42″N 77°13′46″E / 28.6283°N 77.2295°E / 28.6283; 77.2295Coordinates: 28°37′42″N 77°13′46″E / 28.6283°N 77.2295°E / 28.6283; 77.2295
Information
Type Independent School
Motto achieved by the Weak Willed
Founded 20 October 1920
Founder Lala Raghubir Singh
Sister school Raghubir Singh Junior Modern School, Humayun Road
Modern School, Vasant Vihar
Modern School, Kundli
Modern school, Faridabad
Modern School, Raj Nagar, Ghaziabad
Modern School, Vaishali, Ghaziabad
Principal Dr Vijay Datta
Faculty 130
Gender Co-educational
Age 11 to 18
Number of pupils 2400
Campus Urban
Area 27 acres (110,000 m2)
Houses 16
Student Union/Association Modern School Old Students' Association
Colour(s) Blue      and White     
Publication Sandesh
Affiliation CBSE
Former pupils Modernites
Website www.modernschool.net

Modern School, Barakhamba Road (informally Modern) is a co-educational, independent day and boarding school in New Delhi, India. Founded in 1920 by the philanthropist Lala Raghubir Singh, it was the first private and coeducational school established in Delhi during the British Raj.[1][2] It was envisioned as a school that would combine the "best of ancient Indian tradition with the needs of the times."[3]

The school's first principal, Kamala Bose, was a vigorous advocate of educational reform in India.[4] Her founding vision, coupled with Lala Raghubir Singh's nationalist leanings, gave the school a more liberal and more indigenous character compared to British-inspired public schools intended for Indian aristocracy.[5] The ninth principal of the school, Dr. Vijay Datta, took over the reins of the School in June 2014.[6]

Today, as a founding member of the Community Development and Leadership Summit (CDLS), the school fosters internationalism.[7] It also facilitates numerous international workshops and exchange programs.[8]

Modern School enrolls about 2,400 pupils, most admitted directly from its junior branch located nearby: the Raghubir Singh Junior Modern School, Humayun Road, New Delhi.[9] Mr. N.K. Bose was the First Headmaster of the school. [10]Modern School graduation certificates are awarded by India's Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE).[11]

Modern School is consistently ranked among the best schools in India.[12][13][14][15] A sister school, [16] Two other branches have recently been established in the National Capital Region (India), in Kundli and Faridabad.

Alumni of the school, commonly known as Modernites, include some of India's most prominent politicians, government officials, and business leaders.

History

Origins

The school motto is "Nyaymatma Balheenien Labhya" (in Sanskrit) meaning "self-realization cannot be achieved by the weak".[17][18]

The founder, Lala Raghubir Singh, was an established businessman and philanthropist. He belonged to a Rajput family that had converted to Jainism and settled in Delhi. His father, Sultan Singh, an accountant and banker (khazanchi) with the Imperial Bank of India, was well-regarded by both the British rulers and the Indian aristocracy. To fulfill his son's dream of establishing a school that would combine the traditions of Indian education with modern educational techniques, Sultan Singh bequeathed his mansion in Daryaganj, New Delhi. Since 1932 the school has occupied a 27-acre (110,000 m2) campus in central New Delhi built by Sir Sobha Singh.

Lala Raghubir Singh partnered with Sardar Sobha Singh, a well-known developer of the Raj involved in the construction of Delhi landmarks including Connaught Place, National Museum, South Block and India Gate. Sobha Singh's two sons, Bhagwant Singh and Khushwant Singh were amongst the first students of Modern School.

Principals

Reflecting its founder's pan-India vision, Mrs. Kamala Bose, the school's first principal, was recruited from the east Indian city then known as Calcutta.

Modern School's longest-serving principal, Mr. M.N. Kapur, was a mentor to generations of students. In 1969 he was awarded one of India's highest civilian honors, the Padma Shri.

Mr. Choudhary, 1977-1982

Kamala Bose, 1920-1947
M.N. Kapur, 1947-1977
S.P. Bakshi, 1982-1996
R.K. Bhatia, 1996-2000
Lata Vaidyanathan, 2000-2014
Vijay Datta, 2014–present

The Crest

Designed by the artist Sarada Ukil, a teacher at Modern School in the 1920s,[19] the school crest signifies the circle of eternity crossed by the three elements in human development: body, mind and spirit, as the sun shines between the triangle and the circle. Inside the triangle, there is a banyan tree to represent stability and firmness of character, the swan and the lotus represent refinement, culture and the arts which are fundamental elements of progress in life.

Campus

The school occupies a single campus covering approximately twenty-five acres and is flanked by Maharaja Ranjit Singh Marg and Barakhamba Road in central New Delhi. To house the school at its present location, Lala Raghubir Singh made an application with the government for a suitable site on 28 April 1921. In response to the application, the government allocated fifty acres of land in the Delhi Cantonment for the purposes of the school. Due to its location in Old Delhi, the Cantonment was deemed far from the centre of the new city (at the time being constructed by Edwin Lutyens and Herbert Baker). Thus, after a second round of negotiations a twenty-five acre site was allotted in 1930 (the lease being finalized the same year on August 4) to provide accommodation for 200 resident boys with staff quarters and ample play-fields.

The Main Building was designed by C.G. and F.B. Blomfield, architects on the team designing the imperial capital of New Delhi. The white and red aesthetic of the Edwardian Classical building at Modern School resembles many Delhi structures of the period, such as Convent of Jesus and Mary, St. Columba's School, Sacred Heart Cathedral (designed by Henry Medd), Flagstaff House (now Teen Murti Bhavan), and Lady Irwin School. It is now classified as a heritage structure and is an excellent example of British colonial architecture in New Delhi.

Apart from the Main Building the campus includes the following: Sir Sobha Singh Block, the Platinum Jubilee Block, the Baradari and Main Garden, which houses an Indian Air Force fighter jet donated by a Modernite, the Sir Shankar Lal Auditorium; the M.N. Kapur Hall, the Technology Block, the Principal's Bungalow, the Boys' Boarding House & Mess, Staff & Warden's Apartments, the Sanitarium, and the locus of student activity, the Banyan Tree.

Golden Jubilee Hostel

Modern School has a student dormitory capable of housing 90 boys. The hostel is equipped with study rooms, a library, a gymnasium, a TV room, and a sanatorium.[20]

Houses

In keeping with its nationalist origins, the school's house system honours significant figures in the history of India, namely Akbar, Ashoka, Azad, Gandhi, Lajpat, Laxmibai, Nehru, Patel, Pratap, Ranjit, Shastri, Shivaji, Subhas, Tagore, and Tilak.

School Activities

Sports

Sports are an integral part of the school curriculum. The school has two large playing grounds, the Main Ground and the Cricket Field. Hockey, cricket, athletics, basketball, and association football are played throughout the school year. Tennis, table tennis, badminton, squash, and swimming are also available. Sport is dominated by basketball, hockey, cricket, and association football, in which the schools competes nationally, at the state-level, and in inter-school and inter-house competitions. Sports facilities include an Olympic-size swimming pool, six clay tennis courts, three squash courts, two outdoor basketball courts +one indoor, facilities for indoor badminton and table tennis, two cricket pitches, two fields for hockey and football (which can be converted to cricket pitches to accommodate seasonal sports), and an athletic track. The football team is sponsored by Nike and the swimming and table tennis team by Reebok. There is a golf academy by Taylor Made[21] and also a tennis academy.

Clubs and Societies

Extracurricular activities are a compulsory element of school life at Modern. The school magazine, Sandesh, is published each school term in English and Hindi (its sister publications include the Vasant Prayag at Modern School, Vasant Vihar, and Prayas at Modern School, Kundli). There are around twenty clubs and societies, including aero-modelling, drama, painting, sculpture, community service, carpentry, Dance, music, senior and junior English debating societies, economics, astronomy,[22] computer science, physics,[23] and robotics. In many societies pupils come together to discuss a particular topic, presided over by a faculty member and often including a guest speaker. The school has often invited prominent figures to give speeches and talks to the students; these have included heads of state, politicians, ornithologists, naturalists, artists, writers, economists, diplomats, and industrialists. The Modern School Leadership lecture series invites prominent alumni to address the school assembly twice every school year. Major clubs include Model UN Society,[24] Environment Club,[25] Bits 'N' Bytes (The computer club), Debating Society, Interact Club, SPIC MACAY, Mudra Dance Club and the SAPTAK.[26]

Modern School is also a leading member of the Model United Nations and its annual ModMUN conference is one of the biggest in Asia[27] attracting as many as 900 international students for the 2016 conference.[28] Due to its size, prestige, and popularity, it is considered the largest student organized MUN in India. Bits 'N' Bytes is one of the oldest school societies dating back to 1988. It organizes ACCESS, an annual tech symposium, in the month of December. In 2013, the society won the TCS IT Wiz and simultaneously celebrated its Silver Jubilee.[29] The Debating Society is very active during the school year, as it hosts the Raghubir Singh Inter-school Debate, the Pratap Singh Inter-school Debate, and usually helps organize the Annual MSOSA Inter-school Debate.[30] Interact Club (affiliate club of Rotary International's service club for students between the age of 12-18) was inaugurated in 1983 by the then Vice-President of India, Muhammad Hidayat Ullah, and has since grown into a prominent school society. Its activities include donations to orphanages, recycling drives, ant-piracy drives, and an annual blood donation camp. The club has been awarded a certificate in recognition of its services to the community by Chief Minister of Delhi, Sheila Dikshit.[31] Interact Club occasionally nominates some of its students to be selected by Rotary International for its international program to represent India as Ambassador of Goodwill to neighboring countries such as Pakistan and Sri Lanka. The selected students stay as guests with families who participate in this international youth exchange program. SPIC MACAY, a national society for the promotion of Indian classical music and culture amongst youth, organizes a SPIC MACAY week every school term.[32] Past performers include Pandit Shiv Kumar Sharma, Ustad Bismillah Khan, Sonal Mansingh, Sitara Devi, Ustad Amjad Ali Khan, Hari Prasad Chaurasia, and Birju Maharaj.[33][34] Other events organized include Cyclotron (the annual inter-school physics symposium) and Unquestionably Modern (an annual quiz competition).

Modern School MUN

Modern School revolutionised the concept of Model UN when the Model UN Society hosted its first conference in October 2011. Breaking all conventions, ModMUN 2011 which attracted over 100 international students from the world over, it went on to become not only the biggest MUN in Asia, but also one of great prestige. The following year ModMUN 2012 came back better than ever building on the success of ModMUN 2011, in 2013, ModMUN preceded their expectations achieving almost 900 students from around the globe. Modern School is also a leading member of the Model United Nations and its annual ModMUN conference is one of the biggest in Asia[27] attracting as many as 1000 international students for the 2016 conference.[28] Due to its size, prestige, and popularity, it is considered the largest student organized MUN in India.

Parallel to the successes of the conferences, the society which hosts it has also redefined the arena of Model UN. Since its inception, the Model UN Society of Modern School, Barakhamba road has gone on to make its presence felt in the most prestigious of conferences in the city, the country, and the world.

School Magazine

The school takes out three publications, namely Sandesh, a biennial magazine, Red Brick Times, a monthly feature and the Chronicle, a weekly publication which encapsulates the events and achievements of the school and the students.

Theatre, Music and Dance

The school houses large venues for indoor productions; the Sir Shankar Lal Auditorium, the HLL (Hindustan Lever Limited) Auditorium and the M.N. Kapur Hall (formerly the gymnasium). The Amphitheatre adjoining the historic Banyan tree is used for common musical evenings, etc.

Traditions and Lore

Like any established institution, Modern School has its fair share of traditions. For instance, during his tenure, Principal M.N. Kapur insisted all students sit cross legged on darris during morning assembly, a tradition that continues to this day. Drawing upon the longstanding relationship between Modern School and St. Stephen's College, the Rudra Prize, established in 1928, honours S.K. Rudra, the first Indian principal of St. Stephen's College and one of the founding members of the school.

Affiliations

Ties with other schools

From its foundation in 1920, Modern School housed classes from Montessori to grade twelfth. This ended in 1961 when Raghubir Singh Junior Modern School was established on Humanyu Road, New Delhi, as the school's primary wing. In 1975, Modern School, Vasant Vihar was founded as the first sister school under the leadership of Mr. Ved Vyas, a well regarded[35][36] Hindi teacher at Modern School, Barakhamba Road. Similarly, in 2014, another sister school was established in Kundli under the directorship of Mrs. Neelam Puri,[37] a former junior headmistress at Modern School, Barakhamba Road. In its foundational years the school also shared a close relationship with St. Stephen's College, New Delhi, but changing demographics, differing class structures, and quotas and reservations have distilled this association.[38]

Modern also has an exchange program with a number of overseas schools. As of September 2012, a small number of Modern School students were attending Brisbane Grammar School, Australia;[39] Malay College, Malaysia; St. George's Girls' School, Malaysia; Clifton School, South Africa; and Peddie School, New Jersey, United States. Other schools include The Second High School Attached to Beijing Normal University and New Oriental School of Foreign Languages in China,  Liebigschule Gießen in Germany, Philippine Science High School in The Philippines, SMA Negari 4 Denser School in Indonesia, Chua Chu Kang Secondary School in Singapore, and Dominion High School in Virginia, United States. Since 2010, Modern has twinned with Chua Chu Kang Secondary School, Singapore under the Twinning Program. It is also a part of ISA, UKIERI, and Australia India Collaboration.[8] Modern also collaborates with The Collegiate School, Richmond, Virginia, in organizing the Community Development and Leadership Summit[7] and the International Emerging Leaders Conference.[40]

Schools with similar names

Several unrelated Indian schools use "Modern" as part of their names. Among them are Modern School, Lucknow (now Vidyatree Modern World College); Modern School, Nagpur; Doha Modern Indian School, Doha, Qatar; Modern Indian School, Kathmandu, Nepal; and Modern High School for Girls, Kolkata. [41]

Memberships

The Modern School is a member of the Indian Public Schools' Conference (IPSC), National Progressive Schools' Conference (NPSC),[42] and the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE).[11]

Public image

Modern in Films, Television, and Theatre

Modern in Literature

  • Khushwant Singh recounts his experiences being amongst the first batch of Modernites in his autobiography Truth, Love and a Little Malice. He also recollects many a school tale in Notes on the Great Indian Circus.
  • In Chetan Bhagat's, Half Girlfriend, the female protagonist, Riya Somani, is a Modernite.
A panoramic view of the main building

Notable people

Alumni

Pupils of Modern School have gone on to achieve prominence in politics, government service, the armed forces of India, commerce, journalism, literature, academia, and the fine and performing arts. They include a Prime Minister, several Cabinet and Chief Ministers, numerous members of the Indian Parliament and State Legislative Assemblies, high-ranking military officials, of which include two Chiefs of Air Staff, and several ambassadors. The best-known alumnus is Indira Gandhi. In fact, Modern School has educated several members of the Nehru-Gandhi family. Rahul Gandhi and Priyanka Gandhi, children of former Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi and India National Congress President Sonia Gandhi, attended Raghubir Singh Junior Modern School before enrolling in St. Columba's School (some sources also suggest Rahul Gandhi continued at his father's alma mater, The Doon School, Dehradun) and Convent of Jesus and Mary respectively.[45][46][47][48] Similarly, cousin Varun Gandhi, son of Sanjay Gandhi and Maneka Anand Gandhi, completed his primary schooling here.

Notable Modern School alumni have held senior positions in Indian politics, bureaucracy, and judiciary, these include Sanjay Kishen Kaul, former Chief Justice of the Madras High Court, Madan Lokur, Supreme Court Judge, Mukul Rohatgi, former Attorney General of India, Neeraj Kishen Kaul, former Additional Solicitor General of India, Gopal Krishna Gandhi, Governor of West Bengal and Bihar, Vinod Dixit, IAS Officer and husband of former Chief Minister of Delhi Sheila Dikshit, Sandeep Dixit, Member of Parliament, Kamlesh Sharma, Indian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom, and Amitabh Kant, Chairman of the Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor project. In the defence services, Modern Alumni include S.K. Mehra and P.C. Lal, both former Air Chief Marshals of the Indian Air Force. In the field of journalism and literature, Modern boasts stalwart Khushwant Singh as alumni. Arun Shourie, former Cabinet Minister, Member of Rajya Sabha, editor of The Indian Express, and Barkha Dutt, Consulting Editor of NDTV, and Raghav Chadha, the national treasurer and spokesperson of the Aam Aadmi Party, are also Modern alumni.

Modern alumni have also made a mark in sports and entertainment. Golfers Daniel Chopra, Shiv Kapur, and Gaurav Ghei, cricketers Kirti Azad, Unmukt Chand, and Gautam Gambhir, tennis players Vishal Uppal and Karan Salwan, shooter Samresh Jung, and chess grandmaster Tania Sachdev are all ex-Modernites. In the arena of fine and performing arts Modern alumni include Yamini Reddy, Kuchipudi dancer, Abhay Sapori, Santoor maestro and music composer, Amjad Ali Khan and his sons Ayaan and Amaan Ali Khan, Sarod exponents and music composers, Geeta Kapur, art historian, art critic and daughter of former principal, Mr. M.N. Kapur, actors Mallika Dua , Amrita Singh, Abhishek Bachchan, Karan Soni, and Alok Nath, filmmaker Shekhar Kapur, beauty pageant winner Ekta Choudhry, and reality television contestant and VJ, Siddhartha Bhardwaj.

Naresh Trehan, surgeon and chairman of Medanata, Noshir Minoo Shroff, eye surgeon, Aditi Shankardass, Neuroscientist, and Arvinder Singh Soin, liver transplant surgeon, represent Modern School alumni in the life and medical sciences. In business, Rajat Gupta, former Managing Director of McKinsey and Company and founder of the Indian School of Business, Gurcharan Das, CEO of Procter & Gamble, Varun Thapar, Director of KCT Coal, and Surinder Mehta, founder of Prime Group and a Padma Shri awardee are Modern School alumni.

Faculty

Modern has benefitted from the service of the following academics in the past:

  • Sarada Ukil, artist, actor, and art teacher at Modern School, Barakhamba Road
  • Ramkinkar Baij, widely known as one of the pioneers of modern Indian sculpture taught at Modern school, Barakhamba Road
  • Sukumar Bose, noted artist following in the tradition of the Bengal School of Art, taught art at the school till 1947

Modern School Old Students' Association

Modern School Old Students Association[49] (informally MSOSA) works to bring together old Modernites. The association has more than 15000 members. MSOSA has engaged in cultural and sporting activities to raise funds for supporting philanthropic activities, contributing to national causes like Kargil war relief in 1999, Gujarat earthquake in 2001, and tsunami relief effort in 2004. The Modernites Trust was created in 1983 by MSOSA to support these charitable and philanthropic activities. The Trust supports a Scholarship Programme under which free education in Modern School is provided to meritorious and needy students from under-privileged sections of society. Since its inception, there have been over 60 beneficiaries. Eighteen students are currently studying in Modern School, Barakhamba Road, under this program.[50]

References

  1. ↑ Singh, Khushwant (2002). Truth, Love and a Little Malice. New Delhi, India: Penguin Books. p. 14. ISBN 978-0143029571.
  2. ↑ Singh, Khushwant (1995). A Dream Turns Seventy Five: Modern School, 1920-1995. New Delhi, India: Allied Publishers Ltd. p. 8. ISBN 978-8170234999.
  3. ↑ Singh, Khushwant (1991). A Dream Turns Seventy-Five: The Modern School, 1920-1995. New Delhi, India: Allied Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 5. ISBN 978-8170234999.
  4. ↑ Bose, Kamala (1997). A Dream Turns Seventy Five: The Modern School, 1920-1995. New Delhi, India: Allied Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 42. ISBN 978-8170234999.
  5. ↑ Singh, Khushwant (2002). Truth, Love, and a Little Malice: An Autobiography. New Delhi, India: Penguin Books. p. 13. ISBN 978-0143029571.
  6. ↑ "Principal's Message". Modern School. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
  7. 1 2 "Partners & Connections". The Collegiate School. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
  8. 1 2 "Exchange Programs". Modern School. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
  9. ↑ "Admission & Fees". Modern School. Retrieved 4 September 2015.
  10. ↑ http://www.modernschool.net/history-other-branches.html
  11. 1 2 "Affiliation". Modern School. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
  12. ↑ "Top Ten schools of central Delhi". The Hindustan Times. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
  13. ↑ "The Times School Survey". Retrieved 2 September 2015.
  14. ↑ "EducationWorld India School Rankings 2014". Education World. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
  15. ↑ "List of top 10 day schools in India in 2014". India Today. 31 December 2014. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
  16. ↑ "India's best schools". Outlook India. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
  17. ↑ "Ethos". Raghubir Singh Junior Modern School. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
  18. ↑ "The Crest". Modern School. Modern School. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
  19. ↑ Ukil, Satyasri. "Sarada Ukil: Profile of a Pioneer". Mukul Dey Archives. Mukul Dey Archives. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
  20. ↑ "Modern School". Modern School. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
  21. ↑ "Modern School Golf Academy" (PDF). Modern School. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
  22. ↑ "Modern School Astronomy Club". Modern School. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
  23. ↑ "Modern School: Physics Club". Modern School. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
  24. ↑ "Modern-School". Modern School. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
  25. ↑ "MUN Society". Modern School. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
  26. ↑ "SAPTAK at Modern School". Modern School. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
  27. 1 2 "ModMUN 2015". ModMUN. ModMUN. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
  28. 1 2 "Mod MUN". ModMUN 2015. ModMUN 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
  29. ↑ "Bits 'N' Bytes". Retrieved 23 June 2018.
  30. ↑ "Modern School Debating Society". Retrieved 23 June 2018.
  31. ↑ "Interact Club of Modern School". Retrieved 23 June 2018.
  32. ↑ "SPIC MACAY Week 2014" (PDF). Modern School. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
  33. ↑ "SPIC MACAY". Modern School. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
  34. ↑ "SPIC MACAY At Berkeley". University of California, Berkeley. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
  35. ↑ "First Principal of Modern School, Vasant Vihar Passes Away". The Indian Express. New Delhi, India. 4 June 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
  36. ↑ "Founder Mentor Mourned". Knowledgefied. 4 June 2015. Retrieved 4 September 2015.
  37. ↑ "Director's Message". Modern School, ECNCR. Modern School, ECNCR. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
  38. ↑ "History of St. Stephen's College". Tufts University. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
  39. ↑ "Brisbane Grammar School Prospectus" (PDF). Brisbane Grammar School. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
  40. ↑ "International Emerging Leaders Conference at The Collegiate School". The Collegiate School. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
  41. ↑ "Other Branches". Modern School. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
  42. ↑ "Member School". National Progressive Schools' Conference. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
  43. ↑ Kashyap, Nitisha (23 July 2009). "Delhi used to be innocent". The Times of India. TNN. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
  44. ↑ Ghosh, Padmaparna (22 May 2007). "Capital Cinema". The Telegraph. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
  45. ↑ Muzaffar, Maroosha (4 September 2009). "To Students, With Nostalgia". The Indian Express. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
  46. ↑ Agarwal, Meena (2005). Indira Gandhi. New Delhi, India: Diamond Pocket Books Pvt. Ltd. pp. 169, 170.
  47. ↑ Mehra, Sunil (16 February 1998). "The Man Nobody Knows". Outlook India. Outlook India. Retrieved 7 September 2015.
  48. ↑ Ramachandran, Aarthi (2012). Decoding Rahul Gandhi. New Delhi, India: Tranquebar Press. ISBN 978-9381626696.
  49. ↑ msosa.com
  50. ↑ "Scholarship Programme". The Modernites Trust. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
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