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![Man in robes with long brown hair against a background of waves reaching the shore](../I/m/D%C3%A9mosth%C3%A8ne_s'exer%C3%A7ant_%C3%A0_la_parole_(1870)_by_Jean-Jules-Antoine_Lecomte_du_Nou%C3%BF.jpg)
Greek orator
Demosthenes practicing oratory at the beach with pebbles in his mouth
Stuttering (alalia syllabaris), also known as stammering (alalia literalis or anarthria literalis), is a speech disorder in which the flow of speech is disrupted by involuntary repetitions and prolongations of sounds, syllables, words or phrases, and involuntary silent pauses or blocks during which the person who stutters is unable to produce sounds.[1] The exact etiology of stuttering is unknown; both genetics and neurophysiology are thought to contribute.[2] There are many treatments and speech-language pathology techniques available that may help increase fluency in some stutterers to the point where an untrained ear cannot identify a problem; however, there is essentially no cure for the disorder at present.[3][4]
People who stutter include British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, orator Demosthenes, King George VI, actor James Earl Jones, and country singer Mel Tillis. Churchill, whose stutter was particularly apparent to 1920s writers,[5] was one of the 30% of stutterers who have an associated speech disorder—a lisp in his case—yet led his nation through World War II.[6][7] Demosthenes stammered and was inarticulate as a youth, yet, through dedicated practice, using methods such as placing pebbles in his mouth, became a great orator of Ancient Greece.[8] King George VI hired speech therapist Lionel Logue to enable him to speak to his Empire, and Logue effectively helped him accomplish this goal.[9] This training and its results are the focus of the 2010 film The King's Speech.[10] James Earl Jones has stated he was mute for many years of his youth yet he became an actor noted for the power of his voice.[11][12] Mel Tillis stutters when talking but not when singing.[13] Many people had their speech impediment only as a child and have overcome their condition.[14]
Actors
![Man looking at the camera](../I/m/James_Earl_Jones_(8516667383).jpg)
Actor James Earl Jones in 2013
![Emily at the premiere of Edge Of Tomorrow](../I/m/Emily_Blunt_avp_2014_(headshot).jpg)
Emily Blunt in 2014
![Man in suit with left hand in pocket facing left](../I/m/Alexander_Binder_-_Bruno_Kastner_Photochemie_K_3133.jpg)
German silent film actor Bruno Kastner circa 1920
Athletes
![Woman in peak cap and sunglasses is wearing a red T-shirt.](../I/m/2008_LPGA_Championship_-_Sophie_Gustafson_3.jpg)
Golfer Sophie Gustafson in 2008
Politicians
![Churchill is wearing his trademark overcoat and top hat.](../I/m/Sir_Winston_S_Churchill.jpg)
Prime Minister Winston Churchill in 1942
![Biden leaning against a desk with US flags behind him](../I/m/Biden_2013.jpg)
Joe Biden in his West Wing Office at the White House
Writers
![Man with moustache standing in suit](../I/m/Somerset_Maugham_(1934).jpg)
Writer W. Somerset Maugham in 1934
![Man with moustache standing in suit and facing right](../I/m/Machado_de_Assis_aos_57_anos.jpg)
Writer Machado de Assis circa 1896
Others
![Man standing in royal regalia](../I/m/King_George_VI_of_England%2C_formal_photo_portrait%2C_circa_1940-1946.jpg)
King George VI of the United Kingdom circa 1940–1946
![Man in beige shirt standing and talking, with finger pointed](../I/m/Alan_Rabinowitz_-_PopTech_2010_-_Camden%2C_Maine_(5103727234).jpg)
Zoologist Alan Rabinowitz
![Woodcut of man facing left with cloth hat and robe](../I/m/Niccol%C3%B2_Tartaglia.jpg)
Mathematician Niccolò Tartaglia later in life
References
- ↑ "ICD-10 F95.8 – Stuttering". World Health Organization. Retrieved 16 July 2011.
- ↑ Gordon, N. (2002). "Stuttering: incidence and causes". Developmental medicine and child neurology. 44 (4): 278–281. doi:10.1017/S0012162201002067. PMID 11995897.
- ↑ Prasse, Jane E.; Kikano, George E. (2008). "Stuttering: An Overview". American Family Physician. 77 (9): 1271–1276.
Retrieved from Academic Research Library database, (Document ID: 1468009541).
- ↑ "Therapy Outcomes". Stuttering Foundation. Retrieved 16 July 2011.
- ↑ "Winston Churchill, Stutterer". University of Toronto. Retrieved 28 January 2012.
- ↑ "Experts Agree That Churchill Did Stutter". Stuttering Foundation. Retrieved 20 July 2011.
- ↑ Mather, M.D., John. "Churchill's speech impediment was stuttering". Winston Churchill.org. Archived from the original on 4 August 2011. Retrieved 20 July 2011.
- 1 2 "Demosthenes". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2002.
- ↑ Rhodes James, Robert (1998). A Spirit Undaunted: The Political Role of George VI. London: Little, Brown, and Co. p. 98. ISBN 0-316-64765-9.
- ↑ Reed, Rex (22 November 2010). "Did I Stutter? The King's Speech Is the Best Movie of the Year". New York Observer. London. Retrieved 20 July 2011.
- 1 2 James Earl Jones (29 June 1996). "The Voice of Triumph" (Interview: Audio/Transcript). Interviewed by The American Academy of Achievement for the National Medal of Arts. Sun Valley, Idaho. Archived from the original on 6 September 2010. Retrieved 20 February 2011.
- ↑ Flint Marx, Rebecca. "James Earl Jones Biography". All Movie Guide. Retrieved 20 July 2011.
- 1 2 "Stammering Therapy -Does Analyzing Help Or Does It Make Stuttering Worse?". Stop Stuttering. 24 March 2010. Archived from the original on 30 April 2010. Retrieved 20 July 2011.
- ↑ "Stuttering". National Institutes of Health – National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders. Archived from the original on 6 August 2011. Retrieved 27 July 2011.
- ↑ Raphael, Amy (30 March 2003). "Fears of a clown". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 16 July 2011.
- ↑ "10 Questions for Rowan Atkinson". Time. 23 August 2007. Retrieved 16 July 2011.
- ↑ "Movie Star Talks about Stuttering". Stuttering Foundation. 15 July 2011. Retrieved 16 July 2011.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 "Famous People Who Stutter". Minnesota State University – Mankato. Retrieved 16 July 2011.
- ↑ Reed Moran, W. (15 May 2001). "Nicholas Brendon faces down stuttering demon". USA Today. Retrieved 16 July 2011.
- ↑ "Jaik Campbell: L-L-Lost for Words – My Life with a Stutter – Free". Broadway Baby. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 16 July 2011.
- ↑ "I've started, so I'll finish..." BBC. 23 July 2009. Retrieved 16 July 2011.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Trubo, Richard (2001). The New Book Of Knowledge – Health and Medicine. New York: Grolier. pp. 112–123. ISBN 0-7172-0608-4.
Note: This annual was also published under the title The 2001 World Book Health & Medical Annual, United States of America: 2001 World Book, Inc.
- ↑ "Der Parade-Deutsche". Der Spiegel. 8: 78. 1995.
- ↑ Zylka, Jenni (11 December 2011). "Dieter Thomas Heck: "Zigarette und Bierglas, zack. Das war schon heavy"". Der Spiegel (in German). 8. Retrieved 5 February 2011.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Braunstein, M.D., Glenn D. (28 February 2011). "Understanding Stuttering". The Huffington Post. London. Retrieved 20 July 2011.
- ↑ "Javivi: Me gustaría presentar un concurso y hacerlo divertido" (in Spanish). Europa Press. Retrieved 10 May 2012.
- ↑ Staedeli, Thomas. "Bruno Kastner". Cyranos. Archived from the original on 18 April 2011. Retrieved 15 August 2011.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Famous People Who Stutter". Stuttering Foundation. Retrieved 16 July 2011.
- ↑ "Nicole Kidman – a brief profile of high ability and complexity". Talentdevelop.com. Retrieved 19 July 2016.
- ↑ "31 Years of Discovering Comedy Genius". Fosters Edinburgh Comedy. Retrieved 16 July 2011.
- ↑ "Drew Lynch Reflects on "America's Got Talent" Success". WTHR. 27 August 2015. Archived from the original on 20 November 2015. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
- ↑ "Just Asking: H-h-h-here's Johnny!". Entertainment Weekly. 16 July 1993. Retrieved 16 July 2011.
- ↑ "Heartfelt interview was no act for Sam Neill". British Stammering Association. Retrieved 16 July 2011.
- ↑ "Rosie Perez Biography". A & E Networks. Retrieved 13 October 2014.
- ↑ "Bollywood Star Talks About His Stuttering". Stuttering Help. Retrieved 13 October 2014.
- ↑ "People Index". Box Office Mojo. 5 February 2010. Retrieved 16 July 2011.
- ↑ "The Sprouse Twins, 17 – Young and minted: teens who struck it big". MSN Money. Archived from the original on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 16 July 2011.
- ↑ Palin, Michael (11 February 2011). "The King's Speech". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 22 August 2012.
- ↑ Sullivan, Tom (2003). Seeing Lessons: 14 Life Secrets I've Learned Along the Way. John Wiley & Sons. p. 96. ISBN 9780471263562.
- ↑ "Famous People Who Stutter". Stuttering Foundation. Retrieved January 5, 2015.
- ↑ "Famous People – Speech Differences and Stutter". Disabled World. Retrieved January 5, 2015.
- ↑ "Warrior talk". British Stammering Association. Retrieved 17 July 2011.
- ↑ Greenberger, Robert (2002). Wilt Chamberlain. New York: Rosen Publishing Group. p. 14. ISBN 0-8239-3486-1.
- ↑ Lapointe, Joe (25 September 2004). "Meet the Mane Attraction of the Boston Red Sox". New York Times. Retrieved 17 July 2011.
- ↑ Barron, David (31 July 2004). "Having overcome chronic sinus problems and a speech defect, Lester Hayes reflects on a career he credits to Al Davis and stickum". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 17 July 2011.
- ↑ "Bo Knows Best". ESPN. Retrieved 17 July 2011.
- ↑ "Communicating in Brief But Bold Strokes". Retrieved 7 September 2018.
- ↑ "Kentucky's Michael Kidd-Gilchrist no longer bothered by his stuttering".
- ↑ "New York Jets Cornerback Ellis Lankster Honored by Stuttering Foundation: Fan Perspective".
- ↑ "Documentary shares Bob Love's story". Stuttering Foundation. Retrieved 17 July 2011.
- ↑ "Astros rookie didn't let stutter throw him a curve". Houston Chronicle. 26 May 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
- ↑ "Despite a stuttering problem, Chargers return man Sproles is ... Speaking Loudly". North County Times. 29 November 2007. Archived from the original on 12 October 2011. Retrieved 17 July 2011.
- ↑ Leon, Masha. "Smooth Sailing for Stuttering Gala Maiden Voyage Aboard the QM2". Jewish Daily Forward. Retrieved 16 July 2011.
- ↑ "My Shot: Ken Venturi". Golf Digest. December 2004. Retrieved 17 July 2011.
- ↑ "Therapy and Self-Therapy for Stuttering". Veils of Stuttering. Retrieved 17 July 2011.
- ↑ Schorn, Daniel (2 December 2009). "Tiger Woods Up Close And Personal". CBS 60 Minutes. Retrieved 17 July 2011.
- ↑ Gambino, Simeone (23 July 2014). "Ten things you don't know about James Rodriguez". Goal.com. Retrieved 13 May 2015.
- ↑ "Ed Balls talks about his stammer". British Stammering Association. March 2010. Retrieved 16 July 2011.
- 1 2 "Politics and Stuttering Mix Well". Stuttering Foundation. Retrieved 16 July 2011.
- ↑ Ekman, Monica (23 August 2008). "10 Things You Didn't Know About Joe Biden". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved 16 July 2011.
- ↑ "Claudius". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2002.
- ↑ Suetonius (1979). The Twelve Caesars. Robert Graves, trans. London: Penguin Books. p. 38. ISBN 0-14-044072-0.
- ↑ "Irish Stammering Association – Media Factsheet" (PDF). Irish Stammering Association. Retrieved 16 July 2011.
- ↑ Siemaszko, Corky (1 March 2011). "'The King's Speech' has special meaning to former NJ Gov. Thomas Kean, who struggled with stuttering". New York Daily News. Retrieved 16 July 2011.
- ↑ Gangadhar, V. "Always Time For a Laugh". Outlook India. Archived from the original on 15 July 2011. Retrieved 16 July 2011.
- ↑ "Presidenttiehdokas Matti Vanhanen ja vaalit 2006" (in Finnish). Peda.net. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 16 July 2011.
- ↑ Burston, Paul (29 May 2007). "Marc Almond: Interview". TimeOut. Archived from the original on 9 December 2007. Retrieved 16 July 2011.
- ↑ Harris, John (2004). Britpop!: Cool Britannia and the Spectacular Demise of English Rock. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press. p. 118. ISBN 0-306-81367-X.
- ↑ Waggott, Gina. "Book reviews: Gareth Gates – Right From the Start". British Stammering Association. Archived from the original on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 16 July 2011.
- ↑ "The Stutter and the Scat Is The Same Thing". Minnesota State University – Mankato. Retrieved 16 July 2011.
- ↑ "Tough Questions for Peter Murphy". Spin Magazine. Retrieved 28 August 2011.
- ↑ Sue Zeidler (18 April 2012). "On stammering, stage fright and the love of music". Ottawa Citizen. Retrieved 19 April 2012.
- ↑ "Meet Mel Tillis". Mel Tillis.com. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 17 July 2011.
- ↑ "Australian Story – Talk Of The Town 7 July 2014". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 7 July 2014. Archived from the original on 11 July 2014. Retrieved 7 July 2014.
- ↑ Greene, Andy (April 14, 2015). "Bill Withers: The Soul Man Who Walked Away". Rolling Stone. Retrieved August 26, 2015.
- ↑ "Biography, Awards and Credits". Billwithersmusic.com. July 8, 1972. Archived from the original on August 29, 2011. Retrieved January 12, 2011.
- ↑ "Cartoonist Jim Davis-The Man Behind Garfield". American Profile. Retrieved 17 July 2011.
- ↑ "Machado de Assis and psychiatry: a chapter in the relations between art and clinical practice in Brazil". Scientific Electronic Library Online. Retrieved 17 July 2011.
- ↑ "Public Speech and Public Silence". British Stammering Association. Retrieved 17 July 2011.
- ↑ "Essayist, nature writer Hoagland due in San Francisco". University of California – Davis, Davis Community Network. 28 January 1996. Retrieved 17 July 2011.
- ↑ Jones, Dylan (17 October 2006). "Why I hate the letter D". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 17 July 2011.
- ↑ "The Rules For Mastering a Stammer". British Stammering Association. Retrieved 17 July 2011.
- ↑ "My stammer is a secret informant". British Stammering Association. Retrieved 17 July 2011.
- ↑ Grace Glueck (2 October 2002). "Walter Annenberg, 94, Dies; Philanthropist and Publisher – New York Times". Nytimes.com. Retrieved 11 October 2014.
- ↑ "Battle of Sicily: A Matter of Days". Time. 9 August 1943. Retrieved 18 July 2011.
- ↑ Severo, Richard (17 April 1991). "Homer Bigart, Acclaimed Reporter, Dies". New York Times. Retrieved 18 July 2011.
- ↑ van der Vat, Dan (12 December 2001). "Field Marshal Lord Carver". Guardian. Retrieved 18 July 2011.
- ↑ Dutton, Ralph (1963). English Court Life: From Henry VII to George II. London: B. T. Batsford. p. 232. ISBN 978-1-4058-5903-5.
- ↑ Doty, Laura. "Famous People Who Stutter". Minnesota State University – Duluth. Archived from the original on 23 August 2000. Retrieved 18 July 2011.
- ↑ Fraser, Jane (23 August 1998). "Stuttering Foundation of America – Looking Back and Looking Forward". Minnesota State University – Mankato. Retrieved 18 July 2011.
- ↑ "Malcolm H. Fraser, 91, Retailer of Auto Parts". New York Times. 19 February 2008. Retrieved 18 July 2011.
- ↑ French, Philip (26 December 2010). "Philip French: my life as a stammerer". The Observer. Retrieved 29 December 2013.
- ↑ Contributor, Bob Greene, CNN. "John Glenn's true hero: Annie Glenn". CNN. Retrieved 2016-12-09.
- ↑ "NSASTUTTER.ORG" (PDF). www.nsastutter.org. Retrieved 2016-12-09.
- ↑ Haile, Martin (1905). Queen Mary of Modena: Her Life and Letters. London: J.M. Dent. p. 40.
- ↑ Rosamond McKitterick, The Frankish Kingdoms under the Carolingians, (Pearson Education Limited, 1999), 258.
- ↑ "Conservationist and SFA spokesman Alan Rabinowitz is featured on Speaking of Faith, a program on public radio". Stuttering Foundation. Retrieved 18 July 2011.
- ↑ "John Stossel for the Stuttering Foundation". Stuttering Foundation. Retrieved 18 July 2011.
- ↑ Williams, D. Wendell Johnson and Charles Van Riper. Minnesota State University (February 22, 1999). Retrieved on 2008-08-30.
99. | Muhammad Ahsan Irfan (July 14, 2004) Student D.G cement company.