List of seamounts in the Marshall Islands

The Marshall Islands are the site of a number of seamounts. These volcanoes form several groups, including the Ralik Chain, the Ratak Chain and some seamounts around Anewetak.[1] These seamounts are in turn part of a larger province that extends from the South Pacific to the Mariana Trench and is characterized by unusually shallow ocean ground.[2]

These seamounts and volcanoes do not have simple hotspot-like age progressions, with some volcanoes being younger than one would expect from age progression and having more than one active episode. In some places, a middle Cretaceous and a late Cretaceous episode of volcanic activity have been determined by radiometric dating. Despite this, some hotspot-based genesis models have been formulated, often implying that French Polynesian hotspots are responsible for the formation of seamounts,[1] with the Society hotspot, Rurutu hotspot, Rarotonga hotspot and the Macdonald hotspot being candidate hotspots responsible for the development of the Marshall Islands seamounts.[3] Such linkages are in part supported by geochemical data.[4] Some discrepancies between the age and position of such seamounts and the predictions of the hotspot model may reflect the activity of short-lived hotspots linked to large mantle plumes that produce more than one hotspot.[5]

NameOther namesEtymologyCoordinatesDepth below sea levelAgeVolumeDetails
Aean̄-Kaņ[6]A taboo fishing spot at Eniwetok[7]14°52.98′N 160°27.38′E / 14.88300°N 160.45633°E / 14.88300; 160.45633[8]850 metres (2,790 ft)[8]Mid-Cretaceous[9]10,389 cubic kilometres (2,492 cu mi).[8]Since the Eocene manganese nodules developed on the seamount,[10] which may have been created by the Macdonald hotspot.[9]
Neen-Koiaak[6]According to legend, the fastest runner in the Marshall Islands[7]14°22.62′N 161°01.16′E / 14.37700°N 161.01933°E / 14.37700; 161.01933[11]1,025 metres (3,363 ft)[11]102 million years[11]7,083 cubic kilometres (1,699 cu mi)[11]Samples dredged from Neen-Koiaak include hawaiite[12] containing clinopyroxene, olivine and plagioclase.[13]
Wōd-Eņ Rok[6]South-Wod-En[14]A coral head[15]15°13.20′N 163°00.00′E / 15.22000°N 163.00000°E / 15.22000; 163.00000[14]76 million years[14]While its position makes it a candidate member of the Ralik hotspot trail, it appears to be too old.[16] There is some geochemical similarity to the Rurutu hotspot.[4]
Wōd-Eņ Iōn̄[6]North-Wod-En[17]A coral head[15]16°06.00′N 163°02.40′E / 16.10000°N 163.04000°E / 16.10000; 163.04000[17]86 million years[17]While its position makes it a candidate member of the Ralik hotspot trail, it appears to be too old.[16] There is some geochemical similarity to the Rurutu hotspot.[4]
Ļewa[6]A person who received canoe building knowledge, one of the first two[15]14°01.80′N 163°07.80′E / 14.03000°N 163.13000°E / 14.03000; 163.13000[18]100 million years[18]Part of the Ralik Chain,[19] Albian-age fossils have been dredged from this seamount.[20]
Ļōbbadede[6]Lobhadode[21]A chief from Bikini[15]13°52.80′N 163°51.60′E / 13.88000°N 163.86000°E / 13.88000; 163.86000[21]94 million years[21]Depending on the plate reconstruction model chosen, Lobbadede appears to coincide with the location of the Macdonald hotspot.[9] Limestone and fossils of Campanian-Cenomanian age have been found on Lobbadede,[3] which appears to have had a second volcanic episode in the Cretaceous.[19]
Wōden-Kōpakut[6]Ratak[22]A coral head[15]13°56.40′N 167°28.80′E / 13.94000°N 167.48000°E / 13.94000; 167.48000[22]85 million years[22]Part of the Ratak Chain with Limalok,[19] it was also active during the late Cretaceous.[20] One reconstruction of plate motion places Woden-Kopakut close to the Rurutu hotspot.[1]
Radik[6]A chief on Ujlan[7]
Ļainjin[6]A legendary navigator[7]11°09.00′N 161°03.00′E / 11.15000°N 161.05000°E / 11.15000; 161.05000[23]
Ļōjemeja[6]A chief in Ujlan[7]11°26.40′N 161°05.40′E / 11.44000°N 161.09000°E / 11.44000; 161.09000[24]
Ļami[6]According to legend an Eniwetok giant[7]11°54.60′N 161°24.60′E / 11.91000°N 161.41000°E / 11.91000; 161.41000[25]86 million years[25]
Peto-Eņ[6]A taboo channel at Eniwetok[7]12°22.80′N 161°19.20′E / 12.38000°N 161.32000°E / 12.38000; 161.32000[26]
Lomilik[6]A place at Eniwetok with good fishing opportunities[7]11°42′N 161°37′E / 11.700°N 161.617°E / 11.700; 161.617[27]
Litōrmālu[6]A legendary navigator[7]10°53.40′N 161°27.60′E / 10.89000°N 161.46000°E / 10.89000; 161.46000[28]
Ļo-Wūliej[6]A cape at Eniwetok[7]12°09.60′N 162°15.60′E / 12.16000°N 162.26000°E / 12.16000; 162.26000[29]
North Ļāānṃōjānjān[6]Reference to shipbuilding techniques[15]13°07.80′N 162°47.20′E / 13.13000°N 162.78667°E / 13.13000; 162.78667[30]
South Ļāānṃōjānjān[6]Reference to shipbuilding techniques[15]12°41.56′N 162°37.17′E / 12.69267°N 162.61950°E / 12.69267; 162.61950[31]1,395 metres (4,577 ft)[31]1,611 cubic kilometres (386 cu mi)[31]
Bwewa Kaņ[6]Named after a site where a trickster constructed a canoe[15]13°33.60′N 164°25.20′E / 13.56000°N 164.42000°E / 13.56000; 164.42000[32]88 million years[32]Part of the Ralik Chain, may have been formed by a hotspot together with a stage of Wodejebato.[16]
Lōjabōn-Bar[6]A strong traditional personage at Bikini[15]13°09.00′N 164°30.00′E / 13.15000°N 164.50000°E / 13.15000; 164.50000[33]
Wōdejebato[6]Sylvania[34]Bikini's most feared sea god[15]11°55.95′N 164°51.72′E / 11.93250°N 164.86200°E / 11.93250; 164.86200[34]1,290 metres (4,230 ft)[34]82 million years[34]12,476 cubic kilometres (2,993 cu mi)[34]
Look[6]12°12.00′N 166°13.80′E / 12.20000°N 166.23000°E / 12.20000; 166.23000[35]140 million years[35] Look is the oldest known seamount.[36]Located between the Ratak Chain and the Ralik Chain,[37] and fairly old. Its geochemistry is intermediate between these two chains as well, which may indicate that volcanism was strongly influenced by the crust.[38]
Ruwituntun[6]11°49.80′N 167°00.00′E / 11.83000°N 167.00000°E / 11.83000; 167.00000[39]66 million years[39]Fossils indicate that Ruwituntun developed either during or before the Albian.[20]
Ļāwūn-Pikaar[6]Legendary chief in Pikaar[15]12°09.60′N 168°51.60′E / 12.16000°N 168.86000°E / 12.16000; 168.86000[40]
Ļōkōto-N̄ōrn̄ōr[6]13°06.00′N 169°26.40′E / 13.10000°N 169.44000°E / 13.10000; 169.44000[41]
Jebo[6]11°03.00′N 170°39.60′E / 11.05000°N 170.66000°E / 11.05000; 170.66000[42]
Pali[6]
Likelep[6]A site on Ujlan[7]10°36.00′N 160°28.80′E / 10.60000°N 160.48000°E / 10.60000; 160.48000[43]82 million years[43]Biotite, hornblende and plagioclase have been dredged from Likelep, and the seamount is of Campanian age. Likelep may be part of a seamount trail.[44]
Lalibjet[6]A sea god[7]10°08.40′N 159°55.20′E / 10.14000°N 159.92000°E / 10.14000; 159.92000[45]74 million years[45]May have been produced by the Rarotonga hotspot together with Eniwetok.[46]
Ujlan̄[6]Ujelang[47]9°46.80′N 160°25.20′E / 9.78000°N 160.42000°E / 9.78000; 160.42000[47]80 million years[47]Ujlan may be part of a seamount trail.[44]
Ļōtab[6]A descendant of Litormalu[7]10°13.80′N 160°43.20′E / 10.23000°N 160.72000°E / 10.23000; 160.72000[48]80 million years[48]Lotab may be part of a seamount trail.[44]
Ļajutōkwa[6]A navigator[7]10°28.80′N 160°46.80′E / 10.48000°N 160.78000°E / 10.48000; 160.78000[49]81 million years[49]Lajutokwa may be part of a seamount trail.[44]
Lo-En[6]Hess[50]Named after the hibiscus tree[7]10°06.00′N 162°52.20′E / 10.10000°N 162.87000°E / 10.10000; 162.87000[50]113 million years[50]
Mij-Lep[6]A gap between islands on Ujlan[7]8°48.60′N 163°12.60′E / 8.81000°N 163.21000°E / 8.81000; 163.21000[51]106 million years[51]
Ļemkein[6]9°18′N 166°05′E / 9.300°N 166.083°E / 9.300; 166.083[27]
Ļewōnjoui[6]10°32.31′N 166°27.83′E / 10.53850°N 166.46383°E / 10.53850; 166.46383[52]2,985 metres (9,793 ft)[52]1,441 cubic kilometres (346 cu mi)[52]
Ļōkkwōrkwōr[6]Erikub[53]9°09.00′N 170°00.00′E / 9.15000°N 170.00000°E / 9.15000; 170.00000[53]87 million years[53]
Litakpooki[6]8°18.60′N 160°38.40′E / 8.31000°N 160.64000°E / 8.31000; 160.64000[54]
Ṃaanjidep[6]A chief from Jalwoj[15]6°43.80′N 169°19.80′E / 6.73000°N 169.33000°E / 6.73000; 169.33000[55]
Ļoṃjenaelik[6]A chief from Arno[15]
Ļōmōļkā[6]A chief from Mile[15]6°37.80′N 172°21.60′E / 6.63000°N 172.36000°E / 6.63000; 172.36000[56]
Limalok[6]Harrie[57]A chiefess from Mile[15]5°36.00′N 172°21.60′E / 5.60000°N 172.36000°E / 5.60000; 172.36000[57]68 million years[57]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 Bergersen 1995, p. 605.
  2. ↑ Koppers et al. 2003, p. 9.
  3. 1 2 Bergersen 1995, p. 607.
  4. 1 2 3 Koppers et al. 2003, p. 25.
  5. ↑ Koppers et al. 2003, p. 39.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 Hein, James R.; Wong, Florence L.; Mosier, Dan L. (1999). "Bathymetry of the Republic of the Marshall Islands and vicinity". Miscellaneous Field Studies Map.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Hein et al. 1990, p. 245.
  8. 1 2 3 "Aean Kan Guyot". Seamount Catalog. Retrieved 24 June 2018.
  9. 1 2 3 Bergersen 1995, p. 610.
  10. ↑ Hein, James R.; Zielinski, S.E.; Staudigel, Hubert; Chang, Se-Won; Greene, Michelle; Pringle, M.S. (1997). "Composition of Co-rich ferromanganese crusts and substrate rocks from the NW Marshall Islands and international waters to the north, Tunes 6 cruise". Open-File Report. ISSN 2331-1258.
  11. 1 2 3 4 "Neen-Koiaak Guyot". Seamount Catalog. Retrieved 24 June 2018.
  12. ↑ Koppers, Staudigel & Wijbrans 2000, p. 142.
  13. ↑ Koppers, Staudigel & Wijbrans 2000, p. 145.
  14. 1 2 3 "South-Wod-En Guyot". Seamount Catalog. Retrieved 24 June 2018.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Hein et al. 1990, p. 246.
  16. 1 2 3 Koppers et al. 2003, p. 21.
  17. 1 2 3 "North-Wod-En Guyot". Seamount Catalog. Retrieved 24 June 2018.
  18. 1 2 "Lewa Guyot". Seamount Catalog. Retrieved 24 June 2018.
  19. 1 2 3 Haggerty & Premoli Silva 1995, p. 935.
  20. 1 2 3 Haggerty & Premoli Silva 1995, p. 938.
  21. 1 2 3 "Lobbadede Guyot". Seamount Catalog. Retrieved 24 June 2018.
  22. 1 2 3 "Rataka Guyot". Seamount Catalog. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
  23. ↑ "Lainjin Seamount". Seamount Catalog. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
  24. ↑ "Lojemeja Seamount". Seamount Catalog. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
  25. 1 2 "Lami Seamount". Seamount Catalog. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
  26. ↑ "Peto-En Seamount". Seamount Catalog. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
  27. 1 2 Hyeong et al. 2013, p. 294.
  28. ↑ "Litormalu Seamount". Seamount Catalog. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
  29. ↑ "Lo-Wuliej Seamount". Seamount Catalog. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
  30. ↑ "North Laanmojanjan Seamount". Seamount Catalog. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
  31. 1 2 3 "South Laanmojanjan Seamount". Seamount Catalog. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
  32. 1 2 "Bwewa-Kan Seamount". Seamount Catalog. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
  33. ↑ "Lojabon-Bar Seamount". Seamount Catalog. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
  34. 1 2 3 4 5 "Wodejebato Guyot". Seamount Catalog. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
  35. 1 2 "Look Seamount". Seamount Catalog. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
  36. ↑ Hubert Staudigel; Anthony A.P. Koppers (1 January 2015). "Seamounts and Island Building". The Encyclopedia of Volcanoes: 420. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-385938-9.00022-5.
  37. ↑ Koppers et al. 2003, p. 24.
  38. ↑ Koppers et al. 2003, p. 27.
  39. 1 2 "Ruwituntun Seamount". Seamount Catalog. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
  40. ↑ "Lawun-Pikaar Seamount". Seamount Catalog. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
  41. ↑ "Lokoto-Nornor Seamount". Seamount Catalog. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
  42. ↑ "Jebo Seamount". Seamount Catalog. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
  43. 1 2 "Likelep Guyot". Seamount Catalog. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
  44. 1 2 3 4 Koppers et al. 2003, p. 20.
  45. 1 2 "Lalibjet Seamount". Seamount Catalog. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
  46. ↑ Bergersen 1995, p. 612.
  47. 1 2 3 "Ujlan Guyot". Seamount Catalog. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
  48. 1 2 "Lotab Seamount". Seamount Catalog. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
  49. 1 2 "Lajutokwa Guyot". Seamount Catalog. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
  50. 1 2 3 "Lo-En Guyot". Seamount Catalog. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
  51. 1 2 "Mij-Lep Seamount". Seamount Catalog. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
  52. 1 2 3 "Lewonjoui Guyot". Seamount Catalog. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
  53. 1 2 3 "Erikub Seamount". Seamount Catalog. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
  54. ↑ "Litakpooki Seamount". Seamount Catalog. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
  55. ↑ "Maanjidep Seamount". Seamount Catalog. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
  56. ↑ "Lomolka Seamount". Seamount Catalog. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
  57. 1 2 3 "Limalok Guyot". Seamount Catalog. Retrieved 25 June 2018.

Sources

  • Bergersen, D.D. (December 1995), "Cretaceous Hotspot Tracks through the Marshall Islands" (PDF), Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, 144 Scientific Results, Ocean Drilling Program, doi:10.2973/odp.proc.sr.144.018.1995
  • Haggerty, J.A.; Premoli Silva, I. (December 1995), "Comparison of the Origin and Evolution of Northwest Pacific Guyots Drilled during Leg 144" (PDF), Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, 144 Scientific Results, Ocean Drilling Program, doi:10.2973/odp.proc.sr.144.074.1995, retrieved 2018-06-29
  • Hein, J.R.; Kang, Jung-Keuk; Schulz, M.S.; Park, Byong-Kwon; Kirschenbaum, Herbert; Yoon, Suk-Hoon; Olson, R.L.; Smith, V.K.; Park, Dong-Won (1990). "Geological, geochemical, geophysical, and oceanographic data and interpretations of seamounts and co-rich ferromanganese crusts from the Marshall Islands, KORDI-USGS R.V. FARNELLA cruise F10-89-CP". Open-File Report. ISSN 2331-1258.
  • Hyeong, Kiseong; Kim, Jonguk; Yoo, Chan Min; Moon, Jai-Woon; Seo, Inah (December 2013). "Cenozoic history of phosphogenesis recorded in the ferromanganese crusts of central and western Pacific seamounts: Implications for deepwater circulation and phosphorus budgets". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 392: 293–301. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.09.012. ISSN 0031-0182.
  • Koppers, Anthony A. P.; Staudigel, Hubert; Pringle, Malcolm S.; Wijbrans, Jan R. (October 2003). "Short-lived and discontinuous intraplate volcanism in the South Pacific: Hot spots or extensional volcanism?". Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems. 4 (10). doi:10.1029/2003GC000533.
  • Koppers, Anthony A.P; Staudigel, Hubert; Wijbrans, Jan R (May 2000). "Dating crystalline groundmass separates of altered Cretaceous seamount basalts by the 40Ar/39Ar incremental heating technique". Chemical Geology. 166 (1–2): 139–158. doi:10.1016/S0009-2541(99)00188-6. ISSN 0009-2541.
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