List of sovereign state leaders in the Philippines

Maginoo, Wangs, Rajahs, Lakans, Datus and Sultans of the Philippines
A couple belong in maharlika (Noble class).
Details
Style Maharlika
Kamahalan
Kapunuan
First monarch Jayadewa (and other various rulers from the archipelago)
Last monarch Mohammed Mahakuttah Abdullah Kiram (and other various rulers from the archipelago)
Formation c. 900 (according to LCI)
Abolition 1986 (after last officially recognized Sultan dies)
Residence Torogan - (Luzon and Visayas area) , Langgal-(Mindanao area) and Astanah Putih - (in sultanate of Sulu).
Appointer Babaylan, Brahmin or Bhikkhu (In Hindu-Buddhist influenced polities).
Pretender(s) various

The types of sovereign state leaders in the Philippine archipelago have varied throughout the country's history, from heads of ancient chiefdoms, kingdoms and sultanates in the pre-colonial period, to the leaders of Spanish, American, and Japanese colonial governments, until the directly-elected President of the modern sovereign state of the Philippines.

Pre-Philippines Era

Before the nation of the Philippines was formed, the area of what was now the Philippines during the pre-colonial times was sets of divided nations ruled by Kings, Chieftains, Datus, Lakans, Rajahs and Sultans in Southeast Asia. It was when the Spaniards arrived that they named the collections of areas they conquered in Southeast Asia as "Las Islas Filipinas" or The Islands of the Philippines.

Legendary rulers

  • Legendary rulers can be found in the oral tradition in Philippine Mythology, which having an uncertain historical/archeological evidence of their reign.
Image Name Title held From Until
Ama-ronLike most of the male Filipino mythological heroes, he is described as an attractive well-built man who exemplifies great strength. Ama-ron is unique among other Filipino legends due to the lack of having a story on how he was born which was common with Filipino epic heroes.Uncertain possibly Iron Age.
Gat PangilGat Pangil was a chieftain in the area now known as Laguna Province, He is mentioned in the origin legends of Bay, Laguna,Pangil, Laguna, Pakil, Laguna and Mauban, Quezon, all of which are thought to have once been under his domain.Uncertain possibly Iron Age.

Archaic rulers

Wang of Ma-i

Name Image Title held From Until
Gat Sa Li-han"王" 王 (King) according to Chinese records1225??
Gat Maitan"王" 王 (King)-

Huangdom of Pangasinan (Luyag na Kaboloan)

Ruler Image Event From Until
Kamayin (細馬銀)Tribute of silver and horses to China14061408
TaymeyEmbassy to China formally established14081409
Liyu1409?
Yongle Emperor
(Honorary)		Chinese Emperor holds a banquet in honor of PangasinanDecember 11, 1411?
Warrior-Princess UrdujaThe Huangdom enjoys prosperityc. 1500s?
Chinese Warlord LimahongPangasinan is sacked and a pirate-enclave is established1575

Tondo Dynasty (Historical rulers of Tondo)

Image Name Title held From Until
JayadewaSenapati (Admiral)
(Known only in the LCI as the King who give the pardon to Lord Namwaran and his wife Dayang Agkatan and their daughter named Bukah for their excessive debts in 900 AD.)		900??
Lakan TimamanukumFather of Rajah Alon, he ruled when Tondo become a fortified Mandala at the mouth of Pasig River.1150??
AlonLakan Alon
(Son of Timamanukum, he expanded the Tondo territory from Ilocandia to Bicolandia.)		1200??
GambangLakan Gambang
another ruler who used the title Senapati or Admiral.		1390?1417?
SukoLakan Suko
(or also known as Sukwu (朔霧) means "northern mist" , According to the Dongxi Yanggao (東西洋考) Abdicated .)		1417?1430?
LontokLakan Lontok
(later converted his faith to Islam).		1430?1450?
KalangitanDayang Kaylangitan, Queen of Namayan and Tondo.
(the only recorded queen regnant of the pre-Hispanic Philippine Kingdom of Tondo. The eldest daughter of Rajah Gambang and co-regent with her husband, Rajah Lontok, she is considered one of the most powerful rulers in the kingdom's history.)		1450?1515?
SalalilaRajah Salalila or Rajah Sulayman I
(A puppet Rajah installed by Sultan Bolkiah .)		1515?1558?
MatandaRajah Matanda or Rajah Sulayman II or Rajah Ache, King of Namayan1558? 1571
Lakan DulaBanaw Lakandula, King of Tondo and Sabag1558? 1571
SulaymanRajah Sulayman, King of Tondo1571 1575
Magat SalamatThe last ruler of Tondo dynasty after the monarchy is dissolved by the Spanish authorities after he leads the Tondo conspiracy.1575 1589

Recorded rulers of Namayan

Title Name Notes Documented Period of Rule Primary Sources
Lakan[1]Tagkan[1]Named "Lacantagcan" by Huerta and described as the ruler to whom the "original residents" of Namayan trace their origin[1]exact years not documented; three generations prior to CalamayinHuerta
(title not documented by Huerta[1])PalabaNoted by Huerta[1] as the "Principal Son" of Lakan Tagkan.exact years not documented; two generations prior to Calamayin[1]Huerta
(title not documented by Huerta[1])LaboyNoted by Franciscan genealogical records to be the son of Lakan Palaba, and the father of Lakan Kalamayin.[1]exact years not documented; one generation prior to Calamayin[1]Huerta
Rajah[2]KalamayinNamed only "Calamayin" (without title) by Huerta,[1] referred to by Scott (1984) as Rajah Kalamayin.[2]
Described by Scott (1984)[2] as the paramount ruler of Namayan at the time of colonial contact.		immediately prior to and after Spanish colonial contact (ca. 1571–1575)[2] Huerta
(no title documented by Huerta[1])Martin**Huerta[1] does not mention if Kalamayin's son, baptized "Martin", held a government position during the early Spanish colonial periodearly Spanish colonial periodHuerta
Legendary rulers of Namayan
Aside from the records of Huerta, a number of names of rulers are associated with Namayan by folk/oral traditions, as recounted in documents such as the will of Fernando Malang (1589) and documented by academics such as Grace Odal-Devora[3] and writers such as Nick Joaquin.[4]
Title Name Notes Period of Rule Primary Sources
GatLontokIn Batangueño Folk Tradition as cited by Odal-Devora,[3] husband of Kalangitan, serving as "rulers of Pasig" together.[3](p51)Legendary antiquity[3]Batangueño folk tradition (cited by Odal-Devora, 2000[3])
Dayang or Sultana[3][note 1]Kalangitan[3]Legendary "Lady of the Pasig"[3] in Batangueño Folk Tradition and "Ruler of Sapa" in Kapampangan Folk Tradition (as documented by Odal-Devora[3]).

Either the mother in law (Batangueño Tradition) or grandmother (Kapampangan Tradition) of the ruler known as "Prinsipe Balagtas"[3]		Legendary antiquity[3]Batangueño and Kapampangan folk traditions (cited by Odal-Devora, 2000[3])
"Princess" or "Lady"
(term used in oral tradition, as documented by Odal-Devora[3])		SasabanIn oral Tradition recounted by Nick Joaquin and Leonardo Vivencio, a "lady of Namayan" who went to the Madjapahit court to marry Emperor Soledan, eventually giving birth to Balagtas, who then returned to Namayan/Pasig in 1300.[3](p51)prior to 1300
(according to oral tradition cited by Joaquin and Vicencio)[3]		Batangueño folk tradition (cited by Odal-Devora, 2000[3]), and oral tradition cited by Joaquin and Vicencio[3])
Prince[3]
(term used in oral tradition, as documented by Odal-Devora[3])		Bagtas or BalagtasIn Batangueño Folk Tradition as cited by Odal-Devora,[3] the King of Balayan and Taal who married Panginoan, daughter of Kalangitan and Lontok who were rulers of Pasig.(p51)

In Kapampangan[3] Folk Tradition as cited by Odal-Devora,[3] the "grandson of Kalangitan" and a "Prince of Madjapahit" who married the "Princess Panginoan of Pampanga"(pp47,51)

Either the son in law (Batangueño Tradition) or grandson (Kapampangan Tradition) of Kalangitan[3]

In oral tradition recounted by Nick Joaquin and Leonardo Vivencio, the Son of Emperor Soledan of Madjapahit who married Sasaban of Sapa/Namayan. Married Princess Panginoan of Pasig at about the year 1300 in order to consolidate his family line and rule of Namayan[3](pp47,51)		ca. 1300 A.D. according to oral tradition cited by Joaquin and Vicencio[3]Batangueño and Kapampangan folk traditions cited by Odal-Devora, and oral tradition cited by Joaquin and Vicencio[3])
"Princess" or "Lady"
(term used in oral tradition, as documented by Odal-Devora[3])		PanginoanIn Batangueño Folk Tradition as cited by Odal-Devora,[3] the daughter of Kalangitan and Lontok who were rulers of Pasig, who eventually married Balagtas, King of Balayan and Taal.(p51)

In Kapampangan[3] Folk Tradition as cited by Odal-Devora,[3] who eventually married Bagtas, the "grandson of Kalangitan."(pp47,51)

In oral tradition recounted by Nick Joaquin and Leonardo Vivencio, "Princess Panginoan of Pasig" who was married by Balagtas, the Son of Emperor Soledan of Madjapahit in 1300 AD in an effort consolidate rule of Namayan[3](pp47,51)		ca. 1300 A.D. according to oral tradition cited by Joaquin and Vicencio[3]Batangueño and Kapampangan folk traditions cited by Odal-Devora, and oral tradition cited by Joaquin and Vicencio[3])

The Datus of Madja-as

Commander-In-Chief Image Capital From Until
Datu PutiAklan13th century1212
Datu SumakwelMalandong (today in Antique)1213?
Datu BangkayaAklan??
Datu PaiburongIrong-Irong??
Datu BalengkakaAklan??
Datu KalantiawBatan13651437
Datu ManduyogBatkcan1437?
Datu Padojinog Irong-Irong??
Datu KabnayagKalibo?1565
Datu LubaySan Joaquín??

The Datus of Dapitan

The Reigning Datu Events From Until
SumangaDatu Sumanga raids China to win the hand of Dayang-dayang (Princess) Bugbung Humasanum??
DailisanThe Kedatuan was destroyed by the Sultanate of Ternate1563?
PagbuayaThe Kedatuan is re-established in Mindanao?1564
ManoocThe Kedatuan is incorporated to the Spanish Empire??

Rulers of the Maynila

Name Image Events From Until
Sultan BolkiahThe 5th Sultan of Brunei who also ruled Tondo after he defeated Rajah Suko which widened Brunei's influence in the Philippines.c. 15001571
Rajah SulaymanHe also inherited rule of nearby Tondo and Namayan, becoming the first sovereign to hold all three realms in personal union.15711575
Legendary rulers of Maynila
Title Name Specifics Dates Primary source(/s) Academic notes on primary source(/s)
Rajah Avirjirkaya According to Henson (1955),[5] he was a "Majapahit Suzerain" who ruled Maynila[5] before he was defeated in 1258[5] by a Bruneian naval commander named Rajah Ahmad,[5] who then established Manila as a Muslim principality.[5] before 1258[6] Genealogy proposed by Mariano A. Henson in 1955[5] Cited in César Adib Majul's 1973 book "Muslims in the Philippines",[6] published by the UP Asian Center and in turn referenced widely in semitechnical and popular texts.
The veracity of "quasi-historical" (meaning not physically original)[7] genealogical documents remains subject to scholarly peer review.[8][9]
Rajah Ahmad According to Henson (1955),[5] he established Manila as a Muslim[5] principality in 1258[5] by defeating the Majapahit Suzerain Rajah Avirjirkaya.[5] c. 1258[6] Genealogy proposed by Mariano A. Henson in 1955[5] Cited in César Adib Majul's 1973 book "Muslims in the Philippines",[6] published by the UP Asian Center and in turn referenced widely in semi-technical and popular texts.
The veracity of "quasi-historical" (meaning not physically original)[7] genealogical documents remains subject to scholarly peer review.[8][9]

Monarchs of the Butuan Rajahnate

The Royal Title of the Reigning Rajah Image Events From Until
Rajah KilingThe Embassy of I-shu-han (李竾罕)9891009
Sri Bata ShajaMission by Likanhsieh (李于燮)1011?
Rajah SiaguAnnexation by Ferdinand Magellan?1521

Raja's of Cebu

The Royal Title of the Reigning Rajah Image Events From Until
Sri LumayFounded the rajahnate, he is a minor prince of the Chola dynasty which occupied Sumatra. He was sent by the Maharajah to establish a base for expeditionary forces but he rebelled and established his own independent rajahnate.c. 1200?
Rajah HumabonThe Rajah of Cebu at the time Ferdinand Magellan arrived at Cebu and is the first Filipino chieftain to embrace Christianity.??
Rajah TupasLast Rajah of Cebu, he ceded the Rajahnate to the Spanish Empire when he is defeated by Miguel López de Legazpi's forces in 1565.?1565

Sultans of Maguindanao

Reign Sultan Other name(s)
1520–1543Shariff KabungsuwanA Johore (Singapore) Makdum Prince who fled to Malabang, Lanao del Sur and seated as Sharif Kabungsuwan. Married the daughter of Chieftain Aliwya of the Maguindanao family clan at Dulawan, Cotabato. Took over the father inlaw's political powers establishing the Sultanate of Maguindanao later called by the Spanish as Mindanao. He is the second Makdum known as Karim Ul-Makdum who reinforced Islam and His brother Sulu Sultan Shariful Hashim promulgated Kor'anic studies or Madrassahs.

The said Sharif is buried at Simunul Island Tamppat.

1543–1574Sultan Maka-alang Saripada
1574–1578Sultan Bangkaya
1578–1585Sultan Dimasangcay Adel
1585–1597Sultan Gugu SarikulaDatu Salikala
1597–1619Sultan Laut BuisanDatu Katchil
1619–1671?Sultan Muhammad Dipatuan KudaratDatu Qudratullah Katchil
1671?–1678?Sultan Dundang TidulaySultan Saif ud-Din (Saifud Din)
1678?–1699Sultan BarahamanSultan Muhammad Shah Minulu-sa-Rahmatullah
1699–1702Sultan Kahar ud-Din KudaMaulana Amir ul-Umara Jamal ul-Azam
1702–1736Sultan Bayan ul-Anwar { Maruhom Batua }Dipatuan Jalal ud-Din
Mupat Batua (posthumously)
1710–1736
(in Tamontaka)		Sultan Amir ud-DinPaduka Sri Sultan Muhammad Jafar Sadiq Manamir
Shahid Mupat (posthumously)
1736–1748
(in Sibugay, Buayan, Malabang)		Sultan Muhammad Tahir ud-DinDipatuan Malinug
Muhammad Shah Amir ud-Din
1733–1755
(paramount chief of Maguindanao by 1748)		Sultan Rajah Muda Muhammad Khair ud-DinPakir Maulana Kamsa
Amir ud-Din Itamza
Azim ud-Din Amir ul-M'umimin
1755–1780?Sultan Pahar ud-DinDatu Panglu/Pongloc
Mupat Hidayat (posthumously)
1780?–1805?Sultan Kibad SahriyalMuhammad Azim ud-Din Amir ul-Umara
1805?–1830?Sultan Kawasa Anwar ud-DinMuhammad Amir ul-Umara Iskandar Jukarnain
1830–1854Sultan Qudratullah UntungIskandar Qudratullah Muhammad Jamal ul-Azam
Iskandar Qudarat Pahar ud-Din. Properly place, his name was Ullah Untong and seated as Sultan Ashrf Samalan Farid Quadratullah or better known as Sultan Qudarat. www.royalsultanate.weebly.com
1854–1884Sultan Muhammad Makakwa
1884–1888Sultan WataSultan Muhammad Jalal ud-Din Pablu
1888–1896No sultan
Sultan Anwar ud-Din contested Datu Mamaku (son of Sultan Qudratullah Untung) of Buayan for the throne versus the then sultan Datu Mangigin of Sibugay.
1896–1898Sultan Taha ColoSultan Rabago sa Tiguma
1908-1933Sultan Mastura KudaratSultan Muhammad Hijaban Iskandar Mastura Kudarat, Sultan Mastura

The Sultans of Sulu (1405–present)

Sultans Image From Until
Sharif ul-Hāshim14801505
Kamal ud-Din15051527
Sultan Amir ul-Umara18931899
Jamal ul-Kiram I18931899
Mahakuttah Kiram19741986
Muedzul Lail Tan Kiram1986

Philippines Era

The collection of islands conquered by the Spaniards was named Las islas Filipinas; a name given by Ruy López de Villalobos. It's the exact geographical location on which the modern day Republic of the Philippines based its territory.

Rulers during the Spanish colonization

During the Spanish colonization, Remaining monarchs reign until their kingdoms was absorbed to the new colonial nation of the Philippines through Spanish conquest. Many of these territories are absorbed much later.

  • Rajah Colambu – King of Limasawa in 1521, brother of Rajah Siagu of Butuan. He befriended Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan and guided him to Cebu on April 7, 1521.
  • Rajah Humabon – King of Cebu who became an ally of Ferdinand Magellan and the Spaniards. Rival of Datu Lapu-Lapu. In 1521, he and his wife were baptized as Christians and given Christian names Carlos and Juana after the Spanish royalty, King Carlos and Queen Juana.
  • Sultan Kudarat – Sultan of Maguindanao.
  • Lakan Dula or Lakandula – King of Tondo, one of the last princes of Manila.
  • Datu Lapu-Lapu – King of Mactan Island. He defeated the Spaniards on April 27, 1521.
  • Datu Sikatuna – King of Bohol in 1565. He made a blood compact with Spanish explorer, Miguel López de Legazpi.
  • Datu Pagbuaya – King of Bohol. He governed with his brother Datu Dailisan, a settlement along the shorelines between Mansasa, Tagbilaran and Dauis, which was abandoned years before the Spanish colonization due to Portuguese and Ternatean attacks. He founded Dapitan in the northern shore of Mindanao.
  • Datu Dailisan – King of Mansasa, Tagbilaran and Dauis and governed their kingdom along with his brother Datu Pagbuaya. His death during one of the Portuguese raids caused the abandonment of the settlement.
  • Datu Manooc – Christian name – Pedro Manuel Manooc, son of Datu Pagbuaya who converted to Christianity, defeated the Higaonon tribe in Iligan, Mindanao. He established one of the first Christian settlements in the country.
  • Datu Macabulos – King of Pampanga in 1571.
  • Rajah Siagu – King of the Manobo in 1521.
  • Apo Noan – Chieftain of Mandani (present day Mandaue) in 1521.
  • Apo Macarere – Famous Chieftain of the Tagbanwa warrior tribe in Corong Island (Calis).
  • Rajah Sulaiman III – One of the last King of Manila, was defeated by Martín de Goiti, a Spanish soldier commissioned by López de Legazpi to Manila.
  • Rajah Tupas – King of Cebu, conquered by Miguel López de Legazpi.
  • Datu Urduja – Female Leader in Pangasinan.
  • Datu Zula – Chieftain of Mactan, Cebu. Rival of Lapu-lapu
  • Datu Kalun – Ruler of the Island of the Basilan and the Yakans in Mindanao, converted his line to Christianity
  • Datu Sanday – Ruler of Marawi City
  • Datu Saiden Borero – King of Antique
  • unnamed Datu – King of Taytay Palawan. Mentioned by Pigafetta, chronicler of Magellan. The king, together with his wife were kidnapped by the remnant troops from Magellan's fleet after fleeing Cebu to secure provisions for their crossing to the Moluccas.
  • Datu Cabaylo (Cabailo) – The last king of the Kingdom of Taytay

Colonial Governor-Generals

Under New Spain (1565–1761)

From 1565 to 1898, the Philippines was under Spanish rule. From 1565–1821, The governor and captain-general was appointed by the Viceroy of New Spain upon recommendation of the Spanish Cortes and governed on behalf of the Monarch of Spain. When there was a vacancy (e.g. death, or during the transitional period between governors), the Real Audiencia in Manila appoints a temporary governor from among its members.

After 1821, the country was no longer under the Viceroyalty of New Spain (present-day Mexico) and administrative affairs formerly handled by New Spain were transferred to Madrid and placed directly under the Spanish Crown.

  Ad interim   Real Audiencia

# Photo Name From Until Monarch
1 Miguel López de Legazpi April 27, 1565 August 20, 1572
Philip II
(25 July 1554 – 13 September 1598)
2 Guido de Lavezaris August 20, 1572 August 25, 1575
3 Francisco de Sande August 25, 1575 April 1580
4 Gonzalo Ronquillo de Peñalosa April 1580 March 10, 1583
5 Diego Ronquillo March 10, 1583 May 16, 1584
6 Santiago de Vera May 16, 1584 May 1590
7 Gómez Pérez Dasmariñas June 1, 1590 October 25, 1593
8 Pedro de Rojas October 1593 December 3, 1593
9 Luís Pérez Dasmariñas December 3, 1593 July 14, 1596
10 Francisco de Tello de Guzmán July 14, 1596 May 1602

Philip III
(13 September 1598 – 31 March 1621)
11 Pedro Bravo de Acuña May 1602 June 24, 1606
12 Cristóbal Téllez de Almanza
(Real Audiencia)		 June 24, 1606 June 15, 1608
13 Rodrigo de Vivero y Aberrucia June 15, 1608 April 1609
14 Juan de Silva April 1609 April 19, 1616
15 Andrés Alcaraz
(Real Audiencia)		 April 19, 1616 July 3, 1618
16 Alonso Fajardo de Entenza July 3, 1618 July 1624

Philip IV
(31 March 1621 – 17 September 1665)
17 Jeronimo de Silva
(Real Audiencia)		 July 1624 June 1625
18 Fernándo de Silva July 1624 June 29, 1626
19 Juan Niño de Tabora June 29, 1626 July 22, 1632
20 Lorenzo de Olaza y Lecubarri
(Real Audiencia)		 July 22, 1632 1633
21 Juan Cerezo de Salamanca August 29, 1633 June 25, 1635
22 Sebastián Hurtado de Corcuera June 25, 1635 August 11, 1644
23 Diego Fajardo Chacón August 11, 1644 July 25, 1653
24 Sabiniano Manrique de Lara July 25, 1653 September 8, 1663
25 Diego de Salcedo September 8, 1663 September 28, 1668

Charles II
(17 September 1665 – 1 November 1700)
26 Juan Manuel de la Peña Bonifaz September 28, 1668 September 24, 1669
27 Manuel de León September 24, 1669 September 21, 1677
28 Francisco Coloma y Maceda
(Real Audiencia)		 April 11, 1677 September 25, 1677
29 Francisco Sotomayor y Mansilla
(Real Audiencia)		 September 21, 1677 September 28, 1678
30 Juan de Vargas y Hurtado September 28, 1678 August 24, 1684
31 Gabriel de Curuzealegui y Arriola August 24, 1684 April 1689
32 Alonso de Avila Fuertes
(Real Audiencia)		 April 1689 July 1690
33 Fausto Cruzat y Gongora July 25, 1690 December 8, 1701

Philip V

November 1700 – 15 January 1724

34 Domingo Zabálburu de Echevarri December 8, 1701 August 25, 1709
35 Martín de Urzúa y Arizmendi, count of Lizárraga August 25, 1709 February 4, 1715
36 José Torralba
(Real Audiencia)		 February 4, 1715 August 9, 1717
37 Fernando Manuel de Bustillo Bustamante y Rueda August 9, 1717 October 11, 1719
- Archbishop Francisco de la Cuesta
(acting)		 October 11, 1719 August 6, 1721
38 Toribio José Cosio y Campo August 6, 1721 August 14, 1729

Louis I

(15 January – 31 August 1724)


Philip V

(6 September 1724 – 9 July 1746)

39 Fernándo Valdés y Tamon August 14, 1729 July 1739
40 Gaspar de la Torre July 1739 September 21, 1745
- Archbishop Juan Arrechederra
(acting)		 September 21, 1745 July 20, 1750
Ferdinand VI

(9 July 1746 – 10 August 1759)

41 Francisco José de Ovando, 1st Marquis of Brindisi July 20, 1750 July 26, 1754
42 Pedro Manuel de Arandía Santisteban July 26, 1754 May 31, 1759
- Bishop Miguel Lino de Ezpeleta
(acting)		 June 1759 May 31, 1761

Charles III

(10 August 1759 – 14 December 1788)

- Archbishop Manuel Rojo del Río y Vieyra
(acting)		 July 1761 October 6, 1762
Charles III

British Occupation of Manila (1761–1764)

Great Britain occupied Manila and the naval port of Cavite as part of the Seven Years' War.

# Photo Governor-General From Until Monarch
43 Simón de Anda y Salazar
(Provisional Government in Bacolor, Pampanga)		 October 6, 1762 February 10, 1764
Charles III
44 Dawsonne Drake November 2, 1762 May 31, 1764
George III

Under New Spain (1764–1821)

# Picture Name From Until Monarch
45 Francisco Javier de la Torre March 17, 1764 July 6, 1765
Charles III
46 José Antonio Raón y Gutiérrez July 6, 1765 July 1770
(43) Simón de Anda y Salazar July 1770 October 30, 1776
47 Pedro de Sarrio October 30, 1776 July 1778
48 José Basco y Vargas July 1778 September 22, 1787
(47) Pedro de Sarrio September 22, 1787 July 1, 1788
49 Félix Berenguer de Marquina July 1, 1788 September 1, 1793

Charles IV
50 Rafael María de Aguilar y Ponce de León September 1, 1793 August 7, 1806
51  

 
 Mariano Fernández de Folgueras August 7, 1806 March 4, 1810

Ferdinand VII

Joseph Bonaparte
52 | Manuel Gonzalez de Aguilar March 4, 1810 September 4, 1813
53 José Gardoqui Jaraveitia September 4, 1813 December 10, 1816

Ferdinand VII
(51) Mariano Fernández de Folgueras December 10, 1816 September 15, 1821

Direct Spanish control (1821–1898)

After the 1821 Mexican War of Independence, Mexico became independent and was no longer part of the Spanish Empire. The Viceroyalty of New Spain ceased to exist. The Philippines, as a result, was directly governed from Madrid, under the Crown.

# Picture Name From Until Monarch
(51) Mariano Fernández de Folgueras September 16, 1821 October 30, 1822
Ferdinand VII
54 Juan Antonio Martínez October 30, 1822 October 14, 1825
55 Mariano Ricafort Palacín y Abarca October 14, 1825 December 23, 1830
56 Pasqual Enrile y Alcedo December 23, 1830 March 1, 1835

Isabella II
57 Gabriel de Torres March 1, 1835 April 23, 1835
58 Joaquín de Crámer April 23, 1835 September 9, 1835
59 Pedro Antonio Salazar Castillo y Varona September 9, 1835 August 27, 1837
60 Andrés García Camba August 27, 1837 December 29, 1838
61 Luis Lardizábal December 29, 1838 February 14, 1841
62 Marcelino de Oraá Lecumberri February 14, 1841 June 17, 1843
63 Francisco de Paula Alcalá de la Torre June 17, 1843 July 16, 1844
64 Narciso Clavería, 1st Count of Manila July 16, 1844 December 26, 1849
65 Antonio María Blanco December 26, 1849 July 29, 1850
66 Antonio de Urbistondo y Eguía July 29, 1850 December 20, 1853
67 Ramón Montero y Blandino December 20, 1853 February 2, 1854
68 Manuel Pavía, 1st Marquis of Novaliches February 2, 1854 October 28, 1854
(67) Ramón Montero y Blandino October 28, 1854 November 20, 1854
69 Manuel Crespo y Cebrían November 20, 1854 December 5, 1856
(67) Ramón Montero y Blandino December 5, 1856 March 9, 1857
70 Fernándo Norzagaray y Escudero March 9, 1857 January 12, 1860
71 Ramón María Solano y Llanderal January 12, 1860 August 29, 1860
72 Juan Herrera Dávila August 29, 1860 February 2, 1861
73 José Lemery e Ibarrola Ney y González February 2, 1861 July 7, 1862
74 Salvador Valdés July 7, 1862 July 9, 1862
75 Rafaél de Echagüe y Bermingham July 9, 1862 March 24, 1865
76 Joaquín del Solar e Ibáñez March 24, 1865 April 25, 1865
77 Juan de Lara e Irigoyen April 25, 1865 July 13, 1866
78 José Laureano de Sanz y Posse July 13, 1866 September 21, 1866
79 Juan Antonio Osorio September 21, 1866 September 27, 1866
(76) Joaquín del Solar e Ibáñez September 27, 1866 October 26, 1866
80 José de la Gándara y Navarro October 26, 1866 June 7, 1869
No Monarch
81 Manuel Maldonado June 7, 1869 June 23, 1869
82 Carlos María de la Torre y Navacerrada June 23, 1869 April 4, 1871

Amadeo I
(December 16, 1870 – February 11, 1873)
83 Rafael de Izquierdo y Gutíerrez April 4, 1871 January 8, 1873
84 Manuel MacCrohon January 8, 1873 January 24, 1873
85 Juan Alaminos y Vivar January 24, 1873 March 17, 1874
No Monarch
- Manuel Blanco Valderrama
(acting)		 March 17, 1874 June 18, 1874
86 José Malcampo y Monje June 18, 1874 February 28, 1877

Alfonso XII
(December 29, 1874 – November 25, 1885)
87 Domingo Moriones y Murillo February 28, 1877 March 20, 1880
88 Rafael Rodríguez Arias March 20, 1880 April 15, 1880
89 Fernando Primo de Rivera, 1st Marquis of Estella April 15, 1880 March 10, 1883
- Emilio Molíns 1st term,
(acting)		 March 10, 1883 April 7, 1883
90 Joaquín Jovellar April 7, 1883 April 1, 1885
- Emilio Molíns 2nd term,
(acting)		 April 1, 1885 April 4, 1885
91 Emilio Terrero y Perinat April 4, 1885 April 25, 1888

Alfonso XIII (May 17, 1886)
- Antonio Moltó
(acting)		 April 25, 1888 June 4, 1888
- Federico Lobatón
(acting)		 June 4, 1888 June 5, 1888
92 Valeriano Wéyler June 5, 1888 November 17, 1891
93 Eulogio Despujol November 17, 1891 March 1, 1893
- Federico Ochando
(acting)		 March 1, 1893 May 4, 1893
94 Ramón Blanco, 1st Marquis of Peña Plata May 4, 1893 December 13, 1896
- Camilo de Polavieja, 1st Marquis of Polavieja
(acting)		 December 13, 1896 April 15, 1897
- José de Lachambre
(acting)		 April 15, 1897 April 23, 1897
95 Fernando Primo de Rivera, 1st Marquis of Estella April 23, 1897 April 11, 1898
96 Basilio Augustín[10] April 11, 1898 July 24, 1898
- Fermín Jáudenes[10]
(acting)		 July 24, 1898 August 13, 1898
- Francisco Rizzo[10]
(acting)		 August 13, 1898 September 1898
- Riego de Dios[10]
(acting)		 September 1898 June 3, 1899

United States Military Government (1898–1901)

The American military government was established following the defeat of Spain in the Spanish–American War. During the transition period, executive authority in all civil affairs in the Philippine government was exercised by the military governor.

# Picture Name From Until President
1 Wesley Merritt August 14, 1898[11] August 30, 1898[12]
William McKinley
2 Elwell S. Otis August 28, 1898 May 5, 1900
3 Arthur MacArthur, Jr. May 5, 1900 July 4, 1901
4 Adna Chaffee[13] July 4, 1901 July 4, 1902

Insular Government (1901–1935)

On July 4, 1901, executive authority over the islands was transferred to the president of the Second Philippine Commission who had the title of Civil Governor, a position appointed by the President of the United States and approved by the United States Senate. For the first year, a Military Governor, Adna Chaffee, ruled parts of the country still resisting the American rule, concurrent with civil governor, William Howard Taft.[14] Disagreements between the two were not uncommon.[15] The following year, on July 4, 1902, Taft became the sole executive authority.[13] Chaffee remained as commander of Philippine Division until September 30, 1902.[16]

The title was changed to Governor General in 1905 by an act of Congress (Public 43 - February 6, 1905).[13] The term "insular" (from insulam, the Latin word for island)[17] refers to U.S. island territories that are not incorporated into either a state or a federal district. All insular areas was under the authority of the U.S. Bureau of Insular Affairs, a division of the US War Department.[18][19]

# Picture Name From Until President
1 William Howard Taft July 4, 1901 February 1, 1904
William McKinley
To September 1901

Theodore Roosevelt
From September 1901
2 Luke Edward Wright February 1, 1904 November 3, 1905

Theodore Roosevelt
3 Henry Clay Ide November 3, 1905 September 19, 1906
4 James Francis Smith September 20, 1906 November 11, 1909
5 William Cameron Forbes November 11, 1909 September 1, 1913
William Howard Taft
- Newton W. Gilbert
(Acting Governor-General)		 September 1, 1913 October 6, 1913
Woodrow Wilson
6 Francis Burton Harrison October 6, 1913 March 5, 1921
- Charles Yeater
(Acting Governor-General)		 March 5, 1921 October 14, 1921
Warren G. Harding
To September 1923

Calvin Coolidge
7 Leonard Wood October 14, 1921 August 7, 1927
- Eugene Allen Gilmore
(Acting Governor-General)		 August 7, 1927 December 27, 1927

Calvin Coolidge
8 Henry L. Stimson December 27, 1927 February 23, 1929
- Eugene Allen Gilmore
(Acting Governor-General)		 February 23, 1929 July 8, 1929
Herbert Hoover
9 Dwight F. Davis July 8, 1929 January 9, 1932
- George C. Butte
(Acting Governor-General)		 January 9, 1932 February 29, 1932
10 Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. February 29, 1932 July 15, 1933
11 Frank Murphy July 15, 1933 November 14, 1935
Became High Commissioner to the Philippines
Franklin D. Roosevelt

On November 15, 1935, the Commonwealth of the Philippines was inaugurated as a transitional government to prepare the country for independence. The office of President of the Philippine Commonwealth replaced the Governor-General as the country's chief executive. The Governor-General became the High Commissioner of the Philippines with Frank Murphy, the last governor-general, as the first high commissioner. The High Commissioner exercised no executive power but rather represented the colonial power, the United States Government, in the Philippines. The high commissioner moved from Malacañang Palace to the newly built High Commissioner's Residence, now the Embassy of the United States in Manila.

After the Philippine independence on July 4, 1946, the last High Commissioner, Paul McNutt, became the first United States Ambassador to the Philippines.

Japanese military governors (1942–1945)

In December 1941, the Commonwealth of the Philippines was invaded by Japan as part of World War II. The next year, the Empire of Japan sent a military governor to control the country during wartime, followed by the formal establishment of the puppet second republic.[20]

# Picture Name From Until Monarch
1 Masaharu Homma January 3, 1942 June 8, 1942
Emperor Hirohito
2 Shizuichi Tanaka June 8, 1942 May 28, 1943
3 Shigenori Kuroda May 28, 1943 September 26, 1944
4 Tomoyuki Yamashita September 26, 1944 September 2, 1945

Independent Ilocos (1762-1763)

Free Ilocos
Emperor Image From Until Notes
Diego Silang17621763a Filipino revolutionary leader who conspired with British forces to overthrow Spanish rule in the northern Philippines and establish an independent Ilocano nation.

Emperor

Philippines
Emperor Image From Until Notes
Andrés Novales18231823His discontentment with the treatment of creole soldiers led him to start a revolt in 1823 that inspired even the ranks of José Rizal. He successfully captured Intramuros and was proclaimed Emperor of the Philippines by his followers. However, he was defeated within the day by Spanish reinforcements from Pampanga.[21]

Other revolutionary republics and states

The Ruling Leaders during Philippine Revolution

Tagalog Republic
President Image From Until
Andres Bonifacio18961897
Biak-na-Bato – 1897
President Image From Until
Emilio Aguinaldo1897December 15, 1897
First Philippine Republic – Continuation 1901-1902
President Image From Until
Emilio Aguinaldo18971901
Miguel Malvar19011902
Tagalog Republic – Continuation 1902-1906
President Image From Until
Macario Sakay19021906
Republic of Zamboanga – 1899-1903
President Image From Until
Vicente Alvarez18991899
Isidro Midel18991901
Mariano Arquiza19011903
Negros Republic – 1898-1901
President Image From Until
Aniceto Lacson18981899
Melecio Severino18991901

Presidents

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ The term "Sultana" is used by Odal-Devora in her essay The River Dwellers (2000, page 47), saying "This Prince Bagtas, a grandson of Sultana Kalangitan, the Lady of Pasig, was also said to have ruled the Kingdom of Namayan or Sapa, in the present Sta Ana-Mandaluyong-San Juan- Makati Area. This would explain the Pasig-Sta Ana-Tondo-Bulacan-Pampanga-Batangas interconnections of the Tagalog ruling elites."

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Huerta, Felix, de (1865). Estado Geografico, Topografico, Estadistico, Historico-Religioso de la Santa y Apostolica Provincia de San Gregorio Magno. Binondo: Imprenta de M. Sanchez y Compañia.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Scott, William Henry (1994). Barangay: Sixteenth Century Philippine Culture and Society. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. ISBN 971-550-135-4.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 Odal-Devora, Grace P. (2000). "The River Dwellers". In Alejandro, Reynaldo Gamboa. Pasig: River of Life. Water Series Trilogy. Unilever Philippines. ISBN 978-9719227205.
  4. ↑ Joaquin, Nick (1990). Manila, My Manila: A History for the Young. City of Manila: Anvil Publishing, Inc. ISBN 978-971-569-313-4.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Henson, Mariano A (1955). The Province of Pampanga and its towns (A.D. 1300–1955) with the genealogy of the rulers of central Luzon. Manila: Villanueva Books.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Majul, César Adib (1973). Muslims in the Philippines. Diliman: University of the Philippines Asian Center.
  7. 1 2
  8. 1 2
  9. 1 2 Junker, Laura Lee (1998). "Integrating History and Archaeology in the Study of Contact Period Philippine Chiefdoms". International Journal of Historical Archaeology. 2 (4).
  10. 1 2 3 4 Peterson 2007, p. 11.
  11. ↑ Halstead, Murat (1898). The Story of the Philippines and Our New Possessions, Including the Ladrones, Hawaii, Cuba and Porto Rico. p. 116.
  12. ↑ Tucker, Spencer (2009). The Encyclopedia of the Spanish–American and Philippine–American Wars: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. p. 457. ISBN 978-1-85109-951-1.
  13. 1 2 3 Elliott (1917), p. 509
  14. ↑ Elliott (1917), p. 4
  15. ↑ Tanner (1901), p. 383
  16. ↑ Philippine Academy of Social Sciences (1967). Philippine social sciences and humanities review. pp. 40.
  17. ↑ "Island - from English to Latin". Google Translate. Retrieved on 2013-08-07.
  18. ↑ "Definitions of Insular Area Political Organizations" Archived September 25, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.. U.S. Department of the Interior.
  19. ↑ "Insular". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved on 2013-08-07.
  20. ↑ Cahoon (2000)
  21. ↑ Joaquin, Nick (1990). Manila,My Manila. Vera-Reyes, Inc.
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