History of Filipino Americans

Filipinos in what is now the United States were first documented in the 16th century, with small settlements beginning in the 18th century. Mass migration did not begin until the early 20th century, and for a period the History of the Philippines merged with that of the United States. After the independence of the Philippines from the United States, Filipino Americans continued to grow in population and had events that are associated with them.

Immigration history

Migration patterns of immigration of Filipinos to the United States have been recognized as occurring in four significant waves.[1][2] The first was connected to the period when the Philippines was part of New Spain and later the Spanish East Indies; Filipinos, via the Manila galleons, would migrate to North America.[3] In the late 19th century, the first Filipino naturalized and became an American citizen, the author Ramon Reyes Lala.[4]

The second wave was during the period when the Philippines were a territory of the United States; as U.S. Nationals, Filipinos were unrestricted from immigrating to the US by the Immigration Act of 1917 that restricted other Asians.[1][5] This wave of immigration has been referred to as the manong generation.[6] Filipinos of this wave came for different reasons, but the majority were laborers, predominantly Ilocano and Visayan.[1] This wave of immigration was distinct from other Asian Americans, due to American influences, and education, in the Philippines; therefore they did not see themselves as aliens when they immigrated to the United States.[7] During the Great Depression, Filipino Americans were also affected, losing jobs, and being the target of race-based violence.[8] This wave of immigration ended due to the Philippine Independence Act in 1934, which restricted immigration to 50 persons a year.[1]

Later, due to basing agreements with the Philippines, Filipinos were allowed to enlist in the United States Navy, this continued a practice of allowing Filipinos to serve in the Navy that began in 1901.[9] Before the end of World War I Filipino sailors were allowed to serve in a number of ratings, however due to a rules change during the interwar period Filipino sailors were restricted to officers' stewards and mess attendants.[10] Filipinos who immigrated to the United States, due to their military service, were exempt to quota restrictions placed on Filipino immigration at the time.[11] This ended in 1946, following the independence of the Philippines from the United States, but resumed in 1947 due to language inserted into the Military Base Agreement between the United States and the Republic of the Philippines.[9] In 1973, Admiral Zumwalt removed the restrictions on Filipino sailors, allowing them to enter any rate they qualified for;[12] in 1976 there were about 17,000 Filipinos serving in the United States Navy;[9] they created a distinct Navy-related Filipino American immigrant community.[13][14]

The third wave of immigration followed the events of World War II.[15] Filipinos who had served in World War II had been given the option of becoming U.S. Citizens, and many took the opportunity,[16] upwards of 10,000 according to Barkan.[17][18] Filipina War brides were allowed to immigrate to the United States due to War Brides Act and Fiancée Act, with approximately 16,000 Filipinas entering the United States in the years following World War II.[15][19] This immigration was not limited only to Filipinas and children; between 1946 and 1950, there was recorded one Filipino Groom granted immigration under the War Brides Act.[20] A source of immigration was opened up with the Luce-Celler Act of 1946 that gave the Philippines a quota of 100 persons a year; yet records show that 32,201 Filipinos immigrated between 1953 and 1965.[21] This wave ended in 1965.[1]

The fourth and present wave of immigration began in 1965 with passing of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 into law. It ended national quotas into law, and provided an unlimited number of visas for family reunification.[1] By the 1970s and 1980s Filipina wives of service members reach annual rates of five to eight thousand.[22] The Philippines became the source of the largest source of legal immigration to the United States from Asia.[11] Navy based immigration stopped with the expiration of the military bases agreement in 1992;[23] yet it continues in a more limited fashion.[24] Many Filipinas of this new wave of migration have migrated here as professionals due to a shortage in qualified nurses;[25] from 1966 until 1991, at least 35,000 Filipino nurses immigrated to the United States.[14] As of 2005, 55% of foreign-trained registered nurses taking the qualifying exam administered by the Commission on Graduates of Foreign Nursing Schools (CGFNS) were educated in the Philippines.[26]

Immigration from the Philippines to the United States in 2016

This is a graph of the history of Filipino Immigration to the U.S. The source for this data is based on the U.S. Department of Homeland Security 2016 Yearbook Statistics.

In 2016, there were around 50,609 Filipinos who obtained their legal permanent residency, according to the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Of those Filipinos receiving their legal permanent residency status in 2016, 66% were new arrivals, while 34% were immigrants who adjusted their status within the U.S.[27] In 2016, data collected from the U.S. Department of Homeland Security found that the categories of admission for Filipino immigrants were composed mainly of immediate relatives, that is 57% of admissions.[27] This makes the admission of immediate relatives for Filipinos higher than the overall average LPR immigrants, which is composed of only 47.9%. Following immediate relative admission, family sponsored and employment-based admission make up the next highest means of entry for Philippine immigration, with 28% and 14% respectively.[27] Like immediate relative admission, both of these categories are higher than that of the overall U.S. LPR immigrants. Diversity, refugees and asylum, and other categories of admission make up less than a percent of Filipino immigrants granted LPR status in 2016.[27]

Timeline

  • 1573-1811, Roughly between 1556 and 1813, Spain engaged in the Galleon Trade between Manila and Acapulco. The galleons were built in the shipyards of Cavite, outside Manila, by Filipino craftsmen. The trade was funded by Chinese traders, manned by Filipino sailors and "supervised" by Mexico City officials. In this time frame, Spain recruited Mexicans to serve as soldiers in Manila. Likewise, they drafted Filipinos to serve as soldiers in Mexico. Once drafted, the trip across the ocean sometimes came with a "one way" ticket.[28]
  • 1587, First Filipinos ("Luzonians") to set foot in North America arrive in Morro Bay, (San Luis Obispo) California on board the galleon ship Nuestra Senora de Esperanza under the command of Spanish Captain Pedro de Unamuno;[29] Filipinos become the first Asians in California.[30]
  • 1595, Filipino were among the crew aboard the San Augustine when it wrecked near Point Reyes, California.[31]
  • 1763, First permanent Filipino settlements established in North America near Barataria Bay in southern Louisiana.[32][33]
  • 1779, A Filipino mariner, received their confirmation at Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo;[34] the confirmation was conducted by Fr. Junípero Serra.[35]
  • 1781, Antonio Miranda Rodriguez chosen a member of the first group of settlers to establish the City of Los Angeles, California. He and his daughter fell sick with smallpox while en route, and remained in Baja California for an extended time to recuperate. When they finally arrived in Alta California, it was discovered that Miranda Rodriguez was a skilled gunsmith. He was reassigned in 1782 to the Presidio of Santa Barbara as an armorer;[36][37] when he died, he was buried at the presidio's chapel.[38]
  • 1796, The first American trading ship to reach Manila, the Astrea, was commanded by Captain Henry Prince.[39]
  • 1814, During the War of 1812, Filipinos known as, "Manilamen", from Manila Village, near New Orleans, were among the "Baratarians", artillery gunners who fought against the British, under the command of Jean Lafitte and Andrew Jackson, in the Battle of New Orleans.[40][41]
  • 1861-1865, Approximately, 100 Filipinos and Chinese enlist, during the American Civil War, into the Union Army and Union Navy, as well as, serving, in smaller numbers, in the armed forces of the Confederate States of America.[42]
  • 1870, Filipinos mestizos studying in New Orleans form the first Filipino Association in the United States, the "Sociedad de Beneficencia de los Hispanos Filipinos."[43]
José Rizal around the time of his visit to the United States
Philippine Village at the Pan-American Exposition in 1901
Company labor camp for Filipino farm laborers on Ryer Island in 1940
Manila American Cemetery and Memorial
President Truman and members of his party pose on the north steps of the "Little White House," the President's residence in Potsdam, Germany during the Potsdam Conference, with their Filipino stewards.
The building where Domingo and Viernes were assassinated.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Yo, Jackson (2006). Encyclopedia of multicultural psychology. SAGE. p. 216. ISBN 978-1-4129-0948-8. Retrieved September 27, 2009.
  2. ↑ Gary Laderman; Luis León (17 December 2014). Religion and American Cultures: Tradition, Diversity, and Popular Expression, 2nd Edition [4 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 28. ISBN 978-1-61069-110-9.
    Kevin L. Nadal (23 March 2011). Filipino American Psychology: A Handbook of Theory, Research, and Clinical Practice. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 22–26. ISBN 978-1-118-01977-1.
  3. ↑ Marina Estrella Espina (1988). Filipinos in Louisiana. A.F. Laborde.
    Floro L. Mercene (2007). Manila Men in the New World: Filipino Migration to Mexico and the Americas from the Sixteenth Century. UP Press. ISBN 978-971-542-529-2.
    Elliott Robert Barkan (2013). Immigrants in American History: Arrival, Adaptation, and Integration. ABC-CLIO. p. 347. ISBN 978-1-59884-219-7.
  4. ↑ "Ramon Reyes Lala". Los Angeles Herald. 11 September 1898. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
    Everybody's Magazine. North American Company. 1900. pp. 381–388.
    The American Magazine. Crowell-Collier Publishing Company. 1900. p. 97.
    Josephus Nelson Larned; Philip Patterson Wells (1902). The Literature of American History: A Bibliographical Guide, in which the Scope, Character, and Comparative Worth of Books in Selected Lists are Set Forth in Brief Notes by Critics of Authority. American Library Association. p. 272.
    Gomez, Buddy (30 March 2018). "OPINION: The first naturalized Filipino-American". ABS CBN News. Philippines. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
  5. 1 2 Boyd, Monica (1971). "Oriental Immigration: The Experience of the Chinese, Japanese, and Filipino Populations in the United States". The International Migration Review. 5 (1): 48–61. doi:10.2307/3002046. JSTOR 3002046.
  6. ↑ "Filipino American History". Northern California Pilipino American Student Organization. California State University, Chico. January 29, 1998. Retrieved June 7, 2011. These Filipino pioneers were known as the "manong generation" since most of them came from Ilokos Sur, Iloilo, and Cavite in the Philippines.
    "Learn about our culture". Filipino Student Association. Saint Louis University. Archived from the original on September 12, 2007. Retrieved June 7, 2011. These Filipino pioneers were known as the "manong generation" since most of them came from Ilokos Sur, Iloilo, and Cavite in the Philippines.
    Jackson, Yo (2006). Encyclopedia of multicultural psychology. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE. p. 216. ISBN 978-1-4129-0948-8. Retrieved June 7, 2011. Included in this group were Pensionados, Sakadas, Alaskeros, and Manongs primarily from the Illocos and Visayas regions.
  7. ↑ Starr, Kevin (2009). Golden dreams: California in an age of abundance, 1950–1963. New York: Oxford University Press US. p. 450. ISBN 978-0-19-515377-4. Retrieved April 27, 2011. They were, however, officially under the protection of the United States, which governed the Philippines, and herein they took a distinctive characteristics. First of all, they had been inculcated in the Philippines, through the American-sponsored education system and through the general point of view of a colonial society strongly under American influence, in the belief that all men were created equal, in fact and under the law, and that included them. Second, they spoke English, excellently in many cases, thanks once again to the American sponsored educational system in the Philippines. Filipino migrant workers did not see themselves as aliens.
  8. ↑ Austin, Joe; Michael Willard (1998). Generations of youth: youth cultures and history in twentieth-century America. New York: NYU Press. pp. 118–135. ISBN 978-0-8147-0646-6. Retrieved April 27, 2011.
  9. 1 2 3 Hooker, J.S. (July 7, 2006). "Filipinos in the United States Navy". Navy Department Library. United States Navy. Archived from the original on August 20, 2006. Retrieved September 27, 2009.
  10. ↑ Le Espiritu, Yen (2003). Home Bound: Filipino American Lives across Cultures, Communities, and Countries. University of California Press. p. 29. ISBN 9780520235274. Retrieved October 23, 2012.
  11. 1 2 Espiritu, Yen Le; Wolf, Diane L. (1999). "The Paradox of Assimilation: Children of Filipino Immigrants in San Diego -- Yen Espiritu". Research & Seminars. University of California, Davis. Retrieved 13 May 2018.
  12. ↑ Ramon J. Farolan (July 21, 2003). "From Stewards to Admirals: Filipinos in the U.S. Navy". Asian Journal. Archived from the original on March 24, 2009. Retrieved October 23, 2012.
  13. ↑ Le Espiritu, Yen (2003). Home Bound: Filipino American Lives across Cultures, Communities, and Countries. University of California Press. p. 30. ISBN 9780520235274. Retrieved October 23, 2012.
  14. 1 2 David K. Yoo; Eiichiro Azuma (4 January 2016). The Oxford Handbook of Asian American History. Oxford University Press. p. 402. ISBN 978-0-19-986047-0.
  15. 1 2 Arnold, Fred; Cariño, Benjamin V.; Fawcett, James T.; Park, Insook Han (1989). "Estimating the Immigration Multiplier: An Analysis of Recent Korean and Filipino Immigration to the United States". The International Migration Review. 23 (4): 813–838. doi:10.2307/2546463. JSTOR 2546463.
  16. 1 2 "California's Filipino Infantry". The California State Military Museum. Retrieved 2008-01-24.
  17. ↑ Posadas, Barbara Mercedes (1999). The Filipino Americans. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 26. ISBN 978-0-313-29742-7. Retrieved May 19, 2011.
  18. ↑ Barkman, Elliot R. (1983). "Whom Shall We Integrate?: A Comparative Analysis of the Immigration and Naturalization Trends of Asians Before and After the 1965 Immigration Act (1951–1978)". Journal of American Ethnic History. University of Illinois Press. 3 (1): 29–57. JSTOR 27500294.
  19. ↑ Baldoz, Rick (2011). The Third Asiatic Invasion: Migration and Empire in Filipino America, 1898–1946. New York: NYU Press. p. 228. ISBN 978-0-8147-9109-7. Retrieved June 10, 2011.
  20. ↑ Daniels, Roger (2010). Immigration and the legacy of Harry S. Truman: Volume 6 of Truman legacy series. Truman State Univ Press. p. 103. ISBN 978-1-931112-99-4. Retrieved February 7, 2012.
  21. ↑ Segal, Uma Anand (2002). A framework for immigration: Asians in the United States. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 149. ISBN 978-0-231-12082-1. Retrieved April 27, 2011.
  22. ↑ Min, Pyong Gap (2006). Asian Americans: contemporary trends and issues. Thousand Oaks, California: Pine Forge Press. p. 14. ISBN 1-4129-0556-7. Retrieved February 14, 2011.
  23. ↑ MC3 Rialyn Rodrigo (March 1, 2009). "Philippine Enlistment Program Sailors Reflect on Heritage". Navy News Service. Retrieved April 27, 2011.
  24. ↑ Service Officer (October 8, 2008). "USN Recruiters to Visit Philippines October 09, 2008". United States Military Activities Office Davao City, Philippines. Retrieved April 27, 2011.
  25. ↑ Daniels, Roger (2002). Coming to America: a history of immigration and ethnicity in American life. HarperCollins. p. 359. ISBN 978-0-06-050577-6. Retrieved April 27, 2011.
    Espiritu, Yen Le (2005). "Gender, Migration, and Work: Filipina Heath Care Professionals to the United States". Revue européenne des migrations internationales. 21 (1): 55–75. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
  26. ↑ "Philippine Nurses in the U.S.—Yesterday and Today". Minority Nurse. Springer. 30 March 2013. Retrieved 13 May 2018.
  27. 1 2 3 4 "Yearbook 2016". Department of Homeland Security. 2017-05-16. Retrieved 2018-03-04.
  28. ↑ Peterson, Andrew (Spring 2011). "What Really Made the World go Around?: Indio Contributions to the Acapulco-Manila Galleon Trade" (PDF). Explorations. University of Hawaii at Manoa. 11 (1): 3–18.
    Sionil Jose, F.; Mercene, Floro L.; Quiazon, Serafin D. (3 June 2007). "Manila Men in the New World: Filipino Migration to Mexico and the Americas from the 16th Century". Asian Journal. Retrieved 23 April 2018.
  29. ↑ "Historic Site, During the Manila". Michael L. Baird. Retrieved 5 April 2009.
    Eloisa Gomez Borah (1997). "Chronology of Filipinos in America Pre-1989" (PDF). Anderson School of Management. University of California, Los Angeles. Retrieved 25 February 2012.
    Contreras, Shirley (6 November 2016). "Marking Filipino-American history on Central Coast". Santa Maria Times.
  30. ↑ Kevin Starr (February 2006). Coast of Dreams: California on the Edge, 1990-2003. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 158. ISBN 978-0-679-74072-8.
  31. ↑ Kevin Starr (22 June 2011). Coast of Dreams. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 158. ISBN 978-0-307-79526-7.
    Sobredo, James (July 1999). "Filipino Americans in the San Francisco Bay Area, Stockton, and Seattle". Asian American Studies. California State University, Sacramento. Archived from the original on December 29, 2014. Retrieved December 28, 2014.
  32. ↑ Loni Ding (2001). "Part 1. COOLIES, SAILORS AND SETTLERS". NAATA. PBS. Retrieved May 19, 2011. Some of the Filipinos who left their ships in Mexico ultimately found their way to the bayous of Louisiana, where they settled in the 1760s. The film shows the remains of Filipino shrimping villages in Louisiana, where, eight to ten generations later, their descendants still reside, making them the oldest continuous settlement of Asians in America.
    Loni Ding (2001). "1763 FILIPINOS IN LOUISIANA". NAATA. PBS. Retrieved May 19, 2011. These are the "Louisiana Manila men" with presence recorded as early as 1763.
    Welch, Michael Patrick (27 October 2014). "NOLA Filipino History Stretches for Centuries". New Orleans & Me. The Arts Council of New Orleans. Retrieved 18 September 2018.
  33. 1 2 Westbrook, Laura (2008). "Mabuhay Pilipino! (Long Life!): Filipino Culture in Southeast Louisiana". Louisiana Folklife Program. Louisiana Department of Culture, Recreation & Tourism. Retrieved 13 May 2018.
  34. ↑ Joaquin Jay Gonzalez (1 February 2009). Filipino American Faith in Action: Immigration, Religion, and Civic Engagement. NYU Press. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-8147-3297-7.
  35. ↑ Floro L. Mercene (2007). Manila Men in the New World: Filipino Migration to Mexico and the Americas from the Sixteenth Century. UP Press. p. 72. ISBN 978-971-542-529-2.
  36. ↑ "Original Settlers (Pobladores) of El Pueblo de la Reina de Los Angeles, 1781". laalmanac.com. Retrieved 2007-12-27.
    "Art exhibit on arrival of first Filipino in Los Angeles opens". Philippine Daily Inquirer. 10 May 2014. Retrieved 24 July 2018.
  37. ↑ Cordova, Fred (1998). "The Legacy: Creating a Knowledge Base on Filipino Americans". In Pang, Valerie Ooka; Lilly Cheng, Li-Rong. Struggling to Be Heard: The Unmet Needs of Asian Pacific American Children. Social Context of Education. SUNY Press. p. 167. ISBN 9780791438398. Retrieved October 2, 2012.
    David J. Weber (2003). Foreigners in Their Native Land: Historical Roots of the Mexican Americans. UNM Press. pp. 33–35. ISBN 978-0-8263-3510-4.
    Jon Sterngass (2007). Filipino Americans. Infobase Publishing. p. 40. ISBN 978-1-4381-0711-0.
  38. ↑ Acena, Albert A. (Summer 2008). ""Invisible Minority" No More: Filipino Americans in San Mateo County" (PDF). La Peninsula. San Mateo County Historical Association. XXXVII (1): 3–41. Retrieved 28 September 2018.
  39. ↑ Andrew Jampoler (15 November 2015). Embassy to the Eastern Courts: America's Secret First Pivot Toward Asia, 1832Ð37. Naval Institute Press. p. 89. ISBN 978-1-61251-417-8.
    Ralph Delahaye Paine (1912). The Ships and Sailors of Old Salem: The Record of a Brilliant Era of American Achievement. A. C. McClurg. p. 304.
  40. 1 2 3 "Asian American and Pacific Islander Fact Sheet" (PDF). Center for Minority Veterans. United States Department of Veterans Affairs. 17 March 2016. Retrieved 27 April 2018.
  41. ↑ Nancy Dingler (June 23, 2007). "Filipinos made immense contributions in Vallejo". Retrieved 2007-12-27.
  42. ↑ Floro L. Mercene (2007). "Filipinos in the US Civil War". Manila Men in the New World: Filipino Migration to Mexico and the Americas from the Sixteenth Century. Diliman, Quezon City: UP Press. pp. 43–50. ISBN 978-971-542-529-2.
    Foenander, Terry; Milligan, Edward (March 2015). "Asian and Pacific Islanders in the Civil War" (PDF). The Civil War. National Park Service. Retrieved 23 April 2018.
  43. ↑ "Manila Village". Filipino American Heritage Website. Smithsonian Asian Pacific American Program. 2006. Archived from the original on July 20, 2011. Retrieved April 28, 2011. On July 24, 1870, the Spanish-speaking residents of St. Malo founded the first Filipino social club called Sociedad de Beneficencia de los Hispano Filipinos to provide relief and support for the group's members, including the purchasing of a burial places for their deceased.
    Edith Wen-Chu Chen; Glenn Omatsu (2006). Teaching about Asian Pacific Americans: Effective Activities, Strategies, and Assignments for Classrooms and Communities. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-7425-5338-5.
    Kathryn Gin Lum; Paul Harvey (1 March 2018). The Oxford Handbook of Religion and Race in American History. Oxford University Press. p. 447. ISBN 978-0-19-022118-8.
  44. 1 2 3 4 Brian McAllister Linn (1 January 2000). The Philippine War, 1899-1902. University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-0990-1.
  45. ↑ "Ramon Reyes Lala, Only Filipino in America". Los Angeles Herald. 11 September 1898. Retrieved 25 April 2018 – via California Digital Newspaper Collection, University of California, Riverside.
  46. ↑ Bureau of Naval Personnel (October 1976). "Filipinos in the United States Navy". Naval History & Heritage Command. United States Navy. Archived from the original on August 20, 2006. Retrieved October 23, 2012.
    David M. Reimers (2005). "Asians in Hawaii and the United States". Other Immigrants: The Global Origins of the American People. NYU Press. p. 68. ISBN 978-0-8147-7535-6.
    United States; United States. Judge-advocate-general's dept. (Navy); United States. Navy. Office of the Judge Advocate General (1922). "General Order No. 40". Compilation of navy: annotated. [Letters from the acting secretary of the navy transmitting pursuant to Senate resolution no. 262, Sixty-third Congress, a compilation of laws relating to the navy, Navy department, and Marine corps, in force March 4, 1921, with annotations, showing how such laws have been construed and applied by the Navy department, the comptroller of the Treasury, the attorney general, or the courts ... ]. Govt. print. off. p. 856.
  47. ↑ Fisher, Max (4 July 2012). "The One Other Country That Celebrates the Fourth of July (Sort Of)". The Atlantic. Retrieved 27 April 2018. Though American forces effectively defeated the Filipinos in April 1902, President Teddy Roosevelt waited until July 4, 1902, to declare victory.
  48. ↑ United States (1914). Compiled Statutes of the United States, 1913: Embracing the Statutes of the United States of a General and Permanent Nature in Force December 31, 1913, Incorporating Under the Headings of the Revised Statutes the Subsequent Laws, Together with Explanatory and Historical Notes. West publishing Company. pp. 1529–1563.
    "Chronology for the Philippine Islands and Guam in the Spanish-American War". The World of 1898: The Spanish-American War. United States: Library of Congress. 22 June 2011. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
  49. ↑ Bevis, Teresa Brawqner; Christopher J. Lucas (2007). International students in American colleges and universities: a history. New York: Macmillan. p. 75. ISBN 978-0-230-60011-9. Retrieved April 25, 2011.
  50. ↑ Orosa, Mario E. "The Philippine Pensionado Story" (PDF). Orosa Family. Retrieved 23 April 2018.
    Roces, Mina (9 December 2014). "Filipina/o Migration to the United States and the Remaking of Gender Narratives, 1906–2010". Gender & History. 27 (1): 190–206. doi:10.1111/1468-0424.12097. Retrieved 23 April 2018.
    2005 Congressional Record, Vol. 151, Page S13594 (14 December 2005)
  51. ↑ Paul A. Kramer (13 December 2006). The Blood of Government: Race, Empire, the United States, and the Philippines. Univ of North Carolina Press. p. 325. ISBN 978-0-8078-7717-3.
    Martin F. Manalansan; Augusto Espiritu (10 May 2016). Filipino Studies: Palimpsests of Nation and Diaspora. NYU Press. p. 140. ISBN 978-1-4798-3851-6.
    Philippines. Legislature. Philippine Commission; William Howard Taft (1908). Journal of the Philippine commission: being the inaugural session of the first Philippine Legislature, begun and held at the city of Manila October 16, 1907 [to February 1, 1908]. Bureau of printing. p. 95.
  52. ↑ Annual report of the Secretary of War. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1915. p. 11. Retrieved April 27, 2011.
  53. ↑ Marc Lawrence. "Filipino Martial Arts in the United States" (PDF). South Bay Filipino Martial Arts Club. Retrieved April 27, 2011. In 1910 the U.S. began sending one outstanding Filipino soldier per year to West Point, and by 1941 some of these men had risen to the rank of senior officers.
  54. ↑ Wong, M. Ted (20 May 2013). "Asian-Pacific Americans are an integral part of American military story". San Antonio Express-News. Retrieved 27 April 2018.
    Defense Equal Opportunity Management Institute (19 May 2017). "May is Asian American and Pacific Islander Heritage Month". March Air Reserve Base. United States Air Force. Retrieved 27 April 2018.
    Susan B. Gall; Irene Natividad (1995). The Asian-American Almanac: A Reference Work on Asians in the United States. Gale Research. ISBN 978-0-8103-9193-2.
  55. ↑ Elizabeth Reis (17 January 2012). American Sexual Histories. John Wiley & Sons. p. 198. ISBN 978-1-4443-3929-1.
    Peggy Pascoe (2009). What Comes Naturally: Miscegenation Law and the Making of Race in America. Oxford University Press. pp. 91–92. ISBN 978-0-19-509463-3.
  56. ↑ "Filipino American Association of Philadelphia, Inc". Retrieved March 2011. Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  57. ↑ "Filipino-American Association of Philadelphia Inc". Asian Journal. February 1, 2012. Archived from the original on March 7, 2012. Retrieved March 20, 2012. The organization drafted its constitution and by-laws and became charted in the city of Philadelphia and incorporated in the State of Pennsylvania in 1917. FAAPI is the oldest ongoing organization of Filipinos and Filipino-Americans in the Delaware Valley and perhaps in the U.S.
  58. ↑ Miller, Daniel G. (2009). American Military Strategy During the Moro Insurrection in the Philippines 1903-1913 (PDF) (thesis for Master of Military Art and Science). Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: U.S. Army Command and General Staff College. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
  59. ↑ "Asian and Pacific Island American Heritage" (PDF). Defense Equal Opportunity Management Institute. 1998. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 25, 2011. Retrieved March 1, 2011.
    Rodney Jaleco (19 October 2010). "Pinoy WWII vets still top Fil-Am concern". ABS-CBN. Retrieved 16 January 2011.
    Huping Ling; Allan W. Austin (17 March 2015). Asian American History and Culture: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 298. ISBN 978-1-317-47645-0.
    "Telesforo Trinidad". Naval History and Heritage Command. United States Navy. 20 February 2015. Retrieved 27 April 2018.
  60. ↑ Kramer, Paul Alexander (2006). The blood of government: race, empire, the United States, & the Philippines. UNC Press. p. 384. ISBN 978-0-8078-5653-6. Retrieved 22 November 2009.
    "For Philippine Defense" (PDF). New York Times. 1921-12-07. p. 1.
  61. ↑ Paul Alexander Kramer (2006). The Blood of Government: Race, Empire, the United States, & the Philippines. Univ of North Carolina Press. p. 384. ISBN 978-0-8078-2985-1.
    Akers, Regina T. (April 2017). "Asian Americans in the U.S. Military with an emphasis on the U.S. Navy". Naval History and Heritage Command. United States Navy. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
  62. ↑ Budnick, Rich (2005). Hawaii's Forgotten History: 1900-1999: The Good...The Bad...The Embarrassing. Honolulu, Hawaii: Aloha Press. p. 31. ISBN 0944081045. Retrieved July 8, 2015.
  63. ↑ Maria P. P. Root (20 May 1997). Filipino Americans: Transformation and Identity. SAGE. pp. 12–13. ISBN 978-0-7619-0579-0.
    Fresco, Crystal (2004). "Cannery Workers' and Farm Laborers' Union 1933-39: Their Strength in Unity". Seattle Civil Rights & Labor History Project. University of Washington. Retrieved 23 April 2018.
    Huping Ling; Allan W. Austin (17 March 2015). Asian American History and Culture: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 259. ISBN 978-1-317-47645-0.
    Sugar Y Azúcar. Mona Palmer. 1920. p. 166.
  64. ↑ A. F. Hinriehs (1945). Labor Unionism in American Agriculture (Report). United States Department of Labor. p. 129 – via Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis.
  65. ↑ Hill, Tiffany (30 December 2009). "A Massacre Forgotten". Honolulu. aio Media Group. Retrieved 5 May 2018.
    Soboleski, Hank (10 September 2006). "Pablo Manlapit and the Hanapepe Massacre". The Garden Island. Kauai. Retrieved 5 May 2018.
    Edward D. Beechert (1985). Working in Hawaii: A Labor History. University of Hawaii Press. p. 222. ISBN 978-0-8248-0890-7.
  66. 1 2 "IV. Timeline: Asian Americans in Washington State History". Center for the Study of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington. Retrieved April 27, 2011.
  67. 1 2 3 Lott, Juanita Tamayo (2006). Common destiny: Filipino American generations. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-7425-4651-6. Retrieved April 27, 2011.
  68. 1 2 3 Lucky Meisenheimer, MD. "Pedro Flores". nationalyoyo.org. Archived from the original on December 19, 2007. Retrieved 2007-12-27.
  69. ↑ Jamieson, Stuart Marshall (1946). Labor unionism in American agriculture. Ayer Publishing. p. 211. ISBN 978-0-405-09508-5. Retrieved April 27, 2011.
  70. ↑ "Remembering the Watsonville Riots". modelminority.com. Archived from the original on May 3, 2005. Retrieved 2007-12-27.
    Starr, Kevin (2009). Golden dreams: California in an age of abundance, 1950–1963. New York: Oxford University Press US. p. 451. ISBN 978-0-19-515377-4. Retrieved April 27, 2011.
    Jones, Donna (4 September 2011). "Riots in 1930 revealed Watsonville racism: California apologizes to Filipino Americans". Santa Cruz Sentinel. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
    Cecilia M. Tsu (1 June 2013). Garden of the World: Asian Immigrants and the Making of Agriculture in California's Santa Clara Valley. Oxford University Press. p. 184. ISBN 978-0-19-991062-5.
  71. ↑ Perez, Frank Ramos; Perez, Leatrice Bantillo (1994). "The Long Struggle for Acceptance: Filipinos in San Joaquin County" (PDF). The San Joaquin Historian. The San Joaquin County Historical Society. 8 (4): 3–18. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
    Dawn B. Mabalon, Ph.D.; Rico Reyes; Filipino American National Historical So (2008). Filipinos in Stockton. Arcadia Publishing. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-7385-5624-6.
  72. ↑ Camilla Fojas; Rudy P. Guevarra, Jr. (1 June 2012). Transnational Crossroads: Remapping the Americas and the Pacific. U of Nebraska Press. p. 195. ISBN 0-8032-4088-0.
    Rudy P. Guevarra, Jr. (9 May 2012). Becoming Mexipino: Multiethnic Identities and Communities in San Diego. Rutgers University Press. pp. 108–109. ISBN 978-0-8135-5326-9.
  73. ↑ Min, Pyong-Gap (2006), Asian Americans: contemporary trneds and issues, Pine Forge Press, p. 189, ISBN 978-1-4129-0556-5
  74. ↑ Irving G. Tragen (September 1944). "Statutory Prohibitions against Interracial Marriage". California Law Review. 32 (3): 269–280. doi:10.2307/3476961. , citing Cal. Stats. 1933, p. 561.
    Association of American Law Schools (1950). Selected essays on family law. Foundation Press. pp. 279. The second disttinct change came in 1933 when the word "Malay" was added to the prohibited class,. Cal. Stats. 1933, p. 561.
    University of California, Berkeley. School of Law; University of California, Berkeley School of Jurisprudence (1944). California law review. School of Jurisprudence of the University of California. pp. 272. All marriages of white persons with Negros, Mongolians, members of the Malay race, of mulattos are illegal and void.
  75. ↑ "The Philippine Independence Act (Tydings-McDuffie Act)". Chanrobles Law Library. March 24, 1934. Retrieved 2007-12-27.
  76. ↑ A. F. Hinriehs (1945). Labor Unionism in American Agriculture (Report). United States Department of Labor. pp. 129–130 – via Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis.
    "Salinas Scene of Race Riots with Filipinos: None Hurt as Angry Crowd Routs Islanders". Healdsburg Tribune. United Press. 22 September 1934. Retrieved 24 April 2018 – via California Digital Newspaper Collection, University of California, Riverside.
  77. ↑ George S. Cuhaj (19 October 2009). Standard Catalog of World Paper Money, Specialized Issues. Krause Publications. p. 901. ISBN 1-4402-2803-5.
    Charles B. McLane (8 December 2015). Soviet Strategies in Southeast Asia: An Exploration of Eastern Policy under Lenin and Stalin. Princeton University Press. p. 222. ISBN 978-1-4008-7966-3.
    National Geographic Society (U.S.) (2008). 1000 Events that Shaped the World. National Geographic. p. 318. ISBN 978-1-4262-0314-5.
    Yuji Uesugi (2014). Peacebuilding and Security Sector Governance in Asia. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 57. ISBN 978-3-643-80169-2.
  78. ↑ Chua, Philip S. (27 April 2003). "Fe del Mundo, M.D.: At 94, still in the practice of Pediatrics". The Sunday Times Magazine. Retrieved 26 December 2007.
    Kate Schatz (27 September 2016). Rad Women Worldwide: Artists and Athletes, Pirates and Punks, and Other Revolutionaries Who Shaped History. Potter/TenSpeed/Harmony. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-399-57887-8.
  79. ↑ "Filipino Americans". Commission on Asian Pacific American Affairs. Archived from the original on September 23, 2006. Retrieved 2007-12-27.
  80. ↑ Mark L. Lazarus III. "An Historical Analysis of Alien Land Law: Washington Territory & State 1853–1889". Seattle University School of Law. Seattle University. Archived from ""washington+supreme+Court"+unconstitutional+Filipino+"Alien+Land+Law"" the original on July 22, 2011. Retrieved May 23, 2011. Finally, the only other reported case on alien land rights went before the Washington Supreme Court in early 1941. The court held that a 1937 amendment to the alien land law was unconstitutional inasmuch as it might disable citizens of the Philippines.30'
  81. ↑ Espiritu, Yen le (1993). Asian American panethnicity: bridging institutions and identities. Temple University Press. p. 23. ISBN 978-1-56639-096-5. Retrieved March 18, 2011.
  82. ↑ Takaki, Ronald (1998). Strangers from a different shore: a history of Asian Americans (PDF). Little, Brown. p. 591. ISBN 978-0-316-83130-7. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 19, 2009. Retrieved April 28, 2011. Filipinos wore buttons saying, 'I am Filiipino'."
  83. ↑ "An Untold Triumph". Asian American Studies. California State University, Sacramento. Retrieved April 27, 2011. Facing discrimination and hard times here in California and all along the west coast, thousands of Filipinos worked in agricultural fields, in the service industry, and in other low paying jobs. The war provided the opportunity for Filipinos to fight for the United States and prove their loyalty as Americans.
  84. 1 2 Espiritu, Yen Le (1995). Filipino American lives. Temple University Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-1-56639-317-1. Retrieved January 26, 2011.
  85. ↑ General Staff of Douglas MacArthur; Harold W. Nelson; Harold Keith Johnson; Douglas MacArthur (1994) [1966]. "Chapter X: Guerrilla Activities in the Philippines". Reports of General MacArthur. Center of Military History. pp. 295–326. LCCN 66-60005.
  86. ↑ Leyte Gulf Landings: 50th Anniversary, October 20, 1994, Palo, Leyte, Philippines. National Committee. 1994. p. 23.
    Walter R. Borneman (10 May 2016). MacArthur at War: World War II in the Pacific. Little, Brown. p. 528. ISBN 978-0-316-40531-7.
    James W. Zobel (1 April 2015). MacArthur: The Supreme Commander at War in the Pacific. Stackpole Books. p. 162. ISBN 978-0-8117-1547-8.
    Cosgrove, Ben (9 November 2014). "LIFE With MacArthur: The Landing at Luzon, the Philippines, 1945". Time. Meredith Corporation. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
    US General MacArthur commanding the assault on Leyte in World War II, accompanied...HD Stock Footag (YouTube video). Critical Past. 30 June 2014.
  87. ↑ General Staff of Douglas MacArthur; Harold W. Nelson; Harold Keith Johnson; Douglas MacArthur (1994) [1966]. "Chapter VII: The Philippines: Strategic Objective". Reports of General MacArthur. Center of Military History. pp. 166–195. LCCN 66-60005.
    Samuel Eliot Morison (2002). The Liberation of the Philippines - Luzon, Mindanao, the Visayas, 1944 - 1945. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-07064-8. <
    Tucker, Dr. Spencer C.; Roberts, Dr. Priscilla Mary (2007). "The Philippines (Leyte Gulf)". The War. WETA. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
  88. ↑ Cabotaje, Michael A. (January 1999). "Equity Denied: Historical and Legal Analyses in Support of the Extension of U.S. Veterans' Benefits to Filipino World War II Veterans". Asian American Law Journal. 6 (1): 67–97. doi:10.15779/Z38129V. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
    Rodis, Rodel (19 February 2016). "70th anniversary of the infamous Rescission Act of 1946". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
    Guillermo, Emil (18 February 2016). "Forgotten: The Battle Thousands of WWII Veterans Are Still Fighting". NBC News. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
    Conclara, Rommel (22 February 2016). "Fight for Filvets' benefits continues on 70th anniversary of Rescission Act". ABS CBN News. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
  89. ↑ "8 FAM 301.12 Special Citizenship Provisions Regarding the Philippines". Foreign Affairs Manual and Handbook. United States Department of State. 27 June 2018. Retrieved 18 July 2018. Not until August, 1946, did the INS designate a new § 702 official for the Philippines, who naturalized approximately 4,000 Filipinos before the December 31, 1946, expiration date of the 1940 Act.
  90. ↑ "Treaty of General Relations Between the United States of America and the Republic of the Philippines. Signed at Manila, on 4 July 1946" (PDF). United Nations. Archived from the original (pdf) on July 23, 2011. Retrieved 2007-12-10.
  91. ↑ "Author, Poet, and Worker: The World of Carlos Bulosan". Digital Collections. University of Washington. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
  92. ↑ Bonus, Rick (2000). Locating Filipino Americans: ethnicity and the cultural politics of space. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. p. 42. ISBN 978-1-56639-779-7. Retrieved April 27, 2011.
  93. ↑ "20th Century – Post WWII". Asian American Studies. Dartmouth College. Retrieved April 27, 2011. Filipino Naturalization Act grants US citizenship to filipinos who had arrived before March 24, 1943.
  94. ↑ Guillermo, Emil (9 October 2015). "First Asian-American Woman to Win Olympic Gold Medal Gets New Recognition". NBC News. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
    McLellan, Dennis (29 April 2010). "Victoria Manalo Draves dies at 85; Olympic gold medal diver". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
    Light, Claire (14 March 2010). "Women's History Month Profile: Victoria Manalo Draves". Hyphen. Asian Americans for Civil Rights and Equality. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
  95. ↑ "Perez vs. Sharp – End to Miscegenation Laws in California". Los Angeles Almanac. Retrieved 2007-12-27.
  96. ↑ Lott, Juanita Tamayo (2006). Common destiny: Filipino American generations. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-7425-4651-6. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
  97. ↑ Borreca, Richard (22 February 2007). "Lawmaker first U.S. Filipino to hold office: Peter Aduja / 1920-2007". Honolulu Star Bulletin. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
  98. ↑ Lariosa, Joseph (26 June 2013). "Fil-Am was 1st Asian to play in major league baseball". Filipino Star News. Michigan. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
    Hillinger, Charles (10 January 1990). "San Pedro's Bobby Balcena Dead at 64 : Baseball: He will be remembered as the only Filipino to make it to the major leagues". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
    Joel S. Franks (1 July 2008). Asian Pacific Americans and Baseball: A History. McFarland. p. 166. ISBN 978-0-7864-3291-2.
  99. ↑ Andaya, Leonard; Mateo, Grace; Asubar, Carmel; Dela Cruz, Brandon (1999). "Filipino Migrants as a Result of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965". The Philippine History Site. University of Hawaii at Manoa. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
    POSADAS; Barbara Mercedes Posadas (1999). The Filipino Americans. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-313-29742-7.
  100. ↑ Filipino Memorial Project (25 April 2011). Remembering the Leadership of Filipino Farmworkers in the 1965 Delano Grape Strike: A Memorial to their Dedication and Legacy (PDF) (Report). City of Milpitas. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
    Galila, Wilfred (16 November 2017). "Children's book on Fil-Am labor hero Larry Itliong is in the works". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved 25 April 2017.
    "Historical society pans 'Cesar Chavez' film for inaccuracies". Philippine Daily Inquirer. 1 April 2014. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
    Ardis, Kelly (1 September 2015). "Filipino-Americans: The forgotten leaders of '65 grape strike". The Bakersfield Californian. TBC Media. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
    Berestein Rojas, Leslie (1 April 2011). "The forgotten history of the Filipino laborers who worked with Cesar Chavez". SCPR. Pasadena. Retrieved 4. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  101. ↑ Soong, Tina (14 September 2016). "Filipino American culture celebrations coming New Orleans-wide Oct. 8-9". The Times-Picayune. New Orleans. Retrieved 13 May 2018.
  102. ↑ Theodore S. Gonzalves (25 September 2009). The Day the Dancers Stayed: Performing in the Filipino/American Diaspora. Temple University Press. p. 114. ISBN 978-1-59213-730-5.
    Lon Kurashige; Alice Yang (6 July 2015). Major Problems in Asian American History. Cengage Learning. p. 331. ISBN 978-1-305-85560-1.
  103. ↑ Pilipino American Alliance ~ UC Berkeley Archived March 23, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
    Gonzalves, Theodore S. (2009). The Day the Dancers Stayed: Performing in the Filipino/American Diaspora. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Temple University Press. p. 114. ISBN 978-1-59213-729-9. Retrieved April 30, 2011. Many Filipino student organizations have histories that coincide with the political awakenings of students on college campuses in the late 1960s and early 1970s, For example, San Francisco Statue University's Pilipino American Collegiate Endeavor (PACE) was founded in 1967; the Pilipino American Alliance (PAA) at the University of California (UC), Berkeley, was funded in 1969; Samahang Pilipino at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), was founded in 1972; and Kababayan at the University of California, Irvine, was founded in 1974.
  104. ↑ 1986 Congressional Record, Vol. 132, Page 9943 (May 7)
  105. ↑ "First Fil-Am elected in the US Mainland: Larry Asera". Asian Journal. August 19, 2009. Archived from the original on July 7, 2011. Retrieved March 10, 2011.
  106. ↑ Dorothy Cordova; Chung H. Chuong; Robert H. Hyung Chan Kim; Franklin Ng; Jane Singh (1999). Distinguished Asian Americans: A Biographical Dictionary. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 238–239. ISBN 978-0-313-28902-6.
    "Family Conenctions, February Issue" (PDF). Hawaii State Bar Association. February 2015. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
  107. ↑ TenBruggencate, Jan (30 August 2007). "Eduardo Malapit, first U.S. mayor of Filipino descent, 74". Honolulu Advertiser. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
    Paula D. McClain; Joseph Stewart Jr. (16 July 2013). "Can We All Get Along?": Racial and Ethnic Minorities in American Politics. Avalon Publishing. p. 194. ISBN 978-0-8133-4716-5.
  108. ↑ Yu, Brandon (11 August 2017). "A community lost, a movement born". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
    Harrell, Ashley (30 April 2011). "The International Hotel". New York Times. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
    Franko, Kantele (4 August 2007). "I-Hotel, 30 years later - Manilatown legacy honored". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
    Habal, Estella (2015). "San Francisco's International Hotel". Temple University Press. Temple University. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
  109. ↑ Banel, Feliks (18 October 2015). "A Seattle Murder Mystery Turned International Conspiracy". KUOW. Seattle. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
    Serrano, Barbara A. (9 March 1991). "Baruso Guilty Of One Murder -- Former Union Leader's Term Means He Must Serve Life Without Parole". Seattle Times. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
    Wicker, Tom (21 May 1982). "In the Nation; A Manila Connection". New York Times. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
    Ron Chew (2012). Remembering Silme Domingo and Gene Viernes: The Legacy of Filipino American Labor Activism. University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0-295-99190-0.
  110. ↑ Sterngass, Jon (2006). Robert D. Johnston, ed. Filipino Americans. New York: Infobase Publishing. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-7910-8791-6. Retrieved June 5, 2011.
    Nick Edwards (17 January 2013). The Rough Guide to San Francisco and the Bay Area. Rough Guides. p. 81. ISBN 978-1-4053-9041-5.
  111. 1 2 Jon Sterngass (2007). Filipino Americans. Infobase Publishing. p. 107. ISBN 978-1-4381-0711-0.
  112. ↑ Mart Martin (24 April 2018). The Almanac Of Women And Minorities In American Politics 2002. Taylor & Francis. p. 206. ISBN 978-0-429-97648-3.
    "DAVID M. VALDERRAMA". Former Delegates. Maryland State Archives. 29 September 2015. Retrieved 26 April 2018.
  113. ↑ Ramos, George (18 December 1990). "Long Fight Over for Filipino Vets : Citizenship: The promise of recognition made by President Franklin D. Roosevelt is finally fulfilled for guerrillas who fought alongside U.S. troops in World War II". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 26 April 2018.
    2007 Congressional Record, Vol. 153, Page S13622 (23 May 2007)
  114. ↑ Berestein, Leslie (28 May 1995). "A Debt Unpaid : In 1946, the U.S. Reneged on a Wartime Promise of Citizenship and Full Veterans' Benefits to Filipino Soldiers Who Played a Crucial Role Fighting With American Troops in the Pacific. When Congress Did Finally Grant Citizenship in 1990, More Than 20,000 Men Left the Philippines and Came to This Country--Many Settling In L.A. Here, They Continue to Wait for What Is Due Them. Poor and Too Old to Find Work, They Live Together in Cramped Apartments, Surviving on Meager Social Security Checks. Their Hope Is That One Day They Will Be Reunited With Their Loved Ones From Their Homeland". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 26 April 2018.
  115. ↑ Rene Ciria Cruz; Cindy Domingo; Bruce Occena (17 September 2017). A Time to Rise: Collective Memoirs of the Union of Democratic Filipinos (KDP). University of Washington Press. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-295-74203-8.
    Pei-Te Lien (17 June 2010). Making Of Asian America: Through Political Participation. Temple University Press. p. 101. ISBN 978-1-4399-0543-2.
    "Velma Veloria". Seattle Civil Rights & Labor History Project. University of Washington. 2004. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
  116. 1 2 3 South, Garry (27 October 2013). "The Fil-Am Community in California: Political Influence Doesn't Match the Numbers". Asian Journal. Retrieved 28 April 2018 – via Garry South Group.
  117. ↑ Rueda, Nimfa U. (9 November 2012). "At least 14 Fil-Am politicians winners in US elections". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved 28 April 2018. In Virginia, Robert “Bobby” Scott, the first American of Filipino descent to serve in the US Congress, was elected to an 11th term, beating Republican Dean Longo.
    Black Americans in Congress, 1870-2007. Government Printing Office. 2008. p. 735. ISBN 978-0-16-080194-5.
  118. ↑ Mariano, Connie; Martin, Michel (22 July 2010). The White House Doctor. National Public Radio. Retrieved 27 April 2018.
    "Former White House Physician Connie Mariano Visits Stevens, Inspires Future Women Leaders". Campus & Community. Stevens Institute of Technology. 1 March 2018. Retrieved 27 April 2018.
    "E. Connie Mariano, MD, FACP". American Medical Women's Association. Retrieved 27 April 2018.
    Desselle, John R. (28 April 2016). "Celebrating Asian American and Pacific Islanders in Naval History". The Sextant. United States Navy. Retrieved 27 April 2018.
  119. ↑ H.G., Reza (27 February 1992). "Navy to Stop Recruiting Filipino Nationals : Defense: The end of the military base agreement with the Philippines will terminate the nearly century-old program". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 4 September 2018.
    Rowe, Peter (27 July 2015). "Deep ties connect Filipinos, Navy and San Diego". San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved 4 September 2018.
  120. ↑ Saranillio, Dean Itsuji (September 2011). "Kēwaikaliko's Benocide: Reversing the Imperial Gaze of Rice v. Cayetano and its Legal Progeny". American Quarterly. The Johns Hopkins University Press. 62 (3): 457–476. JSTOR 40983415.
    Essoyan, Susan (26 December 1994). "POLITICS : New Governor Making Waves in Honolulu : Ben Cayetano's Cabinet appointments have already ruffled feathers. His style gives fits to the Establishment". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 26 April 2018.
    Karen Sirvaitis (1 August 2010). The Asian Pacific American Experience. Twenty-First Century Books. p. 70. ISBN 978-0-7613-4089-8.
  121. ↑ Reed Ueda Ph.D. (21 September 2017). America's Changing Neighborhoods: An Exploration of Diversity through Places [3 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 577. ISBN 978-1-4408-2865-2.
    "Sunday, 24 April 2011 Login Edit Feedback Historic Filipinotown With Mural/ Adobo Nation's La Chika". TFC. Retrieved 15 January 2011.
    "Famous Fil Am Muralist Returns to Filipinotown". INQUIRER. June 22, 2006. Archived from the original on September 25, 2012. Retrieved April 25, 2011.
  122. ↑ Fortuna, Julius F. (23 August 2007). "Yano takes over Philippine Army". The Manila Times. Retrieved 17 January 2013.
    "Lieutenant General EDWARD SORIANO". Fort Riley. United States Army. Archived from the original on 17 October 2013. Retrieved 6 April 2013.
    Hackett, Gerald A. (23 September 1994). "Executive Calendar" (PDF). United States Senate. Retrieved 27 April 2018.
  123. ↑ Antonio T. Tiongson; Edgardo V. Gutierrez; Ricardo Valencia Gutierrez (2006). Positively No Filipinos Allowed: Building Communities and Discourse. Temple University Press. p. 105. ISBN 978-1-59213-123-5.
    Richard Greenwald; Daniel Katz (3 July 2012). Labor Rising: The Past and Future of Working People in America. New Press. pp. 282–283. ISBN 978-1-59558-798-5.
    1999 Congressional Record, Vol. 145, Page H28904 (8 November 1999)
  124. ↑ "Seattle to mark Carlos Bulosan's 100th with memorial events". Philippine Daily Inquirer. 6 November 2014. Retrieved 27 April 2018.
    De Leon, Ferdinand M. (8 August 1999). "Carlos Bulosan, In The Heart -- `He Was An Integral Part Of Seattle ... And Of The Filipino Community'". Seattle Times. Retrieved 27 April 2018.
  125. ↑ John A. Patterson (May 11, 2007). "Philippine Scout Heroes of WWII". History. Philippine Scouts Heritage Society. Retrieved May 22, 2009.
  126. 1 2 Aquino, Belinda (2005). "Filipinos in Hawaii". The Honolulu Advisor. Gannett Co. Retrieved 27 April 2018.
  127. ↑ Xiaojian Zhao; Edward J.W. Park Ph.D. (26 November 2013). Asian Americans: An Encyclopedia of Social, Cultural, Economic, and Political History [3 volumes]: An Encyclopedia of Social, Cultural, Economic, and Political History. ABC-CLIO. p. 937. ISBN 978-1-59884-240-1.
  128. ↑ Gutierrez, Ricardo (April 10, 2009). "AMEDDC&S NCOs honor WWII heroes". Fort Sam Houston. United States Army. Retrieved June 26, 2009.
    Wilcox, Laura (May 24, 2008). "Veteran lobbies for Bataan Death March memorial". The Herald-Dispatch. Champion Publishing Inc. Retrieved June 26, 2009.
  129. ↑ "Citizenship Retention and Re-acquisition Act of 2003". Philippine Government, Bureau of Immigration. August 29, 2003. Archived from the original on February 8, 2005. Retrieved 2006-12-19.
  130. ↑ "Implementing Rules and Regulations for R.A. 9225". Philippine Government, Bureau of Immigration. Archived from the original on October 3, 2006. Retrieved 2006-12-19.
  131. ↑ Lim, Lydia (7 September 2006). "A Life's Work Washed Away". Diverse. Cox, Matthews, and Associates, Inc. Retrieved 18 September 2018.
    David Starkey (2007). Living Blue in the Red States. U of Nebraska Press. p. 282. ISBN 0-8032-0985-1.
  132. ↑ "Garcetti Unveils Nation's First Filipino Veterans Memorial" (PDF). Eric Garcetti, President, los Angeles city council. November 13, 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 20, 2011. Retrieved 2007-12-27.
  133. 1 2 2014 Named Freeways, Highways, Structures and Other Appurtenances in California (PDF) (Report). California Department of Transportation. 2014. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 30, 2015. Retrieved May 19, 2018.
  134. ↑ Amparo, Malou (5 June 2012). "The First Filipino-American Highway in the U.S." Bakit Why. Retrieved 19 May 2018.
  135. ↑ "109th Congress, H.CON.RES.218, Recognizing the centennial of sustained immigration from the Philippines to the United States ..." U.S. Library of Congress. December 15, 2005. Retrieved 2016-08-23.
  136. ↑ "The Filipino Century Beyond Hawaii". Center for Philippine Studies, University of Hawaii at Manoa. December 13–17, 2006. Retrieved May 3, 2011.
  137. ↑ Montoya, Carina Monica (2009). Los Angeles's Historic Filipinotown. Arcadia Publishing. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-7385-6954-3.
  138. ↑ Johnson, Julie (August 9, 2008). "Stockton native to lead church". Recordnet.com.
  139. ↑ "Filipino-American History MOnth". California Teachers Association. Retrieved 28 April 2018.
    "California Declares Filipino American History Month". San Francisco Business Times. 10 September 2009. Retrieved 28 April 2018.
    "Filipino American History Month". San Diego Continuing Education. San Diego Community College District.
    Ang, Walter (26 October 2017). "Some books on Filipino American history". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved 28 April 2018.
  140. ↑ "AUSTRIA STATEMENT FOR EVENT AT PHILIPPINES EMBASSY". Official House of Representatives website of Rep. Steve Austria. Archived from the original on March 20, 2010. Retrieved June 18, 2010.
    Lorraine H. Tong (2000). Asian Pacific Americans in the United States Congress. DIANE Publishing. p. 1. ISBN 978-1-4379-2908-9.
    McCarty, Mary (1 January 2013). "Steve Austria looks back on career in Congress". Dayton Daily News. Retrieved 28 April 2018. Austria made history in 2008 when he became the first son of a Filipino immigrant elected to the U.S. Houseof Representatives.
    Thomas Borstelmann (2012). The 1970s: A New Global History from Civil Rights to Economic Inequality. Princeton University Press. p. 293. ISBN 0-691-14156-8.
  141. ↑ "Mona Pasquil named interim Lt. Governor of CA". Asian Pacific Americans for Progress. November 6, 2009. Archived from the original on July 22, 2011. Retrieved January 25, 2011.
  142. ↑ Kevin L. Nadal; Filipino-American National Historical Society Metropolitan New York Chapter (2015). Filipinos in New York City. Arcadia Publishing. p. 101. ISBN 978-1-4671-2308-2.
    Pastor, Christina DC (24 February 2018). "First Fil-Am Federal Judge Lorna Schofield: 'I had no Filipino consciousness growing up'". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
    "CAPAC Leaders Applaud Schofield Nomination" (Press release). https://capac-chu.house.gov/press-release/capac-leaders-applaud-schofield-nomination. Congressional Asian Pacific American Caucus. 25 April 2012. Retrieved 1 May 2018. External link in |publisher= (help)
  143. ↑ Pimentel, Joseph (9 October 2013). "California writing Filipino Americans into the history books". Public Radio International. Minneapolis, Minnesota. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
  144. ↑ "Six of Weber's 2014 Bills Signed by Governor". Dr. Shirley Weber. California State Assembly Democratic Caucus. 13 October 2014. Retrieved 19 May 2018.
  145. ↑ Rocha, Veronica (23 February 2015). "2 Inland Empire men sentenced in terrorist plot to kill Americans". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 28 April 2018.
    Angeles, Steve (26 September 2014). "SoCal Jury finds Filipino Terror Suspect Guilty". Balitang America. ABS-CBN News. Retrieved 28 April 2018.
  146. ↑ Parr, Rebecca (11 August 2016). "Union City school first in nation named for Filipino-Americans". Mercury News. San Jose, California. Retrieved 27 April 2018.
    "Union City school to be first named after Filipino-Americans in US". KGO. San Francisco. 14 December 2015. Retrieved 27 April 2018.
  147. ↑ Lam, Charles (6 March 2017). "First Filipino-American Bishop to Lead Diocese to Be Installed". NBC News. Retrieved 28 April 2018.
    Mikita, Caoline (7 March 2017). "Oscar Solis is the first Filipino American Catholic Bishop, a Northern Utah congregation celebrates". KSL. Salt Lake City. Retrieved 28 April 2018.
    Brockhaus, Hannah (11 January 2017). "First Filipino-Born Bishop Will Head a U.S. Diocese". EWTN. Retrieved 28 April 2018 – via National Catholic Register.
  148. ↑ Sciaudone, Christiana (11 February 2004). "Filipino American Bishop Is the First". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 28 April 2018.
  149. ↑ Bureau, INQUIRER.net US. "Fil-Am writer wins top U.S. prize for children's novel | INQUIRER.net". usa.inquirer.net. Retrieved 2018-07-04.

Further reading

  • Fred Cordova (1983). Filipinos, Forgotten Asian Americans: A Pictorial Essay, 1763-circa 1963. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-8403-2897-7.
  • Filipino Oral History Project (1984). Voices, a Filipino American oral history. Filipino Oral History Project.
  • Ronald T. Takaki (1994). In the Heart of Filipino America: Immigrants from the Pacific Isles. Chelsea House. ISBN 978-0-7910-2187-3.
  • John Wenham (1994). Filipino Americans: Discovering Their Past for the Future (VHS). Filipino American National Historical Society.
  • Joseph Galura; Emily P. Lawsin (2002). 1945-1955 : Filipino women in Detroit. OCSL Press, University of Michigan. ISBN 978-0-9638136-4-0.
  • Choy, Catherine Ceniza (2003). Empire of Care: Nursing and Migration in Filipino American History. Duke University Press. p. 2003. ISBN 9780822330899.
  • Bautista, Veltisezar B. (2008). The Filipino Americans: (1763–present) : their history, culture, and traditions. Bookhaus. p. 254. ISBN 9780931613173.

Filipino American National Historical Society books published by Arcadia Publishing

  • Estrella Ravelo Alamar; Willi Red Buhay (2001). Filipinos in Chicago. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7385-1880-0.
  • Mel Orpilla (2005). Filipinos in Vallejo. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7385-2969-1.
  • Mae Respicio Koerner (2007). Filipinos in Los Angeles. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7385-4729-9.
  • Carina Monica Montoya (2008). Filipinos in Hollywood. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7385-5598-0.
  • Evelyn Luluguisen; Lillian Galedo (2008). Filipinos in the East Bay. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7385-5832-5.
  • Dawn B. Mabalon, Ph.D.; Rico Reyes; Filipino American National Historical So (2008). Filipinos in Stockton. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7385-5624-6.
  • Carina Monica Montoya (2009). Los Angeles's Historic Filipinotown. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7385-6954-3.
  • Florante Peter Ibanez; Roselyn Estepa Ibanez (2009). Filipinos in Carson and the South Bay. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7385-7036-5.
  • Rita M. Cacas; Juanita Tamayo Lott (2009). Filipinos in Washington. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7385-6620-7.
  • Dorothy Laigo Cordova (2009). Filipinos in Puget Sound. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7385-7134-8.
  • Judy Patacsil; Rudy Guevarra, Jr.; Felix Tuyay (2010). Filipinos in San Diego. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7385-8001-2.
  • Tyrone Lim; Dolly Pangan-Specht; Filipino American National Historical Society (2010). Filipinos in the Willamette Valley. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7385-8110-1.
  • Theodore S. Gonzalves; Roderick N. Labrador (2011). Filipinos in Hawai'i. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7385-7608-4.
  • Filipino American National Historical Society; Manilatown Heritage Foundation; Pin@y Educational Partnerships (14 February 2011). Filipinos in San Francisco. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4396-2524-8.
  • Elnora Kelly Tayag (2 May 2011). Filipinos in Ventura County. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4396-2429-6.
  • Eliseo Art Arambulo Silva (2012). Filipinos of Greater Philadelphia. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7385-9269-5.
  • Kevin L. Nadal; Filipino-American National Historical Society (30 March 2015). Filipinos in New York City. Arcadia Publishing Incorporated. ISBN 978-1-4396-5056-1.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.